Ari Fleischer
Ari Fleischer conducting a White House press conference Ari Fleischer File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ...
White House Press Secretary
In office January 20, 2001 – July 15, 2003
Preceded by	Jake Siewert
Succeeded by	Scott McClellan
Born	October 13, 1960 (1960-10-13) (age 46) Pound Ridge, New York, USA
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Rebecca Davis
Children	2
Residence	Washington, DC
Religion	Jewish

Lawrence Ari Fleischer (born October 13, 1960) was the press secretary for U.S. President George W. Bush from January, 2001 to July, 2003. Fleischer was born in Pound Ridge, New York. The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official with a rank one step below Presidential Cabinet level. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jake Siewert served as White House Press Secretary from September 30, 2000 to January 19, 2001 during the administration of President Bill Clinton. ... Scott McClellan in the press room of the White House Puffy McMoonface (born February 14, 1968) was the White House Press Secretary (2003-2006) for President George W. Bush. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Pound Ridge is a town located in Westchester County, New York. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official with a rank one step below Presidential Cabinet level. ... The presidential seal was first used in 1880 by President Rutherford B. Hayes and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pound Ridge is a town located in Westchester County, New York. ...

Congressional Staffer

Upon his 1982 graduation from Middlebury College in Vermont, Mr. Fleischer worked as press Secretary for Jon Fossil, a Republican candidate for a New York congressional seat. Later Mr. Fleischer worked as press secretary for Congressmen Norman Lent. From 1985 to 1988 he was the field-director for the National Republican Congressional Committee. He went back to being a press secretary in 1988, working for Congressman Joseph DioGuardi for a short time. 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Middlebury College is a private, small, highly selective liberal arts college located in the rural New England shire town of Middlebury, Vermont, United States. ... Capital Montpelier Largest city Burlington Area  Ranked {{{AreaRank}}}  - Total {{{TotalAreaUS}}} sq mi ({{{TotalArea}}} km²)  - Width 80 miles (130 km)  - Length 160 miles (260 km)  - % water 3. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... NY redirects here. ... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ... Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ... Norman Frederick Lent (born March 23, 1931) was a Republican-Conservative member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) is the Republican Hill committee for the United States House of Representatives, working to elect Republicans to that body. ... Joseph J. DioGuardi (b. ...

Mr. Fleischer served as Senator Pete Domenici's press secretary from 1989 to 1994. He then served as spokesman for the House of Representatives' Ways and Means Committee for five years. He worked as deputy communications director for George H. W. Bush's 1992 reelection campaign. Seal of the U.S. Senate Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries Politics Portal      Senate composition following 2006 elections The United States Senate is... Pietro Pete Vichi Domenici (born May 7, 1932) is a powerful Republican United States senator from New Mexico. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ... The Committee on Ways and Means is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. ... The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official with a rank one step below Cabinet level. ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

White House Press Secretary

Although Mr. Fleischer served as communications director for Elizabeth Dole during her presidential run in the 2000 election campaign, he joined George W. Bush's presidential campaign after Mrs. Dole dropped out of the race. When Mr. Bush became the President in 2001, he tapped Mr. Fleischer to become his press secretary. Elizabeth Hanford Liddy Dole (born July 29, 1936) is an American politician that served in both the Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush presidential administrations, and currently serves as a United States senator representing the state of North Carolina. ... Presidential election results map: Red denotes states won by Bush/Cheney; Blue denotes those won by Gore/Lieberman. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Mr. Fleischer first introduced a new phrase, "homicide bombing", to describe what has also been called suicide bombing, on April 12, 2002, to emphasize the terrorist connotations of the tactic. The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... A suicide bombing is an attack using a bomb in which the individual(s) carrying the explosive materials composing the bomb intend(s) and expect(s) to die upon detonation (see suicide). ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... This article is becoming very long. ... Tactics is the collective name for methods of winning a small-scale conflict, performing an optimization, etc. ...

— Ari Fleischer, "White House Regular Briefing," Federal News Service, April 12, 2002

On May 19, 2003, he announced that he would resign during the summer, citing a desire to spend more time with his wife and to work in the private sector. He was replaced by deputy press secretary Scott McClellan on July 15, 2003. The White House National Security Council (NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... The 2005 Telethon on Seven Perth. ... Palestinians are people with family origins mainly in Palestine. ... Economics offers various definitions for money, though it is now commonly defined as any good or token that functions as a medium of exchange that is socially and legally accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts. ... Politics of Saudi Arabia takes place in a framework of an absolute monarchy whereby the King of Saudi Arabia is not only head of state, but also the head of government. ... Federal News Service (FNS) is a privately-held company based in Washington, DC with bureaus in Moscow and Jerusalem, providing timely verbatim English-language transcription of U.S., Russian and Middle East government press briefings, speeches, and conferences. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (140th in leap years). ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Summer is a season of the year that is defined as beginning on June 21st, and ending in September in the Northern Hemisphere. ... The private sector of a nations economy consists of all that is outside the state. ... Scott McClellan in the press room of the White House Puffy McMoonface (born February 14, 1968) was the White House Press Secretary (2003-2006) for President George W. Bush. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 169 days remaining. ...

Alleged Role in Plame Affair

Further information: Plame affair

Mr. Fleischer has recently become an important figure in the CIA leak case; he has testified that I. Lewis Libby, Vice President "Dick" Cheney's former Chief of Staff, told him that Valerie Plame was a covert agent weeks before Mr. Libby had claimed to have been informed of Plame's status by a reporter. The Plame affair concerns allegations that U.S. government officials revealed classified employment information about Valerie E. Wilson (née Valerie Elise Plame; also known as Valerie Plame) indicating that she was a covert operative of the United States CIA investigating the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. ... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... An Internet leak occurs when a partys confidential intellectual property is released to the public on the Internet. ... The Plame affair concerns allegations that U.S. government officials revealed classified employment information about Valerie E. Wilson (née Valerie Elise Plame; also known as Valerie Plame) indicating that she was a covert operative of the United States CIA investigating the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. ... I. Lewis Scooter Libby, Jr. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Richard Bruce Dick Cheney (born January 30, 1941), is the 46th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President George W. Bush. ... The term Chief of Staff can refer to: The White House Chief of Staff, the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States. ... Joseph and Valerie Wilson Valerie E. Wilson (born Valerie Elise Plame April 19, 1963, in Anchorage, Alaska) is a former United States CIA officer who once held non-official cover (NOC) status. ... Secrecy is the condition of hiding information from others. ... A Female Reporter A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media. ...

On July 7, 2003, at The James S. Brady Briefing Room, Mr. Fleischer was asked about Joseph Wilson, a former US ambassador who had recently written a New York Times editorial criticizing the intelligence information the Bush administration had relied upon to make its case for invading the nation of Iraq. Specifically, Mr. Fleischer was asked to respond to Mr. Wilson's assertion that he had been sent to Niger to investigate claims that Saddam Hussein had sought yellowcake uranium and found no evidence that such events had ever occurred. July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... James Brady James Scott “Jim” Brady (born August 29, 1940) is the former Assistant to the President and White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan. ... Joseph C. Wilson IV was a United States career foreign service officer and later a diplomat between 1976 and 1998. ... An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Intelligence is a property of mind that encompasses many related mental abilities, such as the capacities to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... The ASCII codes for the word Wikipedia represented in binary, the numeral system most commonly used for encoding computer information. ... George W. Bush administration is the administration of the 43rd president of the United States of America, 2001-present George H. W. Bush administration is the administration of the 41st president of the United States of America, 1989-1993 This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise... There have been three conflicts in the late 20th century and early 21st century called Gulf War, all of which refer to conflicts in the Persian Gulf region: Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) (aka First Gulf War). ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: [1]; April 28, 1937[2] – December 30, 2006[3]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979, until April 9, 2003. ... Powdered yellowcake in a drum Yellowcakes (also known as urania) are uranium concentrates obtained from leach solutions, they represent an intermediate step in the processing of uranium ores. ...

Mr. Fleischer testified in open court on January 29, 2007, that Mr. Libby told him on July 7, 2003, at lunch, about Ms. Plame, who is Mr. Wilson's wife. MSNBC correspondent David Shuster summarized Mr. Fleisher's testimony on Hardball with Chris Matthews: January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... MSNBC, a combination of MSN and NBC, is a 24-hour cable news channel in the United States and Canada, and a news website. ... David Shuster is a correspondent for Hardball w. ... Hardball with Chris Matthews is a talk show on MSNBC hosted by Chris Matthews. ... Christopher John Matthews (born December 17, 1945) is an American journalist and political commentator. ...

Mr. Fleischer also testified to the fact that Dan Bartlett, the president's communications adviser, told him the same thing on Air Force One days later on the way to Niger with Pres. Bush. Mr. Fleischer had then relayed this information to Time correspondent John Dickerson and NBC's David Gregory in Uganda during the African trip.^[3][4] Look up fact in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Dan Bartlett is the Counselor to the President in the U.S. presidential administration of George W. Bush, a role most recently filled by Karen Hughes, who vacated the post in 2002. ... The term communications is used in a number of disciplines: Communications, also known as communication studies is the academic discipline which studies communication, generally seen as a mixture between media studies and linguistics. ... For other uses, see Air Force One (disambiguation). ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ... John Dickerson is chief political correspondent for Slate magazine. ... NBC (an acronym for National Broadcasting Company) is an American television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ... David Gregory (June 3, 1659—October 10, 1708) was a Savilian Professor of astronomy at Oxford and a commentator on Isaac Newtons Principia. ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ...

Mr. Dickerson has denied that such a conversation ever took place.^[5] Ari Fleischer gave his final 'Press Briefing' on July 14, 2003. July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 170 days remaining. ...

On July 18, 2005, Bloomberg reported that in his sworn testimony before the grand jury investigating the leak, Mr. Fleischer denied having seen a memo circulating in Air Force One on July 7, 2003, which named Ms. Plame in connection to Mr. Wilson's mission and which identified her as a 'CIA' covert agent. However, a former Bush Administration official also on the plane testified to having seen Mr. Fleischer perusing the document (see[1], [2]). July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 166 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bloomberg L.P. is a financial software service company founded by current New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg with the help of Thomas Secunda in 1981. ... A grand jury is a type of jury, in the common law legal system, which determines if there is enough evidence for a trial. ... A memorandum is an informal, or recorded, form of communication, usually used by businesses from executives to employees. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... A document contains information. ...

Columnist Robert Novak, who published Mr. Plame's name on July 14, 2003, made a call to Mr. Fleischer on July 7, 2003, before Mr. Fleischer's trip to Africa with Pres. Bush. It is unclear whether Mr. Fleischer returned Mr. Novak's call ([3]). However, Mr. Fleischer is mentioned in Special Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald's indictment of Mr. Libby: the indictment states that Mr. Libby told Mr. Fleischer (referred to as the White House press secretary in the indictment) that Ms. Plame worked for the 'CIA' and that this fact was not well-known. Robert David Sanders Novak (born February 26, 1931) is a conservative American political commentator and political figure. ... July 14 is the 195th day (196th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 170 days remaining. ... July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... A special prosecutor is a lawyer from outside the government appointed by the attorney general or Congress to investigate a federal official for misconduct while in office. ... Patrick J. Fitzgerald (born December 22, 1960) is an American attorney and the current United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. ... In the common law legal system, an indictment (IPA: ) is a formal charge of having committed a most serious criminal offense. ...

After receiving an immunity agreement, Mr. Fleischer testified that he had revealed Ms. Plame's identity to reporters after learning it from Mr. Libby.^[6] Immunity confers a status ojavascript:insertTags(ì,,)n a person or body that makes that person or body free from otherwise legal obligations such as, for example, lijavascript:insertTags(Ú,,)ability for damages or punishment for criminal acts. ...

Personal life

• Mr. Fleischer married Rebecca Davis, an employee in the Office of Management and Budget, in November, 2002. They live in Washington, D.C. with their two children.

• Mr. Fleischer's brother, Michael, worked for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq.

• Mr. Fleischer is an avid fan of baseball and the New York Yankees, and could be seen from time to time playing catch with President Bush on the White House lawn.

• After leaving the White House, he formed his own consulting firm, Ari Fleischer Communications.

• He is a member of Kappa Delta Rho fraternity.

• He is on the board of the Republican Jewish Coalition.

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is a body within the Executive Office of the President of the United States which is tasked with coordinating United States Federal agencies. ... Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (=Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government  - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D)  - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack... Michael Fleischer is a United States businessman from the state of New Jersey and on March 13, 2004 was appointed to the post of Director of Private Sector Development for the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. ... The Seal of the CPA in Iraq The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established as a transitional government following the invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom and the other members of the multinational coalition which was formed to oust the government of Saddam Hussein in 2003. ... A view of the playing field at Busch Memorial Stadium, St. ... Major league affiliations American League (1901–present) East Division (1969–present) Current uniform Retired Numbers 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 23, 32, 37, 44, 49 Name New York Yankees (1913–present) New York Highlanders (1903-1912) Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902) (Also referred to as... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The terms fraternity and sorority (from the Latin words and , meaning brother and sister respectively) may be used to describe many social and charitable organizations, for example the Lions Club, Epsilon Sigma Alpha, Rotary International, Optimist International, or the Shriners. ... The Republican Jewish Coalition (RJC) is a political lobbying group in the United States that advocates Jewish support for the Republican Party. ...

Quotes

• "Freedom's taste is unquenchable" after he was asked about the President's reaction to TV coverage of Iraqis celebrating during the 2003 invasion of Baghdad ([4]).

• "New information has come to our attention that puts in perspective the results of the vote in Palm Beach County... Palm Beach County is a Pat Buchanan stronghold and that's why Pat Buchanan received 3,407 votes there." Proposing an alternative to the idea that Florida voters were confused by the butterfly ballot in the 2000 Presidential election ([5]).

• "They're reminders to all Americans that they need to watch what they say, watch what they do." Comment on controversial remarks by Representative John Cooksey (R-LA) and comedian Bill Maher subsequent to September 11, 2001([6]).

• "If Saddam Hussein indicates that he has weapons of mass destruction and that he is violating United Nations resolutions, then we will know that Saddam Hussein again deceived the world. If he declares he has none, then we will know that Saddam Hussein is once again misleading the world" ([7]).

• "I can only say the cost of a one-way ticket is substantially less than that. The cost of one bullet, the Iraqi people taking it (on) themselves, is substantially less than that." Mentioning the assassination of Saddam Hussein as a less costly alternative to an American invasion of Iraq ([8]).

Combatants Iraq Coalition Forces: U.S Casualties 2320 killed 34 killed; several hundred wounded The 2003 invasion of Baghdad was a military invasion that took place in early April 2003, as part of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. ... Palm Beach County is a county located in the state of Florida. ... Patrick Joseph Buchanan (born November 2, 1938) is an American politician, author, syndicated columnist, and broadcaster. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... A ballot is a device used to record choices made by voters. ... John Cooksey (born August 20, 1941) is an ophthalmologist from Monroe who was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana from 1997-2003. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city Baton Rouge [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W... William Bill Maher, Jr. ... September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). ... 2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the album, see Weapons of Mass Destruction (album). ... A United Nations resolution (or UN resolution) is a formal text adopted by a United Nations (UN) body. ... In economics, business, and accounting, a cost is the value of inputs that have been used up to produce something, and hence are not available for use anymore. ... A one-way function is a function which is easy to calculate but hard to invert — it is difficult to calculate the input to the function given its output. ... .357 Magnum cartridges, containing bullets A bullet is a solid projectile propelled by a firearm and is normally made from metal (usually lead). ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ...

References

1. ^ Office of the Press Secretary The White House (July 7, 2003). Press Secretary Briefings. Press release.
2. ^ David Shuster. "Libby trial: Jurors taking note of Fleischer testimony", Hardball with Chris Matthews, Monday, January 29, 2007 12:42 PM. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. 
3. ^ James Gordon Meek. "Fleischer says he leaked Plame's CIA employment", New York Daily News, January 30, 2007. 
4. ^ Carol D. Leonnig and Amy Goldstein (2007-01-25). Ex-CIA Official Testifies About Libby's Calls. Retrieved on 2007-01-26.
5. ^ John Dickerson. "My Surreal Day at the Libby Trial", Dispatches From the Scooter Libby Trial, slate.com, January 29, 2007. 
6. ^ Carol D. Leonnig and Amy Goldstein (2007-01-25). Ex-CIA Official Testifies About Libby's Calls. Retrieved on 2007-01-26.

A news release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded communication directed at members of the news media for the purpose of announcing something claimed as having news value. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (67th in leap years). ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the Anno Domini era. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• NewsHour interview from PBS
• CNN article on Fleischer's resignation
• Transcripts of all White House press briefings since 2001
• A sourced biography from a University of Florida student