 Arhuacos holding a meeting. Arhuacos, Aruacos, Ica, Ijca or Bintuk, names of a Native American ethnic group part of the Chibcha family, remanence of the Tairona Culture concentrated in northern Colombia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. A Hupa man. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Tairona figure pendants Monument in Santa Marta depicting Taironas. ...
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is a mountain range in northern Colombia. ...
Territory
 Location of the Arhuaco habitat in Colombia. They live in the upper valleys of the Piedras River, San Sebastian river, Chichicua River, Ariguani River and Guatapuri River, in an Indian Reservation in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Mountains. Their traditional territory before the Spanish colonialism, was larger than today's boundaries which excludes many of their sacred sites, but that they continue to visit today, to pay offerings. These lost territories are the lower parts by the steps of the mountains, lost to Colonizers and farming. BIA map of reservations in the United States Tribal sovereignty: Map of the United States, with non-reservation land highlighted. ...
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is a mountain range in northern Colombia. ...
Communities The Arhuacos are distributed into 22 sections. - Central Zone: Nabusimake (Capital of the Arhuaco nation), Yechikin and Busin.
- Western Zone: Serankua, Windiwameina, Singunei.
- Southern Zone: Zigta, Yeurwa, Gumuke, Yeiwin, Seiarukwingumu, Buyuaguenka, and Simonorwa.
- Southeast Zone: Wirwa, Yugaka, Karwa.
- East Zone: Sogrome, Donachwi, Timaka, Aruamake, Seinimin and Izrwa.
Population is disperse, but gets together in these towns for reunions and ceremonies, being Nabusimake the most important of them and with an especial significance; it's composed of fifty squared shaped houses and circular temples named Kankura, for men and women.
Economy Arhuacos main economic activity is subsistence agriculture, which traditionally was practiced by every family in the community in their own parcel by their houses. Each family owned two houses, one in the high lands were weather is cooler and another in the warmer lower lands of the mountains. Nowadays they can only practice this on the higher lands due to expropriation of land during the Spanish colonization.
In the higher lands, they cultivate potatoes, onions, cabbages, lettuce, blueberries, tamarilloes, pumpkins, garlic and wheat. In the mid-lands; corn, beans, yuca, arracacha, malanga, coca, cotton, pineapple, papaya, guava, passion fruit, sweet granadilla, oranges and limes. Coffee is cultivated for commercial purposes only along with Mochilas (large handmade purses), and other arts and crafts to exchange it in the lower lands for products they don't get in the high lands. They also raise chickens, cattle, sheeps and goats. Men produce entirely the traditional clothing, but nowadays they also use modern clothing. Binomial name Solanum tuberosum L. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a perennial plant of the Solanaceae, or nightshade, family, commonly grown for its starchy tuber. ...
Binomial name Allium cepa L. Onion in the general sense can be used for any plant in the genus Allium but used without qualifiers usually means Allium cepa, also called the garden onion. ...
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...
Binomial name Lactuca sativa L. Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ...
Species See text. ...
Binomial name Cyphomandra betacea The Tamarillo or Tree Tomato (Cyphomandra betacea) belongs to the flowering plant family Solanaceae. ...
Pumpkins Pumpkin attached to a stalk A pumpkin is a squash fruit, usually orange in colour when ripe. ...
Binomial name Allium sativum L. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a perennial plant in the family Alliaceae and genus Allium, closely related to the onion, shallot, and leek. ...
Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum References: ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 For the indie rock group see: Wheat (band). ...
Look up corn in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article is on the plant. ...
Yuca or Yuka has been used as a semi despective term reffering to Metal and Rock music derivations and their followers (called Yuqueros). The term is used in Latin American countrys, thought most popularly in Venezuela. ...
Binomial name Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft The arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) is a garden root vegetable originally from the Andes, somewhat intermediate between the carrot and celery. ...
There is also a Malanga in Gabon, see Malanga, Gabon Malanga (Xanthosoma Species), also known as coco, cocoyam, tannia, tannier, yautia, and other names, is a root vegetable from the arum lily family, similar to taro. ...
Binomial name Erythroxylum coca Lam. ...
For other uses, see Cotton (disambiguation). ...
This does not cite its references or sources. ...
Binomial name Carica papaya L. The papaya, also known as mamão, tree melon, fruta bomba, lechosa (Venezuela and the Dominican Republic), or pawpaw is the fruit of the tree Carica papaya, in the genus Carica. ...
Species About 100 species, including: Psidium cattleianum - Strawberry Guava Psidium friedrichsthalium - Costa Rica Guava Psidium guajava - Apple Guava Psidium guineense - Guinea Guava Psidium littorale - Cattley Guava Psidium montanum - Mountain Guava Guava (from Spanish Guayaba; Goiaba in Portuguese) is a genus of about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small trees...
The fruit of Passiflora edulis Passion fruit (Portuguese: Maracuj ) comes from passion flower vines, plants of the genus Passiflora, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. ...
Binomial name Passiflora ligularis A.Juss. ...
Orange—specifically, sweet orange—refers to the citrus tree Citrus sinensis (syn. ...
Percentages are relative to US RDI values for adults. ...
A cup of coffee Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (often called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ...
Species See text. ...
Species See Species and subspecies The goat is a mammal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ...
Language Arhuacos speak a language pertaining to the chibchan linguistic family. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Phonology Vowels Consonants A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ...
An open vowel is a vowel sound of a type used in most spoken languages. ...
A mid vowel is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. ...
This language registers 17 consonantic phonemas:
Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the superior teeth. ...
Sagittal section of alveolo-palatal fricative In phonetics, alveolo-palatal (or alveopalatal) consonants are palatalized postalveolar fricatives, articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue raised toward the palate. ...
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). ...
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). ...
The vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the human larynx. ...
Ejective consonants are a class of consonants which may contrast with aspirated or tenuis consonants in a language. ...
(adj. ...
Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...
Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ...
Beliefs Arhuacos are profoundly spiritual people who follow their own unique philosophy that tends to globalize their surroundings. They belief in a "Creator" or "great father" named Kakü Serankua, who engendered the first gods and material living things, Other "fathers" like the sun and the snowy peaks and other "mothers" like the earth and the moon. They consider the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta to be the navel of the world. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is a mountain range in northern Colombia. ...
Male umbilicus For other uses, see Navel (disambiguation). ...
Nature and society as a unity are ruled by a single sacred law, immutable, pre-existent, primitive and survivor to everyone and everything. World can exist or unexist but this law continues to rule without being altered.
This universal law Kunsamü is represented by a boy, Mamo Niankua. This law of nature is an explanation to the origins of matter and its evolution, equilibrium, preservation and harmony, that constitutes the fundamental objectives and the reason being of the Mamo; the spiritual authority of the Arhuaco society.
Each Mamo or Mamü is selected among different candidates, boys ranging eight to ten years old that will receive a training for a minimum of nine years to fifteen years in average and are free to determine if they want to continue with it further the training period. They specialize in certain knowledge areas such as philosophy, Sacerdotalism, medicine and practical community or individual counselors. Their influence is decisive in their society.
Conflicts with colonizers In 1916 the Arhuacos asked the government of Colombia for teachers to learn to read and write and also learn about mathematics, but instead the government sent Capuchin Friars. The Frairs prohibited the children to learn about their culture, establishing a "regime of terror" and putting them aside in an orphanage. They also established forced labor ignoring the Arhuacos plea to leave them alone. The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (OFM Cap) is an order of friars in the Roman Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. ...
In 1943, politicians from Valledupar, missionaries and Ministry of Agriculture, expropriated without compensation the best terrains of Nabusimake and built an State-owned, agricultural farm. The Arhuacos fought back and in 1944 created the Liga de Indios de la Serra Nevada (Sierra Nevada Amerindians League), but were outlawed later in 1956 by a military government. Nickname: City of the Holy Kings of Valledupar Location in the Department of Cesar. ...
In 1962, the government impose the construction of a communications tower for TV in Mount Alguacil, considered sacred by them. The government also established a military post to intimidate them, and later ordered the construction of a highway from their territory to Valledupar. Afer all these and ignoring the threats they reestablished their league. In 1972 the Arhuacos created the cabildo Gobernador, a better structured and adequate organization to defend their values and land.
In August 7, 1982 they rebelled against the Capuchins and took over the mission's building who finally left in 1983.
Prohibited Cultivation in 1975, Colonials, not Arhuacos, started cultivating Marihuana in the Sierra Nevada. These brought more problems to the community, like forced recruitment for plantations, assimilation of drugdealers culture by some and violence. Many poor peasants from other regions of Colombia came to work in the Marihuana bonanza of the 1980s. Different from the traditional, non-commercial Coca planting, the drug dealers produced Cocaine through chemical processes. All these money later attracted the Colombian Armed Conflict, and combats among the different factions; mainly guerrillas and paramilitaries, who competed for the control of the area, and indiscriminately accused Arhuacos and other ethnicities as collaborators of the rival party, assassinating and intimidating them forcing many to an exodus. The government also started fumigations to eradicate illicit plantations leaving the Arhuacos in the middle of a crossfire. Cannabis is a plant which is consumed by humans as a psychoactive drug. ...
Binomial name Erythroxylum coca Lam. ...
For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation). ...
Colombian Armed Conflict or Colombian Civil War are terms that are employed to refer to the current low intensity conflict in Colombia that has existed since approximately 1964 or 1966, which was when the FARC and later the ELN were founded and subsequently started their guerrilla insurgency campaigns against successive...
Government Proyects
 Monument in Santa Marta depicting Arhuacos. The government of Colombia is trying to develop an irrigation system for the Valley of Cesar by constructing hydroelectric dams and ecotourism routes in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Arhuacos oppose to all these proyects and organized the Confederación Indígena Tairona (Tairona Indigenous Confederation). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x1425, 457 KB) Monumento Tayrona en Santa Marta, Colombia. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1704x1425, 457 KB) Monumento Tayrona en Santa Marta, Colombia. ...
A Hydroelectric Dam converts a River into a Large Reservoir and transforms the potential energy of the river into Electrical Power. ...
Ecotourism means ecological tourism, where ecological has both environmental and social connotations. ...
See also Tairona figure pendants Monument in Santa Marta depicting Taironas. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Area inhabited by the Wayuus, between Colombia and Venezuela. ...
Nickname: City of the Holy Kings of Valledupar Location in the Department of Cesar. ...
This article is about the Colombian city. ...
Bibliography - (Spanish) Etniasdecolombia.org
- Orozco, José Antonio 1990 Nabusímake, tierra de Arhuacos. ESAP, Bogotá. ISBN 958-9079-83-0
- Botero Verswyvel, Silvia 1987: "Indígenas de la Sierra nevada de Santa marta"; Introducción a la Colombia Ameridia:39-50. ICAN, Bogotá.
- dismalworld.com
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