Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania or Ardeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German: Siebenbürgen, Serbian: Transilvanija, Turkish: Erdel, Slovak: Sedmohradsko or Transylvania, Polish: Siedmiogród) is a historic region that forms the western and the central parts of Romania. The Serbian language or Serb language is one of the standard versions of the Central-South Slavic diasystem, formerly (and still frequently) called Serbo-Croatian. ...

Geography

Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow

Transylvania comprises the regions of Maramureş, Banat, Crişana and Ardeal (proper Transylvania). Constituting the center and western parts of Romania, it borders Ukraine in the north, Hungary in the west, and Serbia in south-west. A high plateau inside the Carpathian mountain ranges, Transylvania's relief sweetens towards Pannonian plain. Administrative map of Romania with Maramureş county highlighted Maramureş (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a Romanian county (judeţ) in the Transylvania region, with the capital city at Baia-Mare (population: 149,735). ... Banat (Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság, German: Banat) is a region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of Timiş and Caraş-Severin), the western part to Serbia-Montenegro (the Serbian Banat, mostly included in the Vojvodina, except for the small part of... Crişana is; a region of west Romania. ... Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian1 Capital Belgrade Area  – Total  – % water  88,361 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2002)     (without Kosovo)  – Density  7. ... For alternate uses of the term, see Plateau (disambiguation). ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ...

The Transylvanian plateau, 300 to 500 metres (1,000-1,600 feet) high, is drained by the Mureş river, the Someş river, Criş rivers, Olt river and other tributaries of the Danube. Cluj-Napoca is the chief city; other major urban centers are Timişoara, Braşov, Oradea, Sibiu and Târgu-Mureş. The Mureş (Hungarian: Maros, German: Mieresch) is an approx. ... Someş (Hungarian: Szamos) is one of the most important rivers of Transylvania. ... Körös (Romanian: Criş) is the name of a river in eastern Hungary. ... Administrative map of Romania with Olt county highlighted Olt is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Wallachia region, with the capital city at Slatina (population: 87,608). ... Danube in Budapest Length 2,888 ¹ km Elevation of the source 1,078 ² m Average discharge 30 km. ... Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ... Map of Romania showing Timisoara Timişoara (Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeswar or Temeschburg, Serbian: Temišvar, Turkish: Tamışvar) is a city in western Romania, in the Banat region, Timiş county, population 329,554 in 2000. ... Map of Romania showing Brasov Braşov (Hungarian: Brassó, German: Kronstadt) is a city in Romania, residence of Braşov county. ... Oradea (Hungarian: Nagyvárad, German: Großwardein) is a city located in Romania, in the county of Bihor (BH), in Transylvania. ... Sibiu (Hungarian: Nagyszeben, German: Hermannstadt) is a city in Transylvania, Romania with a population of 170,000. ... Târgu Mureş (Hungarian: Marosvásárhely, German: Neumarkt) is a city in Mureş county, Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 149,000, more than 40% of whom are ethnic Hungarians. ...

Economy

Economically one of the most advanced regions of Romania, Transylvania is rich in mineral resources, notably lignite, iron, lead, manganese, gold, copper, natural gas, salt, and sulfur. There are large iron and steel, chemical, and textile industries. Stock raising, agriculture, wine production, and fruit growing are important occupations. Timber is another valuable resource. Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metal Group, Period, Block 8 (VIIIB), 4, d Density, Hardness 7874 kg/m3, 4. ... For the lead in news writing, see news style. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7 , 4 , d Density, Hardness 7470 kg/m3, 6. ... General Name, Symbol, Number Gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11 (IB), 6, d Density, Hardness 19. ... General Name, Symbol, Number copper, Cu, 29 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11 , 4, d Density, Hardness 8920 kg/m3, 3. ... Natural gas - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... In chemistry, salt is a general term used for ionic compounds composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, so that the product is neutral and without a net charge. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16 (VIA), 3, p Density, Hardness 1960 kg/m3, 2 Appearance Lemon yellow at STP Atomic properties Atomic weight 32. ... Steel framework Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... This article is about the type of fabric. ... A glass of white wine This article is about the beverage. ... Timber Timber is a term used to describe clusters of trees. ...

Transylvania accounts for around 35% of Romania's GDP, and has a GDP per capita (PPP) of around $8,500, around 7,5% higher than the Romanian average.

Population

According to the census in 2002, the province has a population of 7,221,733 persons, with a large Romanian majority. In addition, sizable Hungarian (1,415,718), Roma and German communities live in Transylvania. The Roma people (pronounced rahma, singular Rom, sometimes Rroma, and Rrom) along with the closely related Sinti people are commonly known as Gypsies in English, and as Tsigany in most of Europe. ...

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of Transylvania The first document in which the term Ultra siluam is used referring to the area dates from 1075, its meaning is beyond the forest. The terms Partes Transsylvanæ (parts beyond the forest) dates from the same century (in Legenda Sancti Gerhardi) and after that becomes the term used in the...

First referred in a Latin language document as "Ultra siluam" in 1075, meaning "beyond the forest", was later changed to "Transylvania", which has the same meaning. Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Events Revolt of the Earls. ...

The German name, Siebenbürgen means "seven cities", after the Transylvanian Saxons cities in this region. The Romanian name "Ardeal" and the Hungarian name "Erdély" have uncertain origin, see Etymology of Transylvania Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Romanian: Saşi) are a population of German origin that were settled in the south and north-east of Transylvania starting with the 12th century. ... The first document in which the term Ultra siluam is used referring to the area dates from 1075, its meaning is beyond the forest. The terms Partes Transsylvanæ (parts beyond the forest) dates from the same century (in Legenda Sancti Gerhardi) and after that becomes the term used in the...

History

Ancient History: Transylvania as the heartland of the Dacian state

Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC

Herodotus gives acount of the Agathyrsi, which were living during 5th century BC in Transylvania. Dacian Kingdom, under the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Made with Xara X - ask User:Bogdangiusca for vectorial Xara-X sources, if you need them. ... Dacian Kingdom, under the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Made with Xara X - ask User:Bogdangiusca for vectorial Xara-X sources, if you need them. ... Bust of Herodotus Herodotus (Greek: ΗΡΟΔΟΤΟΣ, Herodotos) was an ancient historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC - c. ... Agathyrsi were a people of Thracian origin, who in the earliest historical times occupied the plain of the Maris (Mures), in the region now known as Transylvania. ...

A kingdom of Dacia was in existence at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC under a king, Oroles. Under Burebista (Boerebista), the greatest king of Dacia and a contemporary of Julius Caesar, the Dacian kingdom reached its maximum extent. The area now constituting Transylvania was the political center of Dacia. Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci or Getae, was a large district of Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa (Tisza river, in Hungary), on the east by the Tyras (Dniester or Nistru... (3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events BC 168 Battle of Pydna -- Macedonian phalanx defeated by Romans BC 148 Rome conquers Macedonia BC 146 Rome destroys Carthage in the Third Punic War BC 146 Rome conquers... Burebista, the greatest king of Dacia, ruled between 70 BC and 44 BC. Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC He unified the Thracian population from Hercinica (todays Moravia) in the West, to the Bug in the East and from Northern Carpathians to Dionysopolis, choosing his capital... Painting of Gaius Julius Caesar Bust of Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: C·IVLIVS·C·F·C·N·CAESAR¹) (July 12 or July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader whose conquest of Gallia Comata extended the Roman world all the way... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci or Getae, was a large district of Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa (Tisza river, in Hungary), on the east by the Tyras (Dniester or Nistru...

The Dacians are often mentioned under Augustus, according to whom they were compelled to recognize Roman supremacy. However they were by no means subdued, and in later times seized every opportunity of crossing the frozen Danube during the winter and ravaging the Roman cities in the province of Moesia. In ancient geography, Moesia was a district inhabited by a Thracian people. ...

The Dacians built several important fortified cities, among them Sarmisegetusa, the capital of late Dacia (today Hunedoara, (Romania). Sarmizegetusa was the most important Dacian military, religious and political center. ... Hunedoara (Hungarian: Vajdahunyad, German: Eisenmarkt) is a city in Hunedoara county, Transylvania, Romania. ...

From A.D. 85 to 89, the Dacians were engaged in several wars with the Romans, during the reign of Decebalus. After two severe reverses, the Romans gained a signal advantage, but were obliged to make peace owing to the defeat of Domitian by the Marcomanni. As a result, the Dacians were really left independent, as is shown by the fact that the Roman emperor agreed to pay an annual tribute to the Dacians, in order to maintain peace in the region. For other uses, see number 85. ... For other uses, see number 89. ... Decebalus, from the Trajans Column Decebalus (ruled 87-106 CE) (Decebal in Romanian) was a Dacian king. ... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman emperor. ... The Marcomanni were a Germanic people, probably related to the Suebi or Suevi. ...

To put an end to this disgraceful arrangement, Trajan decided to conquer Dacia, thus gaining control over the Dacian goldmines of Transylvania. The result of his first campaign (101-102) was the siege of the Dacian capital Sarmizegetusa and the occupation of a part of the country. Decebalus was left as a client king under a Roman protectorate. Three years later, Decebalus destroyed the Roman troops in Dacia, and the Romans were forced to send reinforcements. The second campaign (105-106) achieved the suicide of Decebalus, and the conquest of the territory that was to form the Roman province Dacia Traiana. The history of the war is given in Dio Cassius, but the best commentary upon it is the famous Column of Trajan in Rome. Emperor Trajan Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (September 18, 53 - August 9, 117), Roman Emperor (98 - 117), commonly called Trajan, was the second of the so-called five good emperors of the Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see number 101. ... For other uses, see number 102. ... Sarmizegetusa was the most important Dacian military, religious and political center. ... -1... For other uses, see number 106. ... Decebalus, from the Trajans Column Decebalus (ruled 87-106 CE) (Decebal in Romanian) was a Dacian king. ... A Roman province (Latin, provincia, pl. ... Dio Cassius Cocceianus ( 155–after 229), known in English as Dio Cassius or Cassius Dio, was a noted Roman historian and public servant. ... Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by order of emperor Trajan. ... Location within Italy The Roman Colosseum Rome (Italian and Latin: Roma) is the capital city of Italy and of its Latium region. ...

Early Middle Ages: From Dacia to the Great Migrations

In 271, the Roman Emperor Aurelian evacuated the imperial administration, and the province was subsequently ruled by the Goths until they were in turn subdued by a branch of the Huns in 376. The Huns, under the leadership of Attila, established a base in the Carpathian Basin which lasted through to Attila's death in 453. Coin (antoninianus) of Aurelian Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the... This article is about the Germanic tribes. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... Many historians consider the Huns (meaning person in Mongolian language) the first Mongolian and Turkic people mentioned in European history. ... For other uses, see Attila (disambiguation). ... The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south-eastern Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea (see below) dried out. ...

The history of Transylvania during the early Middle Ages is difficult to ascertain due to the scarcity of reliable written or archeological evidence. Hence there are conflicting theories about this period. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

After the disintegration of Attila's military conquests, Transylvania was ruled by the remnants of various confederates (Alans, Longobards, Rukhs-As) of Attila's Huns, and the Gepids. No major power was able to exert control over the region for any great length of time, until the Avars, who came from Scythia, established their military leadership. The Avar Khanate was, however, crushed by the Bulgars under Khan Krum at the beginning of the 9th century and Transylvania, along with eastern Panonia, was incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire. The Alans or Alani were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people, warlike nomadic pastoralists of mixed backgrounds, who spoke an Iranian language and shared, in a broad sense, a common culture. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Scandinavia that entered the late Roman Empire. ... The Gepids (Latin Gepidae) were a Germanic tribe most famous in history for defeating the Huns after the death of Attila. ... The Avars were a nomadic people of Eurasia who established a state in the Volga River area of Europe in the early 6th century. ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became Slavicized over time. ... Krum (died April 13, 814) was a Khan of Bulgaria, of the Dulo clan, from 808 to 814. ... ( 8th century - 9th century - 10th century - other centuries) Events Beowulf might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the 8th century Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in western Europe Viking attacks on Europe begin Oseberg ship burial The... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...

At the very end of the 9th Century seven Magyar (Hungarian) tribes, under the leadership of Árpád, are believed to have conquered the Carpathian Basin, including (by 934 A.D) Transylvania, although some recent research suggests that the Bulgars retained at least nominal control of parts of the Carpathian Basin until around 1000 A.D. A particular Hungarian-speaking community, the Szeklers (székelyek in Hungarian), may have entered Transylvania during this period. An alternative theory is that they were later brought into the area to act as border guards. Certainly by the 12th Century, the valleys in the east and southeast of Transylvania had been settled by the Szeklers. Magyar may refer to: The Magyar language The Magyar people This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Árpád (ca. ... Bulgars (also Bolgars or proto-Bulgarians) a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became Slavicized over time. ... The Székely (Szeklers in English, Secui in Romanian) are a Hungarian-speaking ethnic group, historically centered in the Transylvanian town of Székelyudvarhely, (now Odorheiu Secuiesc, Harghita county, Romania). ...

There are two different theories, concerning whether or not Romanians were present in Transylvania at the time of the great migrations. For more about this debate, see: Origin of Romanians. The Romanians (and Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language and living in Central and Eastern Europe. ...

Late Middle Ages: Transylvania as part of the Kingdom of Hungary

According to the Gesta Hungarorum, a chronicle dating from 12th century, the local states of Gelou, Glad, and Menumorout (Men Maroth) of Biharia were subdued by the Magyars in Transylvania during the 10th century. There are two works with the name Gesta Hungarorum. ... Founded in 1978, Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) is a legal rights organization dedicated to ending discrimination based on sexual orientation, HIV status, and gender identity and expression. ... Menumorut or Menumorout (translated into Hungarian as Mén-Marót) was the ruler of a dukedom based in Biharea, in the northwestern part of Transylvania (nowadays in Romania), in the 9th century. ... This article is about the Magyar people. ...

In 953 the gyula of Transylvania was baptised in Constantinople and on his return to Transylvania he built the first church in the region. He also brought with him a Greek missionary monk, Hierotheus, who was ordained Bishop of Turkia (the Byzantine name for Hungary) by Patriarch Theophylactus. Strong trading links were established between Transylvania and the Byzantine Empire which also helped to propagate Christianity. In 978 Vatican missionaries established a church in a fort at the site of the present-day city of Oradea. In 1000, Vajk (Voicu in Romanian) swore allegiance to Rome, and became King Stephen I of Hungary, adopting Catholicism as the state's religion. Stephen's maternal uncle Gyula, the ruler of Transylvania, antagonised the new king by giving refuge to his opponents. Gyula also maintained control of the economically important Transylvanian salt mines. In 1003, Stephen led an army into Transylvania and Gyula surrendered without a fight. This made possible the organisation of the Transylvanian Catholic episcopacy which was finished in 1009 when the bishop of Ostia as the legate of the Pope paid a visit to Stephen and they approved the division of the dioceses and their boundaries. The authority of the Kings of Hungary over Transylvania was consolidated in the 11th and 12th centuries. Events First time that Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal appeared in a roman map. ... Map of Constantinople. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. ... Theophylactus Lecapenus (917 - 956), son of Byzantine Emperor Romanus I, was installed as the Patriarch of Constantinople from 933 to 956. ... Christianity is an Abrahamic religion based on the life, teachings, death by crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament. ... Events Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Italy, is founded by Willa, Margravine of Tuscany. ... For other uses, see number 1000. ... A statue of Stephen the Great King Stephen the Great or St. ... This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. ... Disambiguation: for the town in Hungary see Gyula (town) Gyula was originally a Turkic word which entered the Hungarian language at some point before 950 CE. Under the system of dual kingship which the Magyars used in the 9th century, the two kings of the tribal confederation were the kende... Events Sweyn I of Denmark begins his first invasion of England. ... Events February 14: First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. ... This is a list of all rulers of Hungary since Árpád. ... (10th century - 11th century - 12th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the areas in the south and northeast were settled by German colonists called (then and now) Saxons. Siebenbürgen, the German name for Transylvania, derives from the seven principal fortified towns founded there by the Saxons. The German influence became more marked when, early in the 13th century, King Andrew II of Hungary called on the Teutonic Knights to protect Transylvania from the Cumans, who were followed (1241) by the Mongol invaders. The Cumans converted to Catholicism, and after they were defeated by the Mongols they look for refuge in Transylvania; Erzsebet, a Cumanian princess, married Stephen V of Hungary in 1254. (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... -1... Andrew II (1175-1235) (Hungarian: , Slovak: Ondrej II) was a son of Bela III of Hungary and succeeded his nephew, the infant Ladislaus III, in 1205. ... The term Germanic peoples may refer to: the Germanic tribes that in the first millennium were seen as a barbarian threat by the Roman Empire and its successors; the Germanic Christianity that in the second millennium came to dominate much of Northern Europe, politically organized in the Holy Roman Empire... The Cumans, also known as Polovtsy (Slavic for yellowish) were a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Events April 5 - Mongols of Golden Horde under the command of Subotai defeat feudal polish nobility, including Knights Templar, in the battle of Liegnitz April 27 - Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary in the battle of Sajo. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... King Stephen V of Hungary (Hungarian: ,Slovak: Štefan V)(1239 or 1240 - August 6, 1272), was the eldest son of Bela IV of Hungary, whom he succeeded in 1270. ...

The administration of Transylvania was in the hands of a voivod, who by the mid-13th century controlled the whole region. After the suppression (1437) of a peasant revolt (the "Bobâlna revolt"), the political system was based on Unio Trium Natiorum (The Unity of the Three Nations), in which the ethnic Romanians were implicitly excluded. Society was divided into three privileged nations, the Magyars, the Szeklers, and the Saxons. These nations, however, corresponded more to social and religious rather than strictly ethnic divisions. Although the nonprivileged class of serfs consisted mostly of Romanians, it also included people of Saxon, Szekler, and Magyar origin. On the other hand, a few ethnic Romanians succeeded in entering the ranks of the nobility, after converting to Catholicism. For the heavy metal music band see Voivod (band). ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Events foundation of All Souls College, University of Oxford. ... Unio Trium Nationum (Latin for Union of the Three Nations; also known as Fraterna Unio - Brotherly Union) was a pact of mutual aid formed in 1438 by the Transylvanian Hungarian, the Saxon and Szekler nobility in order to keep the social status quo. ... This article is about the Magyar people. ... The Székely (Szeklers in English, Secui in Romanian) are a Hungarian-speaking ethnic group, historically centered in the Transylvanian town of Székelyudvarhely, (now Odorheiu Secuiesc, Harghita county, Romania). ... This article is about the Saxons, a Germanic people. ... Costumes of Slaves or Serfs, from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries, collected by H. de Vielcastel, from original Documents in the great Libraries of Europe. ...

A key figure to emerge in Transylvania in the first half of the 15th Century was John Hunyadi (Ioan Corvin de Hunedoara in Romanian), who was of Romanian origin. Son of Voicu (Vajk), a Vlach Knyaz, Hunyadi was awarded numerous estates and a seat in the royal council for his services to Sigismund, King of Hungary. After supporting the candidature of Ladislaus III of Poland to the throne of Hungary, he was rewarded in 1440 with the captaincy of the fortress of Belgrade and the voivodship of Transylvania. His subsequent military exploits against the Ottomans brought him further status as governor of Hungary, from 1446, and papal recognition as Prince of Transylvania (1448). John Hunyadi John Hunyadi (Ioannes Corvinus in Latin, Johann Hunyadi in German, Hunyadi/Hunyady János in Hungarian, Iancu (or Ioan Corvin) de Hunedoara in Romanian, Ján Huňadi in Slovak, Sibinjanin Janko in Serbian) (c. ... John Hunyadi John Hunyadi (Ioannes Corvinus in Latin, Johann Hunyadi in German, Hunyadi/Hunyady János in Hungarian, Iancu (or Ioan Corvin) de Hunedoara in Romanian, Ján Huňadi in Slovak) (c. ... Vlachs (also called Wlachs, Wallachs, Olahs) are the Romanized population in Central and Eastern Europe, including Romanians, Aromanians, Istro-Romanians and Megleno-Romanians, but since the creation of the Romanian state, this term was mostly used for the Vlachs living south of the Danube river. ... Kniaz’ or knyaz (князь in Russian and Ukrainian; cneaz in Romanian fem. ... Sigismund (February 14/15, 1368 - December 9, 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 to 1437. ... Categories: Poland-related stubs | 1424 births | 1444 deaths | Hungarian monarchs | Polish monarchs | Dukes of Sieradz-Leczyca ... For alternative meanings, see number 1440. ... A Voivodship ( Romanian: Voievodat, Polish: Województwo, Serbian: Vojvodstvo or Vojvodina) was a feudal state in medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a Voivod. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... A governor is also a device that regulates the speed of a machine. ... Events Mehmed II Sultan of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate in favor of his father Murad II by the Janissaries. ... A prince (from the Latin princeps) is a male member of royalty or a royal family. ... Events January 5/ 6 - Christopher of Bavaria, Norway and Sweden dies with no designated heir leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. ...

Transylvania as an independent principate

When the main Hungarian army and King Louis II Jagiello were slain by the Ottomans in the Battle of Mohács (1526), John Zapolya, governor of Transylvania, took advantage of his military strength and put himself at the head of the nationalist Hungarian party, which opposed the succession of Ferdinand of Austria (later Emperor Ferdinand I) to the Hungarian throne. As John I he was elected king of Hungary, while another party recognized Ferdinand. In the ensuing struggle Zapolya received the support of Sultan Sulayman I, who after Zapolya's death (1540) overran central Hungary on the pretext of protecting Zapolya's son, John II. Hungary was now divided into three sections: West Hungary, under Austrian rule; central Hungary, under Turkish rule; and semi-independent Transylvania, where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. Louis Jagellion was born in 1506 as the son of (V)Ladislaus Jagiello, who died in 1516. ... The Jagiellons were a royal dynasty which reigned in some Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Battle of Mohács was fought on August 29, 1526 between the Hungarian army led by Louis II and the Ottoman army led by Suleiman the Magnificent. ... Events January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... John Zápolya refers to a father and son who were kings of Hungary in the 16th century. ... Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (March 10, 1503 - July 27, 1564) was one of the Habsburg emperors that at various periods during his life ruled over Austria, Germany, Bohemia, and Hungary. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman , (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was born at... Events January 6 - King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort. ...

The Báthory family, which came to power on the death (1571) of John II, ruled Transylvania as princes under the Turks, and briefly under Hapsburg suzerainty, until 1602. The latter period of their rule saw a four-sided conflict in Transylvania involving the Austrians, the Turks and the Romanian prince Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul in Romanian), Voivod of Wallachia. Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Events February 14 - William Shakespeare First performance of Twelfth Night on Candlemas March 20 - The Dutch East India Company is established as The United East India Company by the Dutch States-General May 15 - Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European to discover Cape Cod. ... Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul) (1558 - August 9, 1601), Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601), of Transylvania (1599-1600), and of Moldavia (1600), one of the greatest Romanias national heroes, who united for the first time the three Romanian principalities under his rule. ... For the heavy metal music band see Voivod (band). ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ...

Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul)

Michael the Brave gained control of Transylvania in 1599, after the battle of Selimbar in which he defeated Andrew Báthory's army. In May 1600 he also gained control of Moldavia, uniting for the first time the three principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, which were all largely inhabited by Romanians. But the Romanian union did not last long, as Michael the Brave was assassinated by Walloon mercenaries under the command of Habsburg General Giorgio Basta in August 1601. The latter finally subdued Transylvania in 1604, and initiated a reign of terror in which he was authorised to Germanize and Catholicize the principality and appropriate the land of noblemen. The copyright status of this vintage image is undetermined; it may still be copyrighted. ... The copyright status of this vintage image is undetermined; it may still be copyrighted. ... Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul) (1558 - August 9, 1601), Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601), of Transylvania (1599-1600), and of Moldavia (1600), one of the greatest Romanias national heroes, who united for the first time the three Romanian principalities under his rule. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul) (1558 - August 9, 1601), Prince of Wallachia (1593-1601), of Transylvania (1599-1600), and of Moldavia (1600), one of the greatest Romanias national heroes, who united for the first time the three Romanian principalities under his rule. ... Giorgio Basta Giorgio Basta (1544-1607) was a general in the Austrian Army, sent to command Habsburg forces in the Long War (1591-1606) and later to administer Transylvania as an Austrian vassal. ... Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. ...

Stephen Bocskai

Gabriel Bethlen

In 1604-1606, the Calvinist magnate and Lord of Bihar county Stephen Bocskai led a successful rebellion against Austrian rule. Bocskai was elected prince of Transylvania on the 5 April 1603, and prince of Hungary two month later. The two main achievement of Bockai's brief reign (he died on the 29 December 1606) were the peace of Vienna (June 23, 1606) and the truce of Zsitvatorok (November 1606). By the peace of Vienna, Bocskai obtained religious liberty and political autonomy, the restoration of all confiscated estates, the repeal of all unrighteous judgments and a complete retrospective amnesty for all the Hungarians in Royal Hungary, besides his own recognition as independent sovereign prince of an enlarged Transylvania. Almost equally important was the twenty years truce of Zsitvatorok, negotiated by Bocskay between the emperor and the sultan. Download high resolution version (725x935, 182 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Download high resolution version (725x935, 182 KB) This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ... Bihar (बिहार in Devanagri) is a state situated in the eastern part of India. ... April 5 is the 95th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (96th in leap years). ... Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England in Westminster Abbey July 17 or July 19 - Sir Walter Raleigh arrested for treason. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill pretender Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near...

Under Bocskai's successors - especially Gabriel Bethlen and George I Rákóczi - Transylvania had its golden age. Gabriel Bethlen, who reigned from 1613 to 1629, perpetually thwarted all the efforts of the emperor to oppress or circumvent his subjects, and won some reputation abroad by championing the Protestant cause. Three times he waged war on the emperor, twice he was proclaimed king of Hungary and by the peace of Nikolsburg (Dec. 31, 1621) he obtained for the Protestants a confirmation of the treaty of Vienna, and for himself seven additional counties in northern Hungary. Bethlen's successor, George I Rákóczi, was equally successful. His principal achievement was the peace of Linz (Sept. 16, 1645), the last political triumph of Hungarian Protestantism, in which the emperor was forced to confirm once more the articles of the peace of Vienna. Gabriel Bethlen and George I Rákóczi also did much for education and culture, and their era has justly been called the golden era of Transylvania. They lavished money on the embellishment of their capital, Alba Iulia (Gyulafehervár), which became the main bulwark of Protestantism in Eastern Europe. During their reign Transylvania was also one of the very few European countries where Roman Catholics, Calvinists, Lutherans, and Unitarians lived in mutual tolerance. Orthodox Romanians, however, were denied equal rights. Despite the efforts of Inochentie Micu-Klein, a Romanian Greek Catholic bishop, the nation status promised to those Romanians who converted to Catholicism was also not granted. Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania (1580-1629) Gabriel (Gabor) Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen) (1580-1629), prince of Transylvania (1613-1629) and leader of a anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary on the territory of present-day Slovakia. ... Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania (1580-1629) Gabriel (Gabor) Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen) (1580-1629), prince of Transylvania (1613-1629) and leader of a anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary on the territory of present-day Slovakia. ... Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ... Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Eastern Europe is, by convention, that part of Europe from the Ural and Caucasus mountains in the East to an arbitrarily chosen boundary in the West. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to traditional Christian belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). ... Separate articles treat Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Orthodox Judaism. ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ...

Austrian Rule and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

After the defeat of the Ottomans by the Austrians at Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs gradually began to impose their rule on the formerly autonomous Transylvania. Apart from strengthening the central government and administration, the Habsburgs also promoted the Roman Catholic Church, both as a uniting force and also as an instrument to reduce the influence of the protestant nobility and weaken the estates by creating a conflict between protestant and catholic elements. In addition, they tried to persuade Orthodox clergymen to join the Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church, which retained Orthodox rituals and customs but accepted four key points of Catholic doctrine and acknowledged papal authority. In 1699 and 1701, Emperor Leopold I decreed Transylvania's Orthodox Church to be one with the Roman Catholic Church. Many, but not all, priests converted although it was not clear to them what was the difference between the two denominations. Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austrias nine federal states (Bundesland Wien). ... The term Eastern Rites may refer to the liturgical rites used by many ancient Christian Churches of Eastern Europe and the Middle East that, while being part of the Roman Catholic Church, are distinct from the Latin Rite or Western Church. ... Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ... Events January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia. ... Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640-May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna, daughter of Philip III of Spain. ...

From 1711, Austrian control over Transylvania was consolidated, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced by Austrian governors. The proclamation (1765) of Transylvania as a grand principality was a mere formality. The pressure of Austrian bureaucratic rule gradually eroded the traditional independence of Transylvania. In 1791 the Romanians petitioned Emperor Leopold II for recognition as the fourth "nation" of Transylvania and for religious equality, but the Transylvanian Diet rejected their demands, restoring the Romanians to their old status. Events 24 February -- The London premiere of Rinaldo by George Friderich Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage. ... 1765 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1791 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II Leopold II (May 5, 1747 – March 1, 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany. ... In politics, a Diet is a formal deliberative assembly. ...

In early 1848, the Hungarian Diet seized the opportunity presented by the revolution to enact a comprehensive legislative program of reforms, referred to as the April Laws, which also included provision for the union of Transylvania and Hungary. The Romanians of Transylvania initially welcomed the revolution believing that they would benefit from the liberal reforms. However, their position changed due to the opposition of Transylvanian nobles to reforms such as emancipation of the serfs, and the failure of the Hungarian revolutionary leaders to recognise Romanian national interests. A Romanian national assembly at Blaj in the middle of May, produced its own revolutionary program calling for proportionate representation of Romanians in the Transylvanian Diet and an end to ethnic oppression. The Saxons were worried from the start about the idea of union with Hungary, fearing the loss of their traditional privileges. When the Transylvanian Diet met on 29 May the vote for union was pushed through despite the objection of many Saxon deputies. On June 10, the Emperor sanctioned the union vote of the Diet. Military executions, the arrest of revolutionary leaders and other activities which followed the union, hardened the position of the Saxons. In September 1848, another Romanian assembly in Blaj denounced union with Hungary and called for an armed rising in Transylvania. Warfare erupted in November with both Romanian and Saxon troops, under Austrian command, battling the Hungarians led by Polish General Józef Zachariasz Bem. Within four months, Bem had ousted the Austrians from Transylvania. However, in June 1849, tsar Nicholas I of Russia responded to an appeal from Emperor Franz Joseph and sent Russian troops into Transylvania. After initial successes against the Russians, Bem's army was defeated decisively at the Battles of Timisoara on 9 August. The surrender of the Hungarians followed. In 1848, the Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs was confronted with the combined effect of economic, social class, and nationalities conflicts. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). ... Józef Bem Józef Zachariasz Bem (1794 - 1850) was a Polish general. ... Nicholas I Pavlovich (Russian: Николай I Павлович, July 6 (June 25, Old Style), 1796–March 2 (February 18, Old Style), 1855) was the Emperor of Russia and king of Poland from 1825 until his death in 1855. ... Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph (in English also Francis Joseph) (August 18, 1830 - November 21, 1916) of the Habsburg Dynasty was Emperor of Austria and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916 and King of Hungary from 1867 until 1916. ... Map of Romania showing Timisoara Timişoara (Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeswar or Temeschburg, Serbian: Temišvar, Turkish: Tamışvar) is a city in western Romania, in the Banat region, Timiş county, population 329,554 in 2000. ... August 9 is the 221st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (222nd in leap years), with 144 days remaining. ...

After quashing the revolution, Austria imposed a repressive regime on Hungary and ruled Transylvania directly through a military governor. German again became the official language. Austria abolished the Union of Three Nations and granted citizenship to the Romanians. Although the former serfs were given land by the Austrian authorities, it was often barely sufficient for subsistence living. Their poor conditions obliged many Romanian families to cross into Wallachia and Moldavia searching for better lives. Map of Romania with Wallachia in yellow. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ...

However, in the compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867, which established the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the special status of Transylvania ended and it became a province under Hungarian control. The German term Ausgleich (Hungarian kiegyezés) refers to the compromise of February 1867 that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which was signed by Franz Joseph of Austria and a Hungarian delegation led by Ferenc Deák. ... 1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

Transylvania as part of Romania

Although King Ferdinand I of Romania was a Hohenzollern, Romania refused to join the Central Powers and stayed neutral when the First World War began. In 1916 Romania joined the Triple Entente by signing the Military Convention with the Entente, which recognised Romania's rights over Transylvania. As a consequence of the Convention, Romania declared war against the Central Powers on 27 August 1916, and crossed the Carpathians into Transylvania, thus forcing the Central Powers to fight on yet another front. A German-Bulgarian counter offensive began the following month in Dobrudja and in the Carpathians, driving the Romanian army back into Romania by mid-October and eventually leading to the capture of Bucharest. The exit of Russia from the war in March 1918 (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) left Romania alone in the Eastern Europe, and a Peace Treaty between Romania and Germany was negociated in May 1918. However, the resulting Treaty of Bucharest never completed ratification in Romania and was denounced in October 1918 by the Romanian government, which then re-entered the war on the Allied side. The Romanian Army advanced to the Mures river in Transylvania. Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand or Ferdinand I (August 24, 1865-July 20, 1927) was the king of Romania from October 10, 1914 until his death Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became heir to the throne of his childless uncle, King Carol I of Romania... Aerial view of the castle, Hohenzollern, Germany. ... Central Powers is a term used to refer to the Dual Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I. They are so called because they all lay between Russia in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west. ... Missing image Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. ... Entente, meaning a diplomatic understanding, may refer to a number of agreements: The Entente Cordiale, 1904 between France and the United Kingdom. ... Central Powers is a term used to refer to the Dual Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I. They are so called because they all lay between Russia in the east and France and the United Kingdom in the west. ... This is about the terrestrial mountain range. ... Dobruja or sometimes Dobrudja (Dobrogea in Romanian, Dobrudzha in Bulgarian, Dobruca in Turkish) is the territory between the lower Danube river and the Black Sea, which includes the Danube Delta and the Romanian sea-shore. ... Bucharest (population 2. ... The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest, formerly Brest-Litovsk, between Russia and the Central Powers, marking Russias exit from World War I. The treaty was practically obsolete before the end of the year but is significant as a chief... A French caricature on the treaty: the Kaiser points a dagger at a woman (Romania), while showing her the Peace Treaty Delegates at the Peace of Bucharest The Treaty of Bucharest was a peace treaty which was signed on May 7, 1918 forced by Germany to the Romanian side. ... The Triple Entente was the alliance formed in 1907 between the United Kingdom, France and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. ... Administrative map of Romania with Mureş county highlighted Mureş (Hungarian: Maros) is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Transylvania region, with the capital city at Târgu Mureş, known in Hungarian as Marosvásárhely (population: 165,835). ...

By mid-1918 the Central Powers were losing the war, and the Austro-Hungarian empire had begun to disintegrate. The nations living inside Austria-Hungary proclaimed their independence from the empire during September and October 1918. The leaders of Transylvania's National Party met and drafted a resolution invoking the right of self-determination (Woodrow Wilson's 14 points) of Transylvania's Romanian people, and proclaimed the unification of Transylvania with Romania. In November, the Romanian National Central Council, which represented all the Romanians of Transylvania, notified the Budapest government that it had assumed control of twenty-three Transylvanian counties and parts of three others. A mass assembly on 1st of December 1918 in Alba Iulia passed a resolution calling for unification of all Romanians in a single state. The National Council of the Germans from Transylvania aproved the Proclamation, and so did the Council of the Schwabs from Banat. Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafeh r, German: Karlsburg) is a city in Alba county, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,369, located on the Mureş river. ...

In December 1918 the Romanian army was stationed behind the river Mures in Transylvania, but crossed the demarcation zone and advanced up to Cluj and then up to Sighetul Marmatiei, after making a request to the Powers of Versailles, on the grounds of protecting the Romanians from Transylvania. In February 1919, the escalating violence in the area - Bolshevik elements were making efforts to spread the "Bolshevik Revolution" - led to the creation of a Neutral Zone between Romania and Hungary. Administrative map of Romania with Cluj county highlighted Cluj (Hungarian: Kolozs; German: Klausenburg) is a Romanian county (Judeţ) in the Transylvania region, with the capital city at Cluj-Napoca (population: 333,607). ...

The Prime Minister of the newly proclaimed independent Republic of Hungary resigned in March 1919, refusing to officially recognize the Treaty of Versailles which placed Transylvania under the sovereignty of Romania. When the Communist Party of Hungary, led by Béla Kun, came to power in March 1919 it proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic and after promised that Hungary would regain the lands that were under its control during the Austria-Hungary Empire, it decided to attack Czechoslovakia and Romania. The Hungarian Army began the offensive in Transylvania in April 1919 along the Somes, Cris and Mures rivers. A Romanian counter-offensive pushed forward to reach - and halted on - the Tisza river in May. A new Hungarian offensive in July penetrated 60 km into Romanian lines, before a further Romanian counter-offensive led to the occupation of the hungarian capital Budapest in August, putting an end to the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The Romanian Army withdrew from Hungary between October 1919 and March 1920. Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. ... A Communist party is a party which promotes Communism. ... Béla Kun Béla Kun (February 20, 1886–1939?) was a Hungarian Communist who ruled Hungary for a brief time in 1919. ... The Hungarian Soviet Republic was the political regime in Hungary from March 21, 1919 until the beginning of August of the same year, and it is the second Communist (or soviet) government in world history, after the one in Russia (1917). ... Budapest (pronounced BOO-dah-pesht, IPA ), the capital city of Hungary and the countrys principal political, industrial, commercial and transportation centre, has more than 1. ...

The Treaty of Versailles, formally signed in June 1919, recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Transylvania. The Treaties of St. Germain (1919) and Trianon (signed on June 1920) further elaborated the status of Transylvania and defined the new border between the states of Hungary and Romania. King Ferdinand I of Romania and Queen Maria of Romania were crowned at Alba Iulia in the year 1922. Woodrow Wilson with the American Peace Commissioners The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 is the peace treaty created as a result of six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which put an official end to World War I between the Allies and Central Powers. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... The Grand Trianon at Versailles, site of the signing The Treaty of Trianon was an agreement that regulated the situation of the new Hungarian state that replaced the Kingdom of Hungary, part of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy, after World War I. It was signed on June 4, 1920, at... Ferdinand of Romania Ferdinand or Ferdinand I (August 24, 1865-July 20, 1927) was the king of Romania from October 10, 1914 until his death Born in Sigmaringen in southwestern Germany, Prince Ferdinand of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen became heir to the throne of his childless uncle, King Carol I of Romania... King Ferdinand and Queen Marie of Romania, photographed in Belgrade in 1926 at the christening of her grandson Prince Peter of Yugoslavia. ...

In August 1940, during the Second World War, Hitler awarded the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary by the second Vienna Award (Vienna Arbitration Award or Vienna Diktat). The Treaty of Paris (1947) at the end of the Second World War rendered the Vienna Award void, and the territory of northern Transylvania was returned to Romania. The post-WWII borders with Hungary, agreed on at the Treaty of Paris were identical with those set out in 1920. 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... The two Vienna Awards or Vienna Arbitration Awards or Vienna Arbitral Awards or Vienna Diktats or Viennese Arbitrals is the name of two arbitral awards (1938 and 1940), by which arbiters of the National Socialist Germany and of Fascist Italy tried to enforce territorial claims of the Revisionist Hungary ruled... There are several treaties that have taken place in Paris: Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended Seven Years War Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended American Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris (1810) - ended war between France and Sweden... 1947 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... There are several treaties that have taken place in Paris: Treaty of Paris (1259) - between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France Treaty of Paris (1763) - ended Seven Years War Treaty of Paris (1783) - ended American Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris (1810) - ended war between France and Sweden... 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...

Coat of Arms of Transylvania

Coat of Arms of Transylvania

The Coat of Arms of Transylvania has three parts:

• a lammergeier (Bearded Vulture) with the Sun and the Moon on a blue background
• a red band
• seven red towers on a yellow background

The Coat of Arms of Transylvania is also part of the Coat of Arms of Romania. Binomial name Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Lammergeier or Bearded Vulture, Gypaetus barbatus is an Old World vulture, the only member of the genus Gypaetus (Storr, 1784). ... Coat of Arms of Romania The Coat of Arms of Romania consists of an eagle holding a cross in its beak and a sceptre and a sword in its claws. ...

See also

• Aftermath of World War I
• Austria-Hungary
• History of Hungary
• History of Romania
• List of Transylvanian rulers

The fighting in World War I ended when an armistice took effect at 11:00 hours on November 11, 1918. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... This is the history of Hungary. ... This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). ... This is a list of Transylvanian rulers John I Zápolya - 1526-1540 John II Sigismund Zápolya - 1540-1571 Stephen Báthory - 1571-1575 Christopher Báthory - 1575-1581 Sigismund Báthory - 1581-1597, 1601-1602 Andrew Báthory - 1599 Michael - 1599-1601 Stephen Bocskai - 1604-1606 Sigismund R...

Tourist attractions

• Medieval city of Sighişoara (Schäßburg/Segesvár)
• Braşov (Kronstadt/Brassó) city and Poiana Braşov ski resort
• The Saxon fortified churches
• Hunedoara (Eisenmarkt/Vajdahunyad) - 14th century Hunyadi Castle (Castelul Huniazilor)
• Maramureş (Maramuresch/Máramaros) area - Wooden Churches of Maramureş
• Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (Sarmizegetusa)
• The medieval city of Sibiu (Hermannstadt/Nagyszeben)

Sighişoara (Hungarian: Segesvár, German: Schäßburg) is a town in Mureş, Transylvania, Romania. ... Map of Romania showing Brasov Braşov (Hungarian: Brassó, German: Kronstadt) is a city in Romania, residence of Braşov county. ... Poiana Brasov is the ski resort preferred by western Europeans because it has a relatively lower cost compared to ski resorts in Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland and other EU states. ... The Transylvanian villages with fortified churches provide a vivid picture of the cultural landscape of southern Transylvania. ... Hunedoara (Hungarian: Vajdahunyad, German: Eisenmarkt) is a city in Hunedoara county, Transylvania, Romania. ... (13th century - 14th century - 15th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was that century which lasted from 1301 to 1400. ... Administrative map of Romania with Maramureş county highlighted Maramureş (Hungarian: Máramaros) is a Romanian county (judeţ) in the Transylvania region, with the capital city at Baia-Mare (population: 149,735). ... Maramureş wooden churches The Maramureş wooden churches in Northern Transylvania are a selection of eight examples of different architectural solutions from different periods and areas. ... Built in murus dacicus style, the six Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains, in Romania, were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD as protection against Roman conquest. ... Sarmizegetusa was the most important Dacian military, religious and political center. ... Sibiu (Hungarian: Nagyszeben, German: Hermannstadt) is a city in Transylvania, Romania with a population of 170,000. ...

Culture

• Johannes Honter - important reformer and cultural personality of Transylvania
• Transylvania in fiction - in the Western world, Transylvania is famously the home of Bram Stoker's Count Dracula.

Largely as a result of the success of Dracula, Transylvania has become a popular setting for horror fiction (particularly that involving vampires). ... Abraham Bram Stoker (November 8, 1847–April 20, 1912) was an Anglo-Irish writer, best remembered as the author of the influential horror novel Dracula. ... Alternate meaning: Dracula (orchid genus) Dracula is a fictional character, arguably the most famous vampire in fiction. ...

References

• This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911) in many ways represents the sum of knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century. ...

External links

• The Real Transylvania (http://www.therealtransylvania.com) - about contemporary Transylvania
• Historical Literature about Transilvania and Neighbouring Territories (http://people.freenet.de/Transsylvania/), Klaus Popa, Germany
• Subjective Transylvania: A case study of post communist nationalism (http://www.osi.hu/ipf/publications/AlinaPP-nation.html), Alina Mungiu Pippidi, Bucharest, Romania
• Tolerant Transylvania-Why Transylvania will not become another Kosovo (http://www.ce-review.org/99/14/lovatt14.html), Katherine Lovatt, in Central Europe Review, Vol 1, No 14 27 September 1999.
• An Outline of Transilvanian-Saxon History (http://people.freenet.de/Transsylvania/Out.htm), Klaus Popa, Germany
• The History Of Transylvania And The Transylvanian Saxons (http://www.sibiweb.de/geschi/7b-history.htm), Dr. Konrad Gündisch, Oldenburg, Germany
• Hungarian Human Rights Foundation (http://www.hhrf.org)