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Armand Hammer

Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898 – December 10, 1990) was an American industrialist and art collector. Hammer was CEO of the Occidental Petroleum Company, an oil and natural gas exploration and development company. Image File history File links Question_book-3. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 141st day of the year (142nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... is the 344th day of the year (345th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... Occidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy) (NYSE: OXY) is an international petroleum exploration and development company headquartered in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. ... Petro redirects here. ... For other uses, see Natural gas (disambiguation). ...

Early life and education

Hammer was born in Manhattan, New York to Julius and Rose (Robinson) Hammer. His father (from a family that had made and lost its fortune in shipbuilding) was brought to the United States from Odessa in 1875, and settled in The Bronx, where he ran a general medical practice and five drugstores. During the Spanish flu pandemic, Julius Hammer performed an abortion on a Russian-born woman ill with pneumonia; she died and he served 2½ years at Sing Sing. For other uses, see Manhattan (disambiguation). ... This article is about the state. ... The ODESSA, which stands for the German phrase Organisation der ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen, which phrase in turn translates as “Organization of Former Members of the SS,” is the name commonly given to an international Nazi network alleged to have been set up towards the end of World War II... For other uses, see The Bronx (disambiguation). ... The 1918 flu pandemic (commonly referred to as the Spanish flu) was a category 5 influenza pandemic caused by an unusually severe and deadly Influenza A virus strain of subtype H1N1. ... Alternative meaning: Sing Sing (band) Sing Sing Correctional Facility is a prison in Ossining, New York. ...

Hammer attended Columbia College (BA, 1919) and then medical school at Columbia University (MD, 1921). His father was sentenced to prison as he entered medical school; he and his brothers took the family drugstores to new heights (while Armand was in medical school full time), reselling equipment they had bought at depressed prices at the end of World War I. In 1921, while waiting for his internship to begin at Bellevue Hospital, he was sent to the Soviet Union to recoup some $150,000 in debts for drugs shipped during the Allied intervention. Although his career in medicine was cut short, he relished being referred to as "Dr. Hammer". Columbia College is the main undergraduate college at Columbia University, situated on the universitys main campus of Morningside Heights in the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York. ... Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas, USA. A medical school or faculty of medicine is a tertiary educational institution or part of such an institution that teaches medicine. ... Alma Mater Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Bellevue Hospital Center, founded in 1736, is the oldest public hospital in the United States. ... Britain, France, Canada and the United States, along with other World War I Allied countries, conducted a military intervention into the Russian Civil War during the period of 1918 through 1920. ...

Hammer claimed that his father had named him after a character, Armand Duval, in La Dame aux Camélias, a novel by Alexandre Dumas, fils. In fact, according to Carl Blumay, his biographer and former press agent, Hammer was named after the "Arm and Hammer" symbol of the Socialist Labor Party (SLP), in which his father, a committed socialist, had a leadership role at one time. (After the Russian Revolution, a part of the SLP under Julius' leadership split off to become a founding element of the Communist Party USA.) Alexandre Dumas, fils (July 27, 1824 – November 27, 1895) was the son of Alexandre Dumas, père, who followed in his fathers footsteps becoming a celebrated author and playwright. ... Arm and Hammer (actually, Arm & Hammer) is a registered trademark of Church and Dwight, an American manufacturer of household products. ... The Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP) is the oldest socialist political party in the United States and the second oldest socialist party in the world. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in the United States. ...

Despite popular myth, the relation between Hammer's name and the household product Arm and Hammer baking soda is coincidental. The pun was not lost on Hammer, though: during the 1980s, he attempted to buy Church and Dwight, makers of the Arm and Hammer line of products. He did succeed in buying a sizable minority interest and eventually sat on its board of directors. Arm and Hammer (actually, Arm & Hammer) is a registered trademark of Church and Dwight, an American manufacturer of household products. ... Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as baking soda and bicarbonate of soda, is a soluble white anhydrous or crystalline compound, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. ... The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ... Church and Dwight (NYSE: CHD) is a major U.S. manufacturer of household products. ... Chairman of the Board redirects here. ...

Of Jewish heritage, Hammer was raised a Unitarian. He married his first wife, actress Olga Van Root, on March 14, 1927; they had a son, Julius. His second wife, whom he married on December 19, 1943, was Angela Zevely. His third wife was Frances Barrett, and they married on January 26, 1956. For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Unitarianism is the belief...

Career

After graduating from medical school, Hammer extended earlier entrepreneurial ventures with a successful business importing many goods from and exporting pharmaceuticals to the newly-formed Soviet Union On his initial trip, he took $60,000 in medical supplies to aid in a typhus epidemic, and made a deal with Lenin for furs and caviars in exchange for a shipment of surplus American wheat. He moved to the USSR in the 1920s to oversee these operations, especially his large business manufacturing and exporting inexpensive pencils. After returning to the US, he entered into a diverse array of business, art, cultural, and humanitarian endeavors, including investing in various U.S. oil production efforts. These oil investments were later parlayed into control of Occidental Petroleum. An entrepreneur (a loanword from French introduced and first defined by the Irish economist Richard Cantillon) is a person who operates a new enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. ... Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon is drug, and logos is science) is the study of how chemical substances interfere with living systems. ... Lenin redirects here. ... The 1920s they were sexy referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ...

Throughout his life he continued personal and business dealings with the Soviet Union, despite Cold War taboos against such dealings by Americans. In later years he lobbied and traveled extensively at great personal expense, working for peace between the United States and the Communist countries of the world, including ferrying physicians and supplies into the Soviet Union to help Chernobyl survivors. For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ... This article is about cultural prohibitions in general, for other uses, see Taboo (disambiguation). ... This article is about the form of society and political movement. ... This article is about the city of Chernobyl. ...

Politically, Hammer was a staunch supporter of the Republican party. He boosted Richard Nixon's presidential campaign with $54,000 in campaign contributions. He was convicted on charges that one of these donations had been made illegally, but was later pardoned by Republican U.S. President George H. W. Bush. The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for Grand Old Party, although one early citation described it as the Gallant Old Party) [1], is one of the two major political parties in the United States. ... Political Parties redirects here. ... Nixon redirects here. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For the Breton religious festivals, see Pardon (ceremony). ... George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. ...

Simultaneously, the Hammers' name was widely used in propaganda by the Soviets. The contradiction between Hammer's open sympathy for the Soviet Union and his success as a capitalist, as well as his involvement in international affairs and politics, have made Hammer a subject of suspicion and conspiracy theory for many; further, his close relationship with former Democratic Tennessee Senator Albert Gore, Sr., despite Hammer's own party affiliations, has been the subject of especially broad scrutiny and speculation. For other uses, see Propaganda (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Capitalism (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Politics (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Conspiracy theory (disambiguation). ... The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Albert Arnold Gore, Sr. ...

Hammer was also an avid collector of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. His personal donation forms the core of the permanent collection of the UCLA Hammer Museum in Los Angeles, California. This article is about the art movement. ... Self-Portrait with sister, by Victor Borisov-Musatov 1898 Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1914, to describe the development of European art since Monet (Impressionism). ... Binomial name Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 The largemouth triplefin, Ucla xenogrammus, is a fish of the family Tripterygiidae and only member of the genus Ucla, found in the Pacific Ocean from Viet Nam, the Philippines, Palau and the Caroline Islands to Papua New Guinea, Australia (including Christmas Island), and the... For The Hammer Museum in Haines, Alaska, see The Hammer Museum The Hammer Museum in Westwood, California The Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Culture Center or the Hammer Museum as it is more commonly known, is an art museum in Los Angeles, California, operated by UCLA. It contains a... Los Angeles and L.A. redirect here. ...

Hammer was a philanthropist, supporting causes related to education, medicine, and the arts. Among his legacies is the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (now generally called the UWC-USA, part of the United World Colleges). He embraced a kind of Victorian view of world affairs, in which personal relationships could overcome geopolitical tensions. Hammer bragged that he was the only man to have known both Vladimir Lenin and Ronald Reagan. Students from many nations gathered for graduation in May 2003 The Armand Hammer United World College of the American West is a United World College founded in 1982 by industrialist and philanthropist Armand Hammer. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Victorian era of the United Kingdom marked the height of the British Industrial Revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ... Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales (ranging from home, city, region, state to international and cosmopolitics). ... Lenin redirects here. ... Reagan redirects here. ...

His generosity and diplomacy were recognized around the world, and by the time he died, Hammer had won the Soviet Union's Lenin Order of Friendship Among the Peoples, the U.S. National Arts Medal, France's Legion of Honor, Italy's Grand Order of Merit, Sweden's Royal Order of the Polar Star, Austria's Knight Commander's Cross, Pakistan's Hilal-i-Quaid-Azam Peace Award, Israel's Leadership Award, Venezuela's Order of Andres Bello, Mexico's National Recognition Award, Bulgaria's Jubilee Medal, and Belgium's Order of the Crown. Hammer hungered for a Nobel Peace Prize, and was repeatedly nominated for one, including by Menachem Begin^[1], but never won. This article is about negotiations. ... The Order of Lenin (ru: Орден Ленина), named after the leader of the Russian October Revolution, was the second highest national order of the Soviet Union (Highest was the Order of Victory). ... Medal for the officer class, decorated with a rosette Napoleon wearing the Grand Cross The President of France is the Grand Master of the Legion. ... The Order of the Crown is a decoration issued by several countries. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ...   (‎, August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) was a Jewish-Polish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ...

Hammer appeared on The Cosby Show, saying that a cure for cancer was imminent. Hammer died of bone marrow cancer in December 1990, at the age of 92. The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby, first broadcast on September 20, 1984 and ran for eight seasons on the NBC television network, until April 30, 1992. ... Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Trivia

Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.

• "Last night, referring to some of our modern business tycoons – specifically, Armand Hammer – I said that when they’re talking, they’re lying, and when they’re quiet, they’re stealing. This wasn’t my witticism; it was used [long ago] to describe the robber barons." - Charlie Munger, 2004 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting

• There is an Aleph Zadik Aleph chapter in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, which is named in Hammer's honor: Hammer AZA #2414.

• His grandson, Armie Hammer, is slated to play Batman in the forthcoming Justice League movie.

Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... John D. Rockefeller Sr. ... Charles Thomas Munger (b. ... Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE: BRKA, NYSE: BRKB) is a conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, U.S., that oversees and manages a number of subsidiary companies. ... AZA Menorah The International Order of Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA) is the mens Order of Bnai Brith Youth Organization (BBYO), an international youth-led high school fraternity for Jewish teens. ... Incorporated Village in 1958. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City 234. ... Aleph Zadik Aleph is governed at the local level by chapters. ...

References

1. ^ "The Unfinished Business of Armand Hammer; After A Lifetime in the Public Eye, He Still Worries About His Place in History," Donald Woutat, Los Angeles Times Magazine, June 7, 1987, p.8

• Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer, by Edward Jay Epstein, Random House, October 1996, ISBN 978-0679448020
• Dark Side of Power: The Real Armand Hammer, by Carl Blumay, Simon & Schuster, November 1992, ISBN 978-0671700539
• Armand Hammer: The Untold Story, by Steve Weinberg, Random House, December 1990, ISBN 978-0517062821
• Biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders (pp. 533-36), by John N. Ingham, Greenwood Press, 1983, ISBN 0313239088