NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Argentina

Argentina is a South American country, constituted as a federation of twenty-three provinces and an autonomous city. It is second in size on the South American continent to Brazil and eighth in the world. Argentina occupies a continental surface area of 2,766,890 km² (1,068,302 sq mi) between the Andes mountain range in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. The country claims the British-administered overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Argentina also claims 969,464 km² (374,312 sq mi) of Antarctica, known as Argentine Antarctica, overlapping other claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory). Look up Argentina in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Argentina. ... â€œFlag of Argentinaâ€ redirects here. ... The Coat of Arms of Argentina was established in its current form in 1944. ... For other uses, see Motto (disambiguation). ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a countrys government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... The lyrics of the Himno Nacional Argentino (the national anthem of Argentina) were written by Vicente LÃ³pez y Planes, and the music was composed by Blas Parera. ... Image File history File links LocationArgentina. ... Not to be confused with capitol. ... This article is about the demographics features of the population of Argentina, including distribution, ethnicity, economic status and other. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. ... The Spanish people or Spaniards are an ethnic group native to Spain, in southwestern Europe, who are primarily descended from the autochthonous pre-Indo-European Euskaldunak, Latin, Visigothic, Celtic and Moorish peoples. ... A stereotypical German The Germans (German: die Deutschen), or the German people, are a nation in the meaning an ethnos (in German: Volk), defined more by a sense of sharing a common German culture and having a German mother tongue, than by citizenship or by being subjects to any particular... The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... For other uses, see Native Americans (disambiguation). ... A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. ... The Federal Republic of Germany and its sixteen BundeslÃ¤nder (federal states) A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... Cristina Elisabet FernÃ¡ndez Wilhem de Kirchner (born February 19, 1953), commonly known as Cristina FernÃ¡ndez or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine lawyer, and/or politician from the Justicialist Party and the current President of Argentina. ... The office of Vice-President of Argentina did not exist until it was created by the 1853 Constitution. ... Julio CÃ©sar Cleto Cobos (born 1955-04-30) is an Argentine Radical Civic Union (UCR) politician, current governor of Mendoza Province. ... La RevoluciÃ³n de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Independence of Argentina was declared on July 9, 1816 by the Congress of TucumÃ¡n. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the physical quantity. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different surface areas here is a list of areas between 1 million kmÂ² and 10 million kmÂ². See also areas of other orders of magnitude. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ... A percentage is a way of expressing a proportion, a ratio or a fraction as a whole number, by using 100 as the denominator. ... Map of countries by population for the year 2007 This is a list of countries ordered according to population. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year). ... Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article includes two lists of countries of the world[1] sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year divided by the average population for the same year. ... World map of GDP (Nominal and PPP). ... Look up Per capita in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Map of countries by 2006 GDP (nominal) per capita (IMF, October 2007). ... Graphical representation of the Gini coefficient The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. ... This page talks about Human Development Index, for other HDIs see HDI (disambiguation) World map indicating Human Development Index (2007). ... This talks about the countries in the Human Development Index, for information on the Human Development Index, please Click Here World map indicating Human Development Index (2007) (Colour-blind compliant map) For red-green color vision problems. ... The Argentine peso (originally established as the nuevo peso argentino or peso convertible) is the currency of Argentina. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... Timezone and TimeZone redirect here. ... Even though Argentina is located at the UTC-4 UT time zone, it uses the UTC-3, and does not observe daylight saving time. ... UTC redirects here. ... Although DST is common in Europe and North America, most of the worlds people do not use it. ... UTC redirects here. ... A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is a top-level domain used and reserved for a country or a dependent territory. ... .ar is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Argentina. ... This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... Argentina made major changes to its telephone numbering plan in 1999, after its telephone system was privatized. ... The sovereignty of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas in Spanish) [1] has been the subject of dispute between the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Argentina (all controlling the Falkland Islands at some point), lasting more than two centuries. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol kmÂ², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory - Head of State Queen Elizabeth II - Commissioner Alan Huckle Area - Total 3... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... This article is about federal states. ... Countries by area. ... Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol kmÂ², is a decimal multiple of SI unit of surface area square metre, one of the SI derived units. ... A square mile is an English unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (â‰ˆ1,609 m) in length. ... This article is about the mountain range in South America. ... For exotic financial options, see Mountain range (options). ... Motto Leo Terram Propriam Protegat(Latin) Let the Lion protect his own land or May the Lion protect his own land Anthem God Save the Queen Capital Grytviken (King Edward Point) Official languages English Government British overseas territory - Head of State Queen Elizabeth II - Commissioner Alan Huckle Area - Total 3... Antarctic portion between meridians 25Âº West and 74Âº West Argentine Antarctica (in Spanish, AntÃ¡rtida Argentina) is a sector of Antarctica which Argentina considers part of its National Territory. ... Motto: Research and Discovery Anthem: God Save the Queen Status British overseas territory Official language(s) - Commissioner Tony Crombie Administrator Michael Richardson Area 1,395,000 kmÂ² Population c. ...

Argentina has the highest Human Development Index level and the second highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in purchasing power parity in Latin America after its neighbor Chile^[6] and its total national GDP is the 23rd largest in the world.^[7]^[8] The country is currently classified as an Upper-Middle Income Country^[9] or as a secondary emerging market by the World Bank.^[10]^[11] Argentina's nominal GDP makes it the 31st largest economy in the world.^[12] GDP redirects here. ... PPP of GDP for the countries of the world (2003). ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Gross National Income (GNI) comprises the total value k produced within a country (i. ... Emerging markets are those countries that are on their way from a less developed to a developed country. ... The World Bank logo The World Bank (the Bank) is a part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty. ...

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Politics
- 3.1 Government
- 3.2 Military
4 Provinces
5 Geography
6 Economy
7 Population
- 7.1 Contemporary figures
- 7.2 Cities and metropolitan areas
8 Demographics
9 Culture
10 Science and technology
11 Communications and media
- 11.1 Print
- 11.2 Radio and television
12 International rankings
13 See also
14 References
- 14.1 Bibliography
15 External links

Etymology

Main article: Origin and history of the name of Argentina

The name Argentina (from Latin argentum: silver) was first used extensively in the 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, población, y conquista del Río de la Plata (History of the discovery, population, and conquest of the Río de la Plata) by Ruy Díaz de Guzmán, naming the territory Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver).^[13]^[14] This article explains the origin and history of the names given to the South American country Argentina. ... For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical element. ...

History

Río de la Plata aboriginals, as pictured by Hendrick Ottsen (1603).

Main article: History of Argentina

This article does not cite any references or sources. (February 2008)
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

The first signs of human presence in Argentina are located in the Patagonia (Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz), and date from 11,000 BC(Santa María, Huarpes, Diaguitas, Sanavirones, among others). In 1480, the Inca Empire under the rule of king Pachacutec launched an offensive and conquered present-day northwestern Argentina, integrating it into a region called Collasuyu. In the northeastern area, the Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca and sweet potato. The central and southern areas (Pampas and Patagonia) were dominated by nomadic cultures, unified in the seventeenth century by the Mapuches. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2829x1826, 4759 KB) Indians from Rio de la Plata. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2829x1826, 4759 KB) Indians from Rio de la Plata. ... This article is about the history of Argentina. ... Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Patagonia, as most commonly defined (in orange). ... Santa Cruz is a province of Argentina, located in the south of the country, in the Patagonia. ... Santa MarÃa or Santa Maria may refer to: The name of the Blessed Virgin Mary or Mary, the mother of Jesus, in various languages such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan. ... The Diaguita, also called Diaguita-CalchaquÃ, are a group of South American indigenous peoples. ... For the a general view of Inca civilisation, people and culture, see Incas. ... Pachacuti as drawn by Guaman Poma Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachacutec; Quechua Pachakutiq, literally world-turner, i. ... Collasuyu was the southwestern provincial region of the Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire. ... For other uses, see GuaranÃ (disambiguation). ... Yuca or Yuka has been used as a semi despective term reffering to Metal and Rock music derivations and their followers (called Yuqueros). The term is used in Latin American countrys, thought most popularly in Venezuela. ... Binomial name (L.) Lam. ... The pampas (from Quechua for plain) are the fertile lowlands that extend across c. ... For the 2006 historical epic set in Kazakhstan, see Nomad (2006 film). ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ...

Buenos Aires in 1536.

European explorers arrived in 1516. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580; the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata was created in 1776. During the early part of this period it was largely a country of Spanish immigrants and their descendants, known as criollos, some of them gathered in Buenos Aires and other cities, others living on the pampas as gauchos. Descendants of African slaves (See:Afro-Argentines) were present in significant numbers. Indigenous peoples inhabited much of the rest of Argentina. In 1806 and 1807 the British Empire launched two invasions to Buenos Aires, but the criollo population repelled both attempts. On May 25, 1810, after confirmation of the rumors about the overthrow of King Ferdinand VII by Napoleon, citizens of Buenos Aires created the First Government Junta (May Revolution).Two nations emerged in what is now Argentina United Provinces of South America (1810) and Liga Federal (1815) Other provinces through the reluctance of some factions and the centralist tendencies of the more radical activists delayed a combined State. In the meantime, Paraguay declared its independence in 1811. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x638, 35 KB) Summary View of Buenos Aires shortly after its foundation in 1536. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x638, 35 KB) Summary View of Buenos Aires shortly after its foundation in 1536. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... Created in 1776, the Viceroyalty of La Plata (in Spanish, Virreinato del RÃo de la Plata) was the last and most shortlived viceroyalty created by Spain. ... Criollo, in the Spanish colonial Casta system (caste system) of Latin America, was a person born in the Spanish colonies deemed to have purity of blood in respect to the individuals European ancestry. ... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... The pampas (from Quechua for plain) are the fertile lowlands that extend across c. ... For other uses, see Gaucho (disambiguation). ... Afro-Argentines are Argentines of African descent. ... For a comprehensive list of the territories that formed the British Empire, see Evolution of the British Empire. ... The British invasions of the RÃo de la Plata (Spanish: Invasiones Inglesas al RÃo de la Plata) were a series of unsuccessful British attempts at military control of the Spanish colonies located around the RÃo de la Plata basin in South America, between 1806 and 1807, as... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1810 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Ferdinand VII (October 14, 1784 - September 29, 1833) was King of Spain from 1813 to 1833. ... NapolÃ©on I, Emperor of the French (born Napoleone di Buonaparte, changed his name to NapolÃ©on Bonaparte)[1] (15 August 1769; Ajaccio, Corsica â€“ 5 May 1821; Saint Helena) was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from... For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ... The First Junta or Primera Junta was the first goverment that appeared in Argentina after the May Revolution. ... La RevoluciÃ³n de Mayo (the May Revolution) was the first attempt at independence in the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, which contains present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. ... Flag of the United Provinces until 1818. ... in REDLiga de los Pueblos Libres in 1815, part of the United Provinces of the RÃo de la Plata in BLUE The Liga Federal (Federal League) originates from the idea of JosÃ© Gervasio Artigas to establish a federal government among the provinces of the former Viceroyalty of the R...

Military campaigns led by General José de San Martín between 1814 and 1817 made independence increasingly a reality. In 1820 Liga Federal was crushed by forces of the United Provinces of South America and Portugal armies from Brazil and its provinces absorbed into United Provinces of South America. Argentines revere San Martín, who campaigned in Argentina, Chile, and Peru, as the hero of their national independence. On July 9, 1816, a Congress gathered in Tucumán (the Congress of Tucumán) and finally issued a formal declaration of independence from Spain. Bolivia declared itself independent in 1825, and Uruguay was created in 1828 as a result of the Argentina-Brazil War. JosÃ© Francisco de San MartÃn Matorras, also known as JosÃ© de San MartÃn (25 February 1778 â€“ 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... in REDLiga de los Pueblos Libres in 1815, part of the United Provinces of the RÃo de la Plata in BLUE The Liga Federal (Federal League) originates from the idea of JosÃ© Gervasio Artigas to establish a federal government among the provinces of the former Viceroyalty of the R... Flag of the United Provinces until 1818. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1816 (MDCCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... San Miguel de TucumÃ¡n (usually referred to as simply TucumÃ¡n) is the largest city in northwestern Argentina, with a population (2001) of 525,853. ... The Congress of TucumÃ¡n was the representative assembly of the United Provinces of the River Plate formed in 1816, initially meeting in TucumÃ¡n. ... Combatants Brazilian Empire United Provinces of the RÃo de la Plata (present Uruguay and Argentina) Commanders Pedro I of Brazil Rodrigo Pinto Guedes Marquis of Barbacena Juan Antonio Lavalleja Bernardino Rivadavia Francis Drummond Carlos MarÃa de Alvear The Argentina-Brazil War (Portuguese: Guerra da Cisplatina; Spanish: Guerra del...

In 1818, General José de San Martín crossed the Andes to free Chile and Peru, thus eliminating the Spanish threat. Centralist and federalist groups (Spanish: Unitarios and Federales) were in conflict until national unity was established and the constitution promulgated in 1853. The constitution was strongly defended in moving oratory by the patriot and Franciscan Mamerto Esquiú, for whom one of the country's departments is named. From 1865 to 1870, the bloody War of Triple Alliance was fought by Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay. JosÃ© Francisco de San MartÃn Matorras, also known as JosÃ© de San MartÃn (25 February 1778 â€“ 17 August 1850), was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South Americas successful struggle for independence from Spain. ... The Flag carried by the army The Crossing of the Andes was one of the most important feats in the Argentine War of Independence, in which an Argentine army liberated Chile from Spanish rule, in order to protect their country from possible Spanish incursions. ... Centralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group. ... For theological federalism, see Covenant Theology. ... Unitarians (Spanish Unitarios) was the name under which the liberal concept of a centralised government in Buenos Aires was known, during the years of civil war, short after the Declaration of Independence of Argentina in 1816, and opposed to the Federalism. ... Federales was the name under which the supporters of federalism in Argentina were known, opposing the Unitarios that pretended a centralised government of Buenos Aires Province, with no participation of the other provinces of the custom taxes benefits of the Buenos Aires port. ... The Order of Friars Minor and other Franciscan movements are disciples of Saint Francis of Assisi. ...

Foreign investment and immigration from Europe led to the adoption of modern agricultural techniques. In the 1870s, the "Conquest of the Desert" subdued the remaining indigenous tribes throughout the southern Pampas and Patagonia, leaving 1,300 indigenous dead.^[15]^[16] Invest redirects here. ... Non-native population in Argentina, 1869â€“1991 There is a theory that the original inhabitants of Argentina were descendants of Asian peoples that crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America and then, over thousands of years, reached the southern end of South America. ... The Conquest of the Desert (Spanish: Conquista del desierto) was a military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s, which established Argentine dominance over Patagonia, which was inhabited by indigenous peoples. ... The pampas (from Quechua for plain) are the fertile lowlands that extend across c. ... Patagonia, as most commonly defined (in orange). ...

From 1880 to 1916, Argentina enjoyed increasing prosperity, prominence and became one of the top 10 richest countries in the world, through an agricultural export-led economy. The population of the country swelled sevenfold. Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics through non-democratic means until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, won control of the first free-elected government. The military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930, leading to another decade of Conservative rule. The country was neutral during World War II. Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who worked to empower the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionized workers. The economy turned to more protectionist policies and the developing of industry. The self-proclamated Revolución Libertadora of 1955 deposed him. Conservative may refer to: Conservatism, political philosophy A member of a Conservative Party Conservative extension, premise of deductive logic Conservativity theorem, mathematical proof of conservative extension Conservative Judaism britney spears Category: ... The Radical Civic Union (in Spanish, UniÃ³n CÃvica Radical, UCR) is a political party in Argentina. ... Juan HipÃ³lito del Sagrado CorazÃ³n de JesÃºs Yrigoyen Alem (July 12, 1852 â€“ July 3, 1933) was twice President of Argentina (from 1916 to 1922 and again from 1928 to 1930). ... A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (October 8, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1974) was an Argentine colonel and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina, serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... The RevoluciÃ³n Libertadora (Spanish, Liberating Revolution) was a military uprising that ended the second presidential term of Juan Domingo PerÃ³n in Argentina, in 1955. ...

President Juan Perón (1946).

From the 1950s to 1970s, soft military and weak civilian administrations traded power. During those years the economy grew strongly and poverty declined (to less than 7% in 1975). At the same time political violence continued to escalate, fighting against the military government, demanding the return of Perón from his Spanish exile. In 1973, Perón returned to the presidency, but he died within a year of assuming power. His third wife Isabel, the Vice President, succeeded him in office, but the military coup of March 24, 1976 removed her from office. Image File history File links Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente. ... Image File history File links Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente. ... Juan Domingo PerÃ³n (October 8, 1895 â€“ July 1, 1974) was an Argentine colonel and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina, serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Terrorism. ... MarÃa Estela MartÃnez Cartas de PerÃ³n (born on February 4, 1931), better known as Isabel MartÃnez de PerÃ³n or Isabel PerÃ³n, was President of Argentina from 1974 to 1976 and the third wife of Argentine President Juan PerÃ³n. ... Coup redirects here. ... is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 (MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The armed forces took power through a junta in charge of the self-appointed National Reorganization Process until 1983. The military government repressed opposition and leftist groups using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of dissidents "disappeared", while the SIDE cooperated with DINA and other South American intelligence agencies, and with the CIA in Operation Condor. Many of the military leaders that took part in the Dirty War were trained in the U.S.-financed School of the Americas, among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola. The military dictatorship (1976-1983) greatly increased the extent of the country's foreign debt. From that point the economy of the country began to be controlled more and more by the conditions imposed on it by both its creditors and the IMF (International Monetary Fund) with priority given to servicing the repayment of the foreign debt. These and other economic problems, charges of corruption, public revulsion in the face of human rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat by the British in the Falklands War discredited the Argentine military regime. Alternate cover US 1979 and 2002 reissue cover, also known as paint spatter cover For the military meaning, see Armed forces. ... A military dictatorship is a form of government wherein the political power resides with the military; it is similar but not identical to a stratocracy, a state ruled directly by the military. ... Jorge Rafael Videla, first president of the Proceso Proceso de ReorganizaciÃ³n Nacional (Spanish, National Reorganization Process, often simply Proceso) was the name given by its leaders to the dictatorial regime that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. ... Poster by the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo NGO with photos of disappeared. This article especially refers to the Argentine dirty war; however, the term has been used in other contexts, for example in Morocco; see also lead years. ... Disappear redirects here. ... SecretarÃa de Inteligencia (Intelligence Secretariat, S.I) is the premier intelligence agency of the Argentine Republic and head of its National Intelligence System. ... Look up Dina in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An intelligence agency is a governmental organization that for the purposes of national security is devoted to the gathering of information (known in the context as intelligence) by means of espionage, communication interception, cryptanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. ... CIA redirects here. ... For other uses of Operation Condor, please see Operation Condor (disambiguation) Operation Condor (Spanish: OperaciÃ³n CÃ³ndor, Portuguese: OperaÃ§Ã£o Condor) was a campaign of political repressions involving assassination and intelligence operations officially implemented starting in 1975 by the right-wing dictatorships that dominated the Southern Cone in South... For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation) Motto In God We Trust(since 1956) (From Many, One; Latin, traditional) Anthem The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York City National language English (de facto)1 Demonym American... The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC), formerly School of the Americas (SOA), is a US Army facility at Fort Benning in Columbus, Georgia, USA. It is a training facility operated in the Spanish language especially for Latin American military personnel. ... Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926 - January 12, 2003) was an Argentinian general and the de facto President of Argentina from 22 December 1981 to 18 June 1982, during the last military dictatorship. ... Roberto Eduardo Viola Prevedini (October 13, 1924 – September 30, 1994) was a military officer who briefly served as interim president of Argentina from March 29 to December 11, 1981 during a period of military rule. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ... Belligerents Argentina United Kingdom Commanders President Leopoldo Galtieri Vice-Admiral Juan Lombardo Brigadier-General Ernesto Crespo Brigade-General Mario MenÃ©ndez Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse Rear-Admiral John â€œSandyâ€ Woodward Major-General Jeremy Moore Casualties and losses 649 killed 1,068 wounded 11,313 taken prisoner... Augusto Pinochet (sitting) was an army general who led a military coup in Chile in 1973. ...

Democracy was restored in 1983. Raúl Alfonsín's government took steps to account for the "disappeared", established civilian control of the armed forces, and consolidated democratic institutions. The members of the three military juntas were prosecuted and sentenced to life terms. Failure to resolve endemic economic problems and an inability to maintain public confidence led to Alfonsín's early departure six months before his term was to be completed. RaÃºl Ricardo AlfonsÃn (born 13 March 1927) is an Argentine politician, who was the President of Argentina from 10 December 1983 to 9 July 1989. ...

The 1990s began with hyperinflation. President Carlos Menem imposed a peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop hyperinflation and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, and implementing a privatization program. These reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s. However, the peso was tied to the dollar at an artificially high rate that could only be maintained by flooding the market with dollars. As a result the foreign debt increased enormously and state companies and services were privatized. The total opening up of the market to foreign goods, which up until then were produced locally, resulted in the collapse of local industry. So while part of the population was saving in dollars, traveling overseas, and purchasing imported and luxury goods cheaply, the rest of the population was experiencing an increase in both poverty and unemployment. The IMF and the world economists praised the liberalization of the Argentine market, and the country was presented as a “model student”. Toward the end of the 1990s, large fiscal deficits and overvaluation of the pegged peso caused a gradual slide into economic crisis. In 1998 a period of profound economic recession began. This was a direct result of the economic measures which dominated the decade of the 90s and which produced a false sense of stability and well being. By the end of his term in 1999, these accumulating problems and perceived corruption had made Menem unpopular. In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is out of control, a condition in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value. ... Carlos SaÃºl Menem (born July 2, 1930) was President of Argentina from July 8, 1989 to December 10, 1999 for the Justicialist Party (Peronist) very infamous and criticized due corruption and his dubious handling of the investigations of the 1992 Israeli Embassy bombing and the 1994 bombing of the... The Argentine peso (originally established as the nuevo peso argentino or peso convertible) is the currency of Argentina. ... USD redirects here. ... The Argentine Currency Board pegged the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar between 1991 and 2002 in an attempt to eliminate hyperinflation and stimulate economic growth. ... In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is out of control, a condition in which prices increase rapidly as a currency loses its value. ... A market economy (also called a free market economy or a free enterprise economy) is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets (though completley useless to some dumbasses) guided by a free price system. ... Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over... Origins People Theories Ideas Movements Topics Related Philosophy Portal Politics Portal Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). ... In economics, crisis is an old term in business cycle theory, referring to the sharp transition to a recession. ...

The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness in exports, massive imports which damaged national industry and reduced employment, chronic fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion of several economic crises. Unemployment reached as high as 25% of the economically active population, and another 15% had only part-time work. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an outflow of capital that mushroomed into a recession, and culminated in economic crisis in November 2001. The governing coalition was forced to undertake a series of measures including the freezing of bank accounts. This was done to halt the flow of capital out of the country and to stem the growing debt crisis. However, a climate of popular discontent was unleashed as a result. On 20 December 2001 Argentina was thrown into its worst institutional and economic crisis for several decades. There were violent street protests, which brought about clashes with the police and resulted in several fatalities. The increasingly chaotic climate, amidst bloody riots, finally resulted in the resignation of President de la Rúa. The economic crisis accentuated the people's lack of trust in their politicians. During this time street protests were accompanied by the cry “they all should go.” The "they" referred to the politicians, especially those involved in many reported acts of corruption. They were also accused of dealing fraudulently with public goods and money, without any judicial sanctions in place to curb the corruption. Fernando de la RÃºa Bruno (born September 15, 1937) is an Argentine politician. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ... Capital outflow is an economic term describing capital flowing out of (or leaving) a particular economy. ... In macroeconomics, a recession is a decline in a countrys real gross domestic product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or more successive quarters of a year. ... The Argentine economic crisis was part of the situation that affected Argentinas economy during the late 1990s and early 2000s. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The December 2001 riots were a period of civil unrest and rioting in Argentina, which took place during December 2001, with the most violent incidents taking place on December 19 and December 20 in the capital, Buenos Aires. ...

In two weeks, several presidents followed in quick succession, culminating in Eduardo Duhalde's being appointed interim President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2 January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its international debt obligations. The peso's near eleven year-old linkage to the United States dollar was abandoned, resulting in major depreciation of the peso and a spike in inflation. Eduardo Alberto Duhalde Maldonado (born October 5, 1941) is a former president of Argentina. ... The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... A Legislative Assembly in some parts of the Commonwealth refers to a legislature, or a chamber of the legislature. ... is the 2nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... In finance, default occurs when a debtor has not met its legal obligations according to the debt contract, e. ... Currency depreciation is the loss of value of a countrys currency with respect to one or more foreign reference currencies, typically in a floating exchange rate system. ...

With a more competitive and flexible exchange rate, the country implemented new policies based on re-industrialization, import substitution, increased exports, and consistent fiscal and trade surpluses. By the end of 2002 the economy began to stabilize, mainly thanks to the soybean and other cereals' boom and floating of exchange rates. In 2003, Néstor Kirchner was elected president. During Kirchner's presidency, Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a steep discount (about 66 percent) on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund, renegotiated contracts with utilities, and nationalized some previously privatized enterprises. Currently, Argentina is enjoying a period of economic growth. In 2007 Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, was elected president, becoming the first woman to be elected president of Argentina. Also in 2007, Center-left Fabiana Ríos (ARI) became the first woman to be elected governor of Tierra del Fuego and first elected female governor in Argentina's history. Import substitution industrialization (also called ISI) is a trade and economic policy based on the premise that a developing country should attempt to substitute products which it imports, mostly finished goods, with locally produced substitutes. ... NÃ©stor Carlos Kirchner (born February 25, 1950), was the President of Argentina, from May 25, 2003 until December 10, 2007. ... Argentina went through an economic crisis since the mid-1990s; though it is debatable whether this crisis has ended, the situation has been more stable, and improving, since 2003. ... IMF redirects here. ... World GDP/capita changed very little for most of human history before the industrial revolution. ... Cristina Elisabet FernÃ¡ndez Wilhem de Kirchner (born February 19, 1953), commonly known as Cristina FernÃ¡ndez or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine lawyer, and/or politician from the Justicialist Party and the current President of Argentina. ... MarÃa Fabiana RÃos (born 31 March 1964 in Rosario, Santa Fe) is an Argentine politician of the party ARI (AfirmaciÃ³n para una RepÃºblica de Iguales, Support for an Egalitarian Republic), residing in the province of Tierra del Fuego. ... The Alternative for a Republic of Equals (Spanish: Alternativa por una República de Iguales) is an Argentine political party. ...

Politics

Main article: Politics of Argentina

This article is about the political institutions and political parties of Argentina. ...

Government

The Casa Rosada, seat of executive power

Argentina's political framework is a federal presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President of The Argentine Nation is both head of state and head of government, complemented by a pluriform multi-party system. The current president (2007) is Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, with Julio Cobos as vice president. The Casa Rosada La Casa Rosada (Spanish for the Pink House), officially known as the Casa de Gobierno (Government House), is the official seat of the executive branch of the government of Argentina. ... This article is about federal states. ... A presidential system, also called a congressional system, is a system of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term) separately from the legislature, to which it is not accountable and which cannot in normal circumstances dismiss it. ... Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of popular sovereignty by the peoples representatives. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... For the comedy film of the same name, see Head of State (film). ... The head of government is the chief officer of the executive branch of a government, often presiding over a cabinet. ... A multi-party system is a type of party system. ... Cristina Elisabet FernÃ¡ndez Wilhem de Kirchner (born February 19, 1953), commonly known as Cristina FernÃ¡ndez or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine lawyer, and/or politician from the Justicialist Party and the current President of Argentina. ... Julio CÃ©sar Cleto Cobos (born 1955-04-30) is an Argentine Radical Civic Union (UCR) politician, current governor of Mendoza Province. ...

The Argentine Constitution of 1853 mandates a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level. Cover of the original manuscript of the 1853 Constitution The Argentine Constitution of 1853 was the first constitution of Argentina, approved with the support of the governments of the provinces â€”though without that of the Buenos Aires Province, who remained separated of the Argentine Confederation until 1859, after the modification... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Separation of powers is a term coined by French political Enlightenment thinker Baron de Montesquieu[1][2], is a model for the governance of democratic states. ... A Legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to create, amend and ratify laws. ... In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ...

Executive power resides in the President and his or her cabinet. The President of The Argentine Nation and Vice President are directly elected to four-year terms, limited to two consecutive terms, and the cabinet ministers are appointed by the president. The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... The President of Argentina (full title: President of the Argentine Nation, Spanish: Presidente de la NaciÃ³n Argentina) is the head of state of Argentina. ... Alternate meanings in cabinet (disambiguation) A Cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. ...

Legislative power is vested in the bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Nación, consisting of a Senate (Senado) of seventy-two seats, and a Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) of 257 members. A Legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to create, amend and ratify laws. ... National Congress is a term used by various political parties and legislatures. ... The National Congress ( Spanish: Congreso de la Nación Argentina) is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina. ... For the band, see Senate (band). ... The Argentine Senate is the upper house of parliament in Argentina. ... Chamber of Deputies is the name given to a legislative body, which may either be the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or the name of a unicameral one. ... The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the National Congress, Argentinas parliament. ...

Senators serve six-year terms, with one-third standing for reelection every two years. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to four-year term via a system of proportional representation, with half of the members of the lower house being elected every two years. A third of the candidates presented by the parties must be women. Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ... A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house. ...

The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Argentine Supreme Court of Justice has seven members who are appointed by the President in consultation with the Senate. The rest of the judges are appointed by the Council of Magistrates of the Nation, a secretariat composed of representatives of judges, lawyers, the Congress, and the executive (see Law of Argentina). In the law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... The Supreme Court of Argentina (in Spanish, Corte Suprema de Justicia de la NaciÃ³n) is the highest court of law of the Argentine Republic. ... The Council of Magistrates of the Nation (Spanish: Consejo de la Magistratura de la NaciÃ³n) is an organ of the Judicial Branch of the Government of Argentina. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Argentina is a member of an international bloc, Mercosur, which has some legislative supranational functions. Mercosur is composed of five full members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It has five associate members without full voting rights: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Motto (Spanish) (Portuguese) (GuaranÃ) Our North is the South â€¢ â€¢ Pro Tempore Secretariat Montevideo, Uruguay Largest city SÃ£o Paulo, Brazil Official languages

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History

Politics

Government