the so-called core arguments of a verb, that is, the phrases that make up the sentence in combination with it
arguments to predicates and other sentential elements, such as the prepositional argument in "under the table" (which is the prepositional object "the table")
(in literature) a grand argument is a conceptually complete story with both an emotional and logical comprehensiveness.
(in oratory or law) the presentation of evidential reasoning in an attempt to persuade the listener of the correctness of the speaker's position (this usage not only covers logical arguments but also includes other forms of persuasion, such as purely emotional arguments)
(in common usage) a dispute, disagreement or antagonistic discussion
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For example, if one takes the definition of God to be described fully from the bible, then the claims of what properties God has described there in might be argued to lead to a contradiction.
The problem of evil is the argument that the existence of evil is incompatible with the concept of an omnipotent and perfectly good God.
One argument based on incompatible properties rests on a definition of God that includes a will, plan or purpose and an existence outside of time.