NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Armenian Revolutionary Federation

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF or ՀՅԴ) (Armenian: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն – Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun or Hay Heghapokhagan Tashnagtsutiun, Դաշնակ – Dashnak or Tashnag) is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis (Tbilisi in modern day Georgia) in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian.^[3] The party operates in Armenia and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present, notably in Lebanon and the ethnically Armenian-dominated de facto Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh.^[4]^[5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Christapor Mikaelian Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian: ) also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (), Topal (), and Edward (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Rosdom Stepan Zorian (Armenian: ) better known by his nom de guerre Rosdom (), (1867-1919) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Christapor Mikaelian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Simon Zavarian Simon Zavarian, (Armenian:) also known by his nom de guerre Andon (), (1866-1913) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and part of Armenian national liberation movement, along Kristapor Mikaelian and Stepan Zorian. ... Hrant Markarian is an Armenian politician and current head of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation which is also known as the Tashnak party. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Greater Armenia as advocated by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation under the title of United Armenia. ... The official symbol of Socialist International. ... Political parties Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box: A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. ... Location of Tbilisi in Georgia Coordinates: , Country Georgia Established c. ... 1890 (MDCCCXC) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar). ... Christapor Mikaelian Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian: ) also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (), Topal (), and Edward (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Rosdom Stepan Zorian (Armenian: ) better known by his nom de guerre Rosdom (), (1867-1919) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Christapor Mikaelian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Simon Zavarian Simon Zavarian, (Armenian:) also known by his nom de guerre Andon (), (1866-1913) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and part of Armenian national liberation movement, along Kristapor Mikaelian and Stepan Zorian. ... Map of the Armenian diaspora. ... De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Anthem: Azat ou Ankakh Artsakh (Free and Independent Artsakh) Capital Stepanakert (Khankendi) Armenian Government Unrecognized - President Arkady Ghoukasyan - Prime Minister Anushavan Danielyan Independence from Azerbaijan - Referendum December 10, 1991 - Proclaimed January 6, 1992 - Recognition none[1] Area - Total 4,400 kmÂ² 1,699 sq mi Population - 2002 estimate 145,000...

The ARF advocates socialism and is a member of the Socialist International.^[1] It possesses the largest number of members from the political parties present in the Armenian diaspora, having established affiliates in over 200 countries.^[2] Compared to other Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects, the Dashnaktsutiun is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism.^[2] A member of the ARF is called "Dashnaktsagan" (in Eastern Armenian) or "Tashnagtsagan" (in Western Armenian). Other than by calling each other by name, members would formally address one another as "Comrade" (Ընկեր - "Unger" for boys and men, Ընկերուհի - "Ungerouhi" for girls and women).^[6] Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... The official symbol of Socialist International. ... EugÃ¨ne Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ... Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic). ... Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Diaspora, mainly in North America and Europe, but also in limited pockets of western Turkey and northern Syria. ... Comrade is a term meaning friend, colleague, or ally. ...

The ARF first appeared in the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s. It was created to unify the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and to defend Armenian villages from Ottoman massacres that were widely present in Armenian-populated areas of the empire. ARF members would arm themselves into fedayee groups which would defend Armenian civilians through the use of armed resistance.^[β] The Dashnaks also worked to create a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes subsided this goal in favor of a more realistic approach such as fighting for autonomy. The party was instrumental in the creation of the short-lived Democratic Republic of Armenia which fell to the Soviet communists in 1920.^[7] After its leadership was exiled by the communists, the ARF established itself in the Armenian diaspora where it helped Armenians preserve their cultural identity.^[8] After the fall of the USSR it returned to Armenia where it is now part of the ruling government coalition. For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... Armenian irregular units (Armenian militia, Armenian partisans, or Armenian Chetes), better known by Armenians as Fedayee (Õ–Õ§Õ¿Õ¡ÕµÕ«), are Armenian guerrillas who voluntarily (thus, the naming kamavor (Õ¯Õ¡Õ´Õ¡Õ¾Õ¸Ö€), meaning volunteer) leave their families to fight for Armenians. ... Motto None Anthem Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Map of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from March 1919 to March 1920. ... Soviet redirects here. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ...

Early history

In the late 1800s, Eastern Europe and Russia became the hub of small groups who were advocating for reform in Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire. In 1890, recognizing the need to unify these groups in order to be more efficient, Christapor Mikaelian, Simon Zavarian and Stepan Zorian created a new political party called the "Federation of Armenian Revolutionaries" (Հայ Յեղափոխականներու Դաշնակցութիւն), which would eventually be called the "Armenian Revolutionary Federation" or "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1892.^[9] For the political party under Armenia; see Armenian national movement (party) Armenian national movement, Armenian national liberation movement or before establishment of First Armenian Republic commonly known as Armenian revolutionary movement was the Armenian effort to re-establish an Armenian state in the historic Armenian homelands of eastern Asia Minor. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ... For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... Christapor Mikaelian Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian: ) also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (), Topal (), and Edward (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Simon Zavarian Simon Zavarian, (Armenian:) also known by his nom de guerre Andon (), (1866-1913) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and part of Armenian national liberation movement, along Kristapor Mikaelian and Stepan Zorian. ... Rosdom Stepan Zorian (Armenian: ) better known by his nom de guerre Rosdom (), (1867-1919) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Christapor Mikaelian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ...

The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party at one point had agreed to join as well, seeing that the ARF's political ideology was socialism. However, the Hunchakians claimed the new party was not Marxist enough, and withdrew from the union. The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy of the Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire. The party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire in the early 1890s and held its first major meeting in Tiflis, Russian Empire in 1892.^[3]^[9] At that meeting, the party adopted a decentralized modus operandi according to which the chapters in different countries were allowed to plan and implement policies in tune with their local political atmosphere. The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion and agrarian reform.^[3]^[9] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Rosdom Stepan Zorian (Armenian: ) better known by his nom de guerre Rosdom (), (1867-1919) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Christapor Mikaelian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Christapor Mikaelian Christapor Mikaelian (Armenian: ) also known by his noms de guerre Hellen (), Topal (), and Edward (), (1859-1905) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... Simon Zavarian Simon Zavarian, (Armenian:) also known by his nom de guerre Andon (), (1866-1913) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and part of Armenian national liberation movement, along Kristapor Mikaelian and Stepan Zorian. ... Foundation: 1887 Founders: Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Gevorg Gharadjian, Ruben Khan-Azat, Christopher Ohanian, Gabriel Kafian and Manuel Manuelian Head: Setrag Ajemian Ideology: Socialism International alignment: ? Colour: Red Seats: ? Website: Partys Official Web Site The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (SDHP), also known as Hentchak, Henchak, Social-Democratic Hentchakists, Huntchakians... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... View of Tiflis from the Grounds of Saint David Church, ca. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Group of women holding placards with political activist slogans: know your courts - study your politicians, Liberty in law, Law makers must not be law breakers, and character in candidates photo 1920 Freedom of assembly is the freedom to associate with, or organize any groups, gatherings, clubs, or organizations that one... Freedom of speech is the concept of being able to speak freely without censorship. ... The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guarantees freedom of religion, as long as religious activities do not infringe on public order in ways detrimental to society. ... Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land (see land reform) or can refer more broadly to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures. ...

Russian Empire

The ARF gradually acquired significant strength and sympathy among Russian Armenians. Mainly because of the ARF's stance towards the Ottoman Empire, the party enjoyed the support of the central Russian administration, as tsarist and ARF foreign policy had the same alignment until 1903.^[10] On June 12, 1903, the tsarist authorities passed an edict to bring all Armenian Church property under imperial control. This was faced by strong ARF opposition, because it perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence. As a result, the ARF leadership decided to actively defend Armenian churches by dispatching militiamen who acted as guards and holding mass demonstrations.^[10]^[11] Armenians in Russia or Russian Armenians are ethnic Armenians who live in Russia. ... Росси́йская Импе́рия, (also Imperial Russia) covers the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great into the Russian Empire stretching from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to... is the 163rd day of the year (164th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1900 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

In 1905-1906, the Armenian-Tatar massacres broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities. The massacres were incited by the Russian government in order to reinforce its own authority during the revolutionary turmoil of 1905.^[12] The first outbreak of violence occurred in Baku, in February 1905. Some sources claim that it was caused by a murder of a Muslim by the Dashnaks.^[13] The ARF held the Russian authorities responsible for inaction and instigation of the massacres which were part of a larger anti-Armenian policy. On May 11, 1905, Dashnak revolutionary Drastamat Kanayan assassinated Russian governor general Nakashidze, who was considered by the Armenian population as the main instigator of hate and confrontation between the Armenians and the Tatars. The Armenian bourgeoisie, unable to rely on government forces to protect their interests and properties, turned to the ARF for protection. The Dashnak leaders argued that given employment discrimination against Armenian workers in non-Armenian concerns, the defence provided to the Armenian bourgeoisie was essential to the safekeeping of employment opportunities for Armenian laborers.^[14] The Russian Tsar's Envoy in the Caucasus Vorontsov-Dashkov noted that the ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres. According to him, their bands would attack the Muslims and often exterminate the population of entire villages.^[15] The ARF, however, argued that it helped to organize the defence of the Armenian population against Muslim attacks. The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus.^[13] During that period the ARF regarded an armed activity, including terror, as necessary tool for the achievement of political goals.^[16] The Armenian-Tatar massacres also known as the Armenian-Tatar war of 1905â€”1907 refers to the bloody inter-ethnic confrontation between the Caucasian Tatars (today called Azeris) and Armenians throughout the Caucasus, then part of Imperial Russia. ... Coordinates: , Country Azerbaijan Government - Mayor Hajibala Abutalybov Area - City 260 kmÂ² (100. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Bodies of Armenians killed during the 1915 Armenian Genocide. ... is the 131st day of the year (132nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Drastamat Kanayan (Armenian: , known as General Dro, Ô´Ö€Õ¸, May 31, 1884 â€“ March 8, 1956), was an Armenian politician, revolutionary, general and commander of the Armenian Legion of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ...

In January 1912, 159 members, comprised of lawyers, bankers, merchants and other intellectuals, were tried before the Russian senate for their participation in the party. They were defended by then-lawyer Alexander Kerensky who challenged much of the evidence used against them as the "original investigators had been encouraged by the local administration to use any available means" to convict the men.^[17] Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants. He along with several other lawyers "made openly contemptuous declarations" about this discrepancy to the Russian press, which was forbidden to attend the trials, which in turn greatly embarrassed the Senators. The Senate eventually open an inquiry against the chief magistrate who had brought up the charges against the Dashnak members and concluded that he was insane. Ninety four of the accused were acquitted of the charges while the rest were either imprisoned or exiled for varying periods, the most severe being six years.^[18] Alexander Kerensky This article is about the Russian politician. ... A magistrate is a judicial officer. ...

Ottoman Empire

The ARF became a major political force in Armenian life. It was especially active in the Ottoman Empire, where it organized or participated in many revolutionary activities. In 1894, the ARF took part in the First Sasun Resistance, supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges.^[19] In June 1896, the Armenakans organized the Defense of Van in the province of Van where Ottoman Hamidieh soldiers were to attack the city. The Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties, supplied all able-bodied men of Van with weapons. They rose in defense and protected the civilians from the attack and subsequent massacre.^[20] The Sasun Resistance by the Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire may refer to: Sasun Resistance (1894) Sasun Resistance (1904) Category: ... The 1986 Ottoman Bank Takeover was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire on August 26, 1896 by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party). ... Combatants Kurds of Khanasor. ... Picture dramatizing the Yildiz attempt. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Hunchaks (members of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party) Strength Hamidieh units The First Sassoun resistance of 1894 (Armenian: ÕÕ¡Õ½Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶Õ« Õ¡Õ¼Õ¡Õ»Õ«Õ¶ Õ¡ÕºÕ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ´Õ¢Õ¸Ö‚Õ©Õ«Ö‚Õ¶Õ¨) was the resistance of the Hunchak militia of the Sassoun region. ... Armenakan is an Armenian organization, also referred as Armenakan party. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchak and Dashnak organizations The Defense of Van or Van revolt was a conflict between the Armenian population in the province of Van, and the Ottoman Empire in June, 1896. ... Van (Armenian ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province, and is located on the eastern shore of Lake Van. ... Hamidieh soldier,major. ...

In order to raise awareness of the massacres of 1895-1896, members of the Dashnaktsutiun led by Papken Siuni, occupied the Ottoman Bank in August 26, 1896.^[21] The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank. The operation caught European attention but at the cost of more massacres by Sultan Abdul Hamid II.^[22] Image File history File links Fedayees. ... Image File history File links Fedayees. ... Contemporary political cartoon portraying Hamid as a butcher of the Armenians During the long reign of Sultan Hamid, unrest and rebellion occurred in many areas of the Ottoman Empire. ... Papken Siuni Bedros Parian (Armenian: ) (1873-1896) better known by his nom de guerre Papken Siuni, was an important figure in the Armenian national movement, an Armenian Revolutionary Federation member and the leader, alongside Armen Garo, of the 1896 Ottoman Bank takeover. ... The 1986 Ottoman Bank Takeover was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire on August 26, 1896 by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party). ... is the 238th day of the year (239th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... AbdÃ¼lhamid II (Ottoman Turkish: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„ØÙ…ÙŠØ¯ Ø«Ø§Ù†ÛŒ , Turkish: ) (September 21, 1842 â€“ February 10, 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ...

The Khanasor Expedition was performed by the Armenian militia against the Kurdish Mazrik tribe on July 25, 1897. During the Defense of Van, the Mazrik tribe had ambushed a squad of Armenian defenders and massacred them. The Khanasor Expedition was the ARF's decision to retaliate.^[19]^[23] Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance.^[24]^[25] Combatants Kurds of Khanasor. ... Defenders of Van in front of ARF flag Armenian militia (Armenian irregular units, Armenian partisans, or Armenian Cethes, Armenian: ), better known by Armenians as Fedayee, is a term referring to Armenian guerrillas who voluntarily leave their families in order to fight for Armenians. ... Languages Kurdish Religions Predominantly Sunni Muslim also some Shia, Yazidism, Yarsan, Judaism, Christianity Related ethnic groups other Iranian peoples (Talysh Baluch Gilak Bakhtiari Persians) The Kurds are an ethnic group who consider themselves to be indigenous to a region often referred to as Kurdistan, an area which includes adjacent parts... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Kurds of Khanasor. ...

On March 30, 1904, the ARF played a major role in the Second Sasun Resistance. The ARF sent arms and fedayees to defend the region for the second time.^[19] Among the five hundred fedayees participating in the resistance were top figures such as Kevork Chavoush, Sepasdatsi Murad and Hrayr Djoghk. They managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months, despite their lack of fighters and firepower.^[19] is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenian militia Commanders Andranik Ozanian Strength 50,000 troops 500 militiamen Casualties Heavy casualties The Second Sassoun resistance of 1904 (Armenian:ÕÕ¡Õ½Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶Õ« Õ¥Ö€Õ¯Ö€Õ¸Ö€Õ¤ Õ¡ÕºÕ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ´Õ¢Õ¸Ö‚Õ©Õ«Ö‚Õ¶Õ¨) was the resistance of the militia in the Sassoun region. ... Defenders of Van in front of ARF flag Armenian militia (Armenian irregular units, Armenian partisans, or Armenian Cethes, Armenian: ), better known by Armenians as Fedayee, is a term referring to Armenian guerrillas who voluntarily leave their families in order to fight for Armenians. ...

In 1905, members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the Yildiz Attempt, which was an assassination attempted on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern day Istanbul).^[19] The Yildiz Attempt failed to assassinate the Sultan, as the timed bomb missed its target by a few minutes. The Dashnaksutiun also lost one of its founders, Kristapor Mikaelian, in an accidental explosion during the planning of the operation. Picture dramatizing the Yildiz attempt. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...

Young Turk Revolution

Two of the largest revolutionary groups trying to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid II had been the ARF and the Committee of Union and Progress, a group of Young Turks who had been educated in Europe.^[26] In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF was looking to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a "state within a state". The "Second congress of the Ottoman opposition" took place in Paris, France in 1907. Opposition leaders including Ahmed Riza (liberal), Sabahheddin Bey, and ARF member Khachatur Maloumian were in attendance. During the meeting, an alliance between the two parties was officially declared.^[26]^[27] The ARF decided to cooperate with the Committee of Union and Progress, hoping that if the Young Turks came to power, autonomy would be granted to the Armenians. Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, 1908 The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Era. ... Foundation: 1894 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: ), initially a secret society established as the Committee of Ottoman Union (Ä°ttihad-Ä± OsmanÃ® Cemiyeti in 1889 by the medical students Ä°brahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet, Ä°shak SÃ¼kuti and HÃ¼seyinzade Ali, became was a political... The Young Turks (Turkish JÃ¶n TÃ¼rkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: ØªØ±ÙƒÙŠØ§ Ø§Ù„ÙØªØ§Ø©) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Tanzimat (Ottoman Turkish: ØªÙ†Ø¸ÙŠÙ…Ø§Øª), meaning reorganization of the Ottoman Empire, was a period of reformation that began in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... Sheikh Ahmad Reda Sheikh Ahmad Reda (1872-1953) (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø´ÙŠØ® Ø£ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø±Ø¶Ø§) was one of the foremost scholars of Arab literature and linguistics. ... Behaeddin Shakir (d. ... Khachatur Maloumian (1865) was a Dashnak; editor of Mushak and Droshak. ...

In 1908, Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution, which launched the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. Armenians did gain more seats in the 1908 parliament but the reforms fell short of the greater autonomy that the ARF had hoped for. The Adana massacre in 1909 also created antipathy between Armenians and Turks. The ARF thus decided to cut relations with the Young Turks in 1912.^[27] Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, 1908 The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Era. ... Public Demonstration The Second Constitutional Era in the Ottoman Empire began with the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, shortly after which Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the 1876 Constitution suspended since 1878. ... The Adana massacre occurred in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909. ...

Iranian Constitutional Revolution

The Dashnaktsutiun held a meeting on April 26, 1907, dubbed the Fourth General Congress, where leaders of the ARF such as Aram Manougian, Hamo Ohanjanyan and Stepan Stepanian discussed their engagement in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.^[28] They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and thus were aimed at the establishment of law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of Armenian-Iranians. The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia.^[28] The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (also Persian Constitutional Revolution and Constitutional Revolution of Iran) took place between 1905 and 1911. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Aram Manougian Aram Manougian, (born:1879) or less known as Sarkis Hovanessian. He is also known as Aram of Van. He is an Armenian patriot and revolutionary who is credited as a political, military and spiritual leader of Armenian people. ... Hamo Ohanjanyan (Armenian: ) was an Armenian politician of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. ... Stepan Stepanian was an Armenian Revolutionary Federation member and politician in the Ottoman empire. ... The Iranian Constitutional Revolution (also Persian Constitutional Revolution and Constitutional Revolution of Iran) took place between 1905 and 1911. ... Armenian-Iranians, also known as Parska-Hye (meaning those that are from Iran) are one of the ethnic minorities living in Iran. ...

From 1907-1908, during the time when the Young Turks came to power in the Ottoman Empire, Armenians from the Caucasus, Western Armenia, and Iran started to collaborate with Iranian constitutionalists and revolutionaries.^[28] Political parties, notably the Dashnaktsutiun, wanted to influence the direction of the revolution towards greater democracy and to safeguard gains already achieved. The Dashnak contribution to the fight was mostly a military one, as it sent some of its well known fedayees to Iran after the guerrilla campaign in the Ottoman Empire stopped with the rise of the Young Turks.^[28] A notable ARF member already in Iran was Yeprem Khan, who had established a branch of the party in the country. Yeprem Khan was highly instrumental in the Constitutional revolution of Iran. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel V. Liakhov, Yeprem Khan rallied with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.^[29] Relations between Sattar Khan and the ARF oscillated between amity and resentment. Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant, while at other times, he was dubbed a great hero.^[29] Nonetheless, the ARF came to collaborate with him, and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including the capture of Rasht in February 1909. At the end of June 1909, the fighters arrived in Tehran and after several battles, took over the Majles building and the Sepahsalar mosque. Yeprem Khan was then appointed chief of Tehran police. This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan.^[29] Image File history File links Yeprem_khan. ... Image File history File links Yeprem_khan. ... Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of Iran. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... This article is about the historical subregion in Eurasia. ... Yeprem Khan was a revolutionary leader of Iran. ... Polkovnik V. Liakhov, commander of Persian Cossack Brigade. ... A picture of Sattar Khan. ... Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (1872 - 1925) A cartoon that shows Muhammad Ali Shahs treatment of the Constitutionalists and his Russian backing. ... Map of Iran and surrounding countries, showing location of Rasht Rasht ( Ø±Ø´Øª in Persian, also transcribed as Resht) is the capital of Gilan province in northwestern Iran. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image:DSC--Majlis5323. ...

World War I and the Armenian Genocide

In 1915, Dashnak leaders were deported and killed alongside other Armenian intellectuals during a crackdown by Ottoman officials on the Armenian leadership.^[30] The ARF, maintaining its ideological commitment to a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", led the defense of the Armenian people during the Armenian Genocide, becoming leaders of the successful Van Resistance. Jevdet Bey, the Ottoman administrator of Van, tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders (Ishkhan and Vramian), and trying to imprison Aram Manougian who had risen to fame and gained the nickname "Aram of Van".^[31] Moreover, on April 19, he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians, and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them.^[32] â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenian Militia of Armenakans (Ramkavars), Hnchakians (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party), and Dashnaktsutiun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) Armenian resistance is the military and political activities of the Armenian militia or (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan, Armenian Revolutionary Federation) against the Ottoman Empire during the World War One. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Aram Manougian Aram Manougian, (born:1879) or less known as Sarkis Hovanessian. He is also known as Aram of Van. He is an Armenian patriot and revolutionary who is credited as a political, military and spiritual leader of Armenian people. ... It has been suggested that Battle of Van be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenian Militia of Armenakans (Ramkavars), Hnchakians (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party), and Dashnaktsutiun (Armenian Revolutionary Federation) Armenian resistance is the military and political activities of the Armenian militia or (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenakan, Armenian Revolutionary Federation) against the Ottoman Empire during the World War One. ... It has been suggested that Battle of Van be merged into this article or section. ... Jevdet Bey was the governor of the Van vilayet of the Ottoman Empire during World War I and the Armenian Genocide. ... April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). ...

There were approximately 185,000 Armenians in Vaspurakan. In the city of Van itself, there were around 30,000 Armenians, but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive. The battle started on April 20, 1915, with Aram Manougian as the leader of the resistance, and lasted for two months. In May, the Armenian battalions and Russian regulars entered the city and successfully drove the Ottoman army out of Van.^[31] The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less-successful resistance movements in Zeitun, Shabin-Karahisar, Urfa, and Musa Dagh. After the end of the Van resistance, ARF leader Aram Manougian became governor of the Administration for Western Armenia and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians. Vaspurakan was a province and then kingdom of Greater Armenia during the Middle Ages. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday[1] of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Combatants Ottoman Empire members of Hunchaks (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party) Strength 2nd conflict: 69 grandes, 612 gun, 21 hand-gun, 70 horses Casualties Over 100 soldiers. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Hunchaks (members of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party) Shabin-Karahisar resistance (June 2-June 30, 1915) was the resistance of the Armenian militia of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchaks) of the Giresun Province. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Germany Armenian militia of ARF Commanders Megerdich Yotneghpayrian Casualties ? ? The Armenian resistance in Urfa during the Armenian genocide took place as a reaction to Turkish actions. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Flag Capital Van, Turkey Language(s) Armenian Political structure Provisional Governor Aram Manougian Historical era WWI period - Independence 28 May, 1915 - Ottoman take over 1918 The Armenian provisional government (see Western) with the progressive autonomous region[1] that initially set up around of Lake Van, which later at the end...

At the end of World War I, members of the Young Turks movement who were considered as executors of the Armenian Genocide by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were assassinated in the operation deemed Operation Nemesis.^[33]^[34] â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Operation Nemesis is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation code-name for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the Turkish masterminds of the Armenian Genocide. ...

Democratic Republic of Armenia

As a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Armenian, Georgian, and Muslim leaders of the Caucasus united to create the Transcaucasian Federation in the winter of 1918. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had drastic consequences for the Armenians: the Turkish forces reoccupied Western Armenia. The federation lasted for only three months, eventually paving way for the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The negotiators for Armenia were from the ARF.^[35] Motto None Anthem Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Map of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from March 1919 to March 1920. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... The Trans-Caucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TCDFR, Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Рес&#1087... The first two pages of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in (left to right) German, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Ottoman Turkish and Russian The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking...

With the collapse of the Transcaucasian Federation, the Armenians were left to fend for themselves as the Turkish army approached the capital of Yerevan. At first, fearing a major military defeat and massacre of the population of Armenia, the Dashnaks wanted to evacuate the city of Yerevan. Instead, the Military Council headed by the Colonel Pirumian decided that they would not surrender and confront the Turkish army.^[36] The opposing armies met on May 28, 1918 near Sardarapat. The battle was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to repel the invading Turkish forces.^[37] The Armenians also stood their ground at the Battle of Kara Killisse and at the Battle of Bash Abaran. The creation of the Democratic Republic of Armenia was proclaimed on the same day of the Battle of Sardarapat, and the ARF became the ruling party. However, the new state was devastated, with a dislocated economy, thousands of refugees and the population starving.^[36] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... James Guthrie Harbord (March 21, 1866 â€“ August 20, 1947) was a Lieutenant General in the U.S. Army and President and Chairman of the Board of RCA. Harbord was born in Bloomington, Illinois, and raised in Bushong, Kansas and Manhattan, Kansas. ... Location of Yerevan in Armenia Coordinates: Country Armenia Established 782 BC Government - Mayor Yervand Zakharyan Area - City 227 kmÂ² (87. ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year (149th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders Vahib Pasha Movses Silikian Strength Third Army 100,000 [2] 40,000 Casualties 30,000 30,000 30,000 Armenian civilian casualties The Battle of Sardarabad was a battle of the Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Democratic Republic of Armenia Commanders ? Drastamat Kanayan Strength Third Army ? Casualties ? ? The Battle of Bash Abaran was a battle of Caucasus Campaign of World War I that took place in the vicinity of Bash Abaran, in 1918. ... Motto None Anthem Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Map of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from March 1919 to March 1920. ...

The ARF, led by "Zoravar" Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha (known as Shushi by Armenians), a city in Karabakh. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. Andranik's forces got within 26 miles of the city when the First World War ended and Turkey, along with Germany and Austria-Hungary, surrendered to the Allies.^[38] British forces ordered Andranik to stop all military advances, giving him the assurances that the conflict would be solved with the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Andranik, not wanting to antagonize relations with the British, retreated to Gorin, Zangezur.^[38] Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (Armenian: or Ô¶Õ¸Ö€Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Ö€ Ô±Õ¶Õ¤Ö€Õ¡Õ¶Õ«Õ¯) (February 25, 1865 â€“ August 31, 1927) was an Armenian general and freedom fighter who was a national hero with big admiration. ... Azeri subdivsion Shusha rayon Nagrono Karabakh Republic Subdivsion Shushi province Elevation 1,400 m above sea level m Population - City ~3,000 Shusha (Azerbaijani: ÅžuÅŸa, Russian: Ð¨ÑƒÑˆÐ° translit. ... The Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918), which ended the hostilities on Middle Eastern theatre of World War I between Ottoman Empire and Allies, was signed by the Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey) and the British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe), on the aboard HMS Agamemnon in Moudros port... Syunik is one of the provinces (marz) of Armenia. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (Armenian: or Ô¶Õ¸Ö€Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Ö€ Ô±Õ¶Õ¤Ö€Õ¡Õ¶Õ«Õ¯) (February 25, 1865 â€“ August 31, 1927) was an Armenian general and freedom fighter who was a national hero with big admiration. ... Map of the World with the Participants in World War I. The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey. ... Zangezur Mountains The Zangezur Mountains comprise a mountain range that defines the border between Armenias southern province of Syunik and Azerbaijans Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. ...

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation had a strong presence in the DRA government. Most of the important governmental posts, such as Prime Minister, Defence Minister and Interior Minister were controlled by its members. Despite their tight grip on power, the ARF was unable to stop the impending Communist invasion from the north, which culminated with a Soviet takeover in 1920.^[7] The ARF was banned, its leaders exiled and many of its members dispersed to other parts of the world.^[7] This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

Exile

After the communists took over the short-lived Democratic Republic of Armenia and ARF leaders were exiled, the Dashnaks moved their base of operations where the Armenian diaspora had settled. With the large influx of Armenian refugees in the Levant, the ARF established a strong political structure in Lebanon and to a lesser extent, Syria. From 1921 to 1990, the Dashnaktsutiun established political structures in over 200 states including the USA, where another large influx of Armenians settled.^[2] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1427x628, 39 KB) Map of the Armenian Diaspora created by w:en:user:Clevelander. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1427x628, 39 KB) Map of the Armenian Diaspora created by w:en:user:Clevelander. ... Map of the Armenian diaspora. ... Map of the Armenian diaspora. ... Map of the Armenian diaspora. ... The Levant The Levant (IPA: /lÉ™vÃ¦nt/) is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ...

In the US, members of the ARF were not allowed to attend Etchmiadzin branch churches. It was one of the reasons why the ARF discouraged people to attend these churches, and brought the representatives from the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia from Lebanon to the US.^[39] In 1933, Dashnaks were suspects in the assassination of Armenian archbishop Levon Tourian in New York City. Prior to his murder, the archbishop had been accused of being exclusively pro-Soviet by the ARF.^[40] However, the ARF itself was legally exonerated from any direct complicity in the assassination.^[41] In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated bishop. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

During the 1950s, tensions arose between the ARF and Armenian SSR. The death of Catholicos Garegin of the Holy See of Cilicia prompted a struggle for succession. The National Ecclesiastic Assembly, which was largely influenced by the ARF, elected Zareh of Aleppo. This decision was rejected by the Echmiadzin-based Catholicos of All Armenians, the anti-ARF coalition and Soviet Armenian authorities. Zareh extended his administrative authority over a large part of the Armenian diaspora, furthering the rift that had already been created by his election.^[22] This event split the large Armenian community of Lebanon, creating sporadic clashes between the supporters of Zareh and those who opposed his election.^[22] State motto: ÕŠÖ€Õ¸Õ¬Õ¥Õ¿Õ¡Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€ Õ¢Õ¸Õ¬Õ¸Ö€ Õ¥Ö€Õ¯Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ«, Õ´Õ«Õ¡ÖÕ¥Ö„! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... Catholicos (plural Catholicoi) is a title used by the head/regional head bishop of any of certain Eastern churches. ... Image:Armenian Catholicossate Antelias. ... Echmiadzin or Ejmiatsin (Armenian: Ô·Õ»Õ´Õ«Õ¡Õ®Õ«Õ¶) is the holiest town in Armenia and the headquarters of the katholikos, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. ... His Holiness, the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians (plural Catholicoi, due to its Greek origin) is the head archbishop of Armenias dominant church, the Armenian Apostolic Church. ... The Armenians of Lebanon are Lebanese citizens of Armenian descent. ...

This was part of a greater conflict that raged between the two "camps" of the Armenian diaspora. The ARF still resented the fact that they were ousted from Armenia after the Red Army took control and supported the creation of a "Free, Independent, and United Armenia", free from both Soviet and Turkish hegemony. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party and AGBU, the main rivals of the ARF, supported the newly established Soviet rule in Armenia.^[22] For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... The Armenian General Benevolent Union (Armenian: Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¯Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Ô²Õ¡Ö€Õ¥Õ£Õ¸Ö€Õ®Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Ô¸Õ¶Õ¤Õ°Õ¡Õ¶Õ¸Ö‚Ö€ Õ„Õ«Õ¸Ö‚Õ©Õ«Ö‚Õ¶), abbreviated as AGBU, established in 1906, is the worldâ€™s largest non-profit Armenian organization. ...

Lebanon

From 1923 to 1958, conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora. In 1926, a struggle between committees of the ARF and Hunchakian parties for control of the newly established shanty-town of Bourj Hammoud led to the assassination of ARF member Vahan Vartabedian. As retaliation for the murder, Hunchakian members Mihran Aghazarian and S. Dekhrouhi were assassinated in 1929 and 1931 respectively.^[42] In 1956, when Bishop Zareh was consecrated Catholicos of Cilicia, the Catholicos of Echmiadzin refused to recognize his authority. This controversy polarized the Armenian community of Lebanon. As a result, in the context of the Lebanese civil strife of 1958, an armed conflict erupted between supporters (the ARF) and opponents (Hunchakians, Ramgavars) of Zareh.^[22] This page lists presidents of Lebanon. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This page lists prime ministers of Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fouad Sanyoura, Fuad Siniora, Fouad Saniora, Fouad Seniora) (Arabic: â€Ž, FuÄd As-SanyÅ«rah) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... This is the list of the Lebanese government that was formed by Fouad Siniora on 19 July 2005. ... Lebanese parliament building at Place dÃ‰toile in Beirut The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... This page lists speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon. ... Political parties in Lebanon lists political parties in Lebanon. ... Elections in Lebanon gives information on election and election results in Lebanon. ... Lebanon is divided into 6 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah). ... The 6 Governorates of Lebanon are divided into 25 Districts (Aqdya, singular - qadaa) -- or 26, counting the Governorate of Beirut which is not subdivided into districts. ... The foreign policy of Lebanon reflects its geographic location, the composition of its population, and its reliance on commerce and trade. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ... Bourj Hammoud (Burj Hammud) is a suburb in Beirut, Lebanon heavily populated by Armenians. ... US Marines on patrol in Beirut, summer of 1958. ... The Ramgavar is an Armenian political party in Lebanon. ...

Prior to the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-1990, the party was closely allied to the Phalangist Party of Pierre Gemayel, and generally ran joint tickets with the Phalangists, especially in Beirut constituencies with large Armenian populations.^[43] The refusal of the ARF, along with most Armenian groups, to play an active role in the civil war, however, soured relations between the two parties, and the Lebanese Forces (a militia dominated by Phalangists and commanded by Bachir Gemayel, Pierre Gemayel's son) responded by attacking the Armenian quarters of many Lebanese towns, including Bourj Hammoud.^[43] Many Armenians affiliated with the ARF took up arms voluntarily to defend their quarters. In the midst of the Lebanese civil war, a shadowy guerrilla organization called Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide emerged and carried out a string of assassinations from 1975 to 1983. The guerrilla organization has sometimes been linked to the Dashnaks.^[44] Combatants Lebanese Front Syria LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The Lebanese Civil War (1975â€“1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire. ... The Kataeb Party, better known in English-speaking countries as the Phalange, is a Lebanese political party that was first established as a Maronite nationalist youth movement in 1936 by Pierre Gemayel. ... Pierre Gemayel Sheikh Pierre Gemayel (Arabic: ) (November 6, 1905 â€“ August 29, 1984) (last name also spelt Jmayyel, Jemayyel or al-Jumayyil, Sheikh is an honorific title in Arab countries, Arabic Ø§Ù„Ø´ÙŠØ® Ø¨ÙŠØ§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù…ÙŠÙ‘Ù„), was a Lebanese political leader. ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ... Lebanese Forces (LF) (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù‚ÙˆØ§Øª Ø§Ù„Ù„Ø¨Ù†Ø§Ù†ÙŠØ© al-quwÄt al-lubnÄniyya) is a Lebanese political party and a former militia , which fought on the Christian side during the civil war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990. ... Bachir Gemayel Bachir Gemayel, first name also spelt Bashir (Arabic: Ø¨Ø´ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù…ÙŠÙ„), (November 10, 1947 â€“ September 14, 1982) was a Lebanese military commander, politician and president elect. ... Justice Commandos against Armenian Genocide (JCAG) is a militant revolutionary organization that seeks to establish an independent and free Armenia and seeks recognition of the Armenian Genocide. ...

A major change occurred in the parliamentary election of 2000. Negotiations to form a joint ticket between the ARF and the Karama (Dignity) party of Rafik Hariri broke down over Hariri's insistence that all candidates elected on his list, including ARF candidates, would have to form a unified parliamentary block subsequently - a rarity in Lebanese politics. This would make the Armenian vote in the Chamber subservient to Hariri's wishes.^[45] In addition, Hariri refused the ARF proposal to chose an Armenian candidate for the sole seat allocated to Lebanon's Protestant community (many of whom are ethnically Armenian), insisting that that seat should go to an ally of his.^[45] The ARF decided to go it alone, although other Armenian parties joined Hariri's list. In an unprecedented sweep, the Dignity movement and its allies captured 13 of Beirut's 19 seats, and the ARF was left with only 1 parliamentary seat, its worst result in many decades.^[45] A street in Al Karama, Dubai Al Karama, or simply Karama (Arabic: ) - meaning dignity - is a residential district of Dubai close to Dubai Creek and part of the bustling older part of the city. ... Rafik Baha ad-Din Hariri â€” (November 1, 1944 â€“ February 14, 2005), (Arabic: ) a self-made billionaire and business tycoon, Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until his resignation on 20 October 2004. ... Lebanon has a unique form of parliamentary democracy in which the highest offices are reserved for certain ethnic groups. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

The ARF called for a boycott of the 2005 Beirut elections after it was disgruntled when the four seats normally reserved for Beirut's large Armenian community had gone unopposed to Hariri's candidates.^[46]

There had also been speculation that the Lebanese branch of the ARF had broken away from the main party's political ideology of socialism and embraced capitalism.^[43] These claims were denied by prominent ARF member and Minister of Agriculture of Armenia Davit Lokian.^[47] The Dashnaktsutiun has an official newspaper in Lebanon known as the Aztag Daily Newspaper. The Minister of Agriculture is a position in several cabinet governments. ... The Aztag Daily Newspaper (Armenian: Ô±Õ¦Õ¤Õ¡Õ¯ Õ•Ö€Õ¡Õ©Õ¥Ö€Õ©) is the official newspaper of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Party (Dashnaktsutiun) in Lebanon. ...

Ethnic Armenians are allocated 6 seats in Lebanon's 128-member National Assembly. The Lebanese branch of the ARF has usually controlled a majority of the Armenian vote and won most of the ethnic Armenian seats in the National Assembly although it currently holds 2 seats.^[4] It has generally avoided entanglement in sensitive domestic issues, usually supporting whatever government has happened to be in power. However, the ARF harshly criticized the Lebanese government's decision in 2006 to invite the deployment of Turkish troops as part of the multilateral UN peacekeeping force.^[48] The Armenians of Lebanon are Lebanese citizens of Armenian descent. ... The National Assembly of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ...

On August 5, 2007, a by-election took place in the Metn district, which includes the predominantly Armenian area of Bourj Hammoud, to replace the slain anti-Syrian minister Pierre Gemayel. The ARF decided to support Camille Khoury, the candidate backed by opposition leader Michel Aoun's Free Patriotic Movement. Camille Khoury faced off against Phalangist leader Amine Gemayel and subsequently won the seat.^[49] The ARF's move shocked the Lebanese community; the fact that the Armenians voted for a candidate that is strongly allied with the pro-Syrian Hezbollah militants was the big surprise of the by-election.^[49] Government supporters blamed Gemayel's loss on the Armenians. Amine Gemayel accused the ARF of cheating and called for the ballot in Bourj Hammoud to be cancelled. Gemayel said that he had faired better "among Christians", and accused the Dashnaktsutyun of trying to "impose its will on the people of Metn", implying that the Armenians were neither proper Lebanese nor true Christians.^[50] Lebanese politician Gabriel Murr accused the ARF of rigging the vote as "they always do". Murr pointed out that Aoun didn't win the Maronite vote but that he had won the Armenian vote, which was included in the Metn district to manipulate the electoral results.^[51] Hagop Pakradounian, a leader of the ARF in Lebanon, and the Armenian Deputies Bloc asked for a public apology.^[52] Pakradounian and the Armenian Deputies Bloc called comments made by Amine Gemayel and Gabriel Murr over the Armenian community's support for the Free Patriotic Movement racist and condemned them.^[52] is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... North Akkar Miniyeh- Danniyeh Zgharta Koura Tripoli Bsharri Batroun Mount Lebanon Jbeil Kesrwan Matn Beirut â™¦ Baabda Aley Chouf South Jezzine Sidon Tyre Beqaa Hermel Baalbek Zahle Western Beqaa Rashaya Nabatieh Hasbaya Nabatieh Marjeyoun Bint Jbeil Matn (Arabic: Ù‚Ø¶Ø§Ø¡ Ø§Ù„Ù…ØªÙ†, translit: Qada el Matn), sometimes spelled Metn, is a district (qadaa) in the... Pierre Amine Gemayel Pierre Amine Gemayel (Arabic: â€Ž; commonly known as Pierre Gemayel Jr. ... Michel Naim Aoun (Arabic: Ù…ÙŠØ´Ø§Ù„ Ø¹ÙˆÙ†) (born 17 February 1935 in Beirut) is a Lebanese military commander and politician. ... FPM logo The Free Patriotic Movement FPM (Tayyar Al-Watani Al-Horr), also known as the Aounist Current (Tayyar Al-Aouni), is a Lebanese political party, led by General Michel Aoun, a former commander of the Lebanese army who served as Prime Minister of one of two governments that contended... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Hagop Pakradounian (Armenian: ) is a Lebanese politician of Armenian descent. ...

Post Soviet-Armenia

Politics of Armenia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Politics of Azerbaijan takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. ... Information on politics by country is available for every country, including both de jure and de facto independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty. ...

Armenia

The ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to "a Free, Independent, and United Armenia."^[53] The term United Armenia refers to the borders of Armenia that were recognized by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and outlined in the Treaty of Sèvres.^[54] After Armenia fell under Soviet control in 1920, the ARF, now dispersed throughout the Armenian diaspora, fought Soviet rule over Armenia and rallied in support of Armenian independence. It contributed to organizing a social and cultural framework aimed at preserving the Armenian identity.^[55] However, due to tight communist control, the ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR as the political party remained banned until 1991. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856â€“February 3, 1924), was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ... The Treaty of SÃ¨vres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in SÃ¨vres, France. ...

When independence was achieved in 1991, the ARF soon became one of the major and most active political parties, rivaled mainly by the Pan-Armenian National Movement (PANM). Consequently, on December 28, 1994, President Levon Ter-Petrossian in a famous television speech banned the ARF, which was the nation's leading opposition party, along with Yerkir, the country's largest daily newspaper.^[56] Ter-Petrossian introduced evidence that supposedly detailed a plot hatched by the ARF to engage in terrorism against his administration, endanger Armenia's national security and overthrow the government. Throughout the evening, government security forces arrested leading ARF figures. Police seized computers, fax machines, files and printing equipment from their offices. In addition to Yerkir, government forces also closed several other literary, women's, cultural, and youth publications.^[56] Thirty-one men, who would later be known as the "Dro Group" (named after the Dro Committee, the group that was allegedly behind the plot), were arrested. This article lists political parties in Armenia. ... The Pan-Armenian National Movement (Hayots Hamzagain Sharzhum) is a political party in Armenia, presently without parliamentary representation. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ... There have been two Presidents of Armenia since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. ... Levon Ter-Petrossian (Armenian: Ô¼Ö‡Õ¸Õ¶ ÕÕ¥Ö€-ÕŠÕ¥Õ¿Ö€Õ¸Õ½ÕµÕ¡Õ¶ Russian: Ð›ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð½ Ð¢ÐµÑ€-ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÑÑÐ½) (born January 9, 1945 in Aleppo, Syria in a family of a Syrian Communist) was the President of Armenia from 1991 to 1998. ... Yerkir (website) is the official newspaper of the Supreme Body of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF). ... General Drastamat Kanayan (Armenian: , known as General Dro, Ô´Ö€Õ¸, May 31, 1884 â€“ March 8, 1956), was an Armenian politician, revolutionary, general and commander of the Armenian Legion of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany. ...

Gerard Libaridyan, a historian and close adviser of Ter-Petrossian collected and presented the evidence against the defendants. He later stated in an interview that he was unsure if the evidence was true, inviting the notion that the party was closed due to its increasing chances of winning seats in the July 1995 parliamentary elections.^[57] Several months after the elections, most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants who were charged for engaging in corrupt business practices.

The ban on the party was lifted, however, less than a week after Ter-Petrossian fell from power and was replaced by Robert Kocharian who was backed by the Dashnaks.^[7] Robert Sedraki Kocharian (IPA: , Armenian: ) (born August 31, 1954) is the second president of the third republic of Armenia. ...

As of 2007, the ARF is one of the three parties in the government coalition, along with the Republican Party and United Labor Party. The Country of Law party was also a member of the governing coalition, until it pulled out in May 2006. With 16 of the 131 seats in the National Assembly of Armenia, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation is the major socialist party in Armenia and the third-largest party in parliament. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a cabinet in parliamentary government in which several parties cooperate. ... The Republican Party of Armenia (Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետական Կուսակցութուն, Hayastani Hanrapetakan Kusaktsutyun, HHK) is a liberal political party in... Rule of Law is a political party in Armenia, led by Artur Bagdasarian. ... The external link and official web site of Parliament of Armenia is: http://www. ...

In addition to its parliamentary seats, the following governmental ministries are also headed by ARF members: Ministry of Agriculture, Davit Lokian;^[58] Ministry of Education and Science, Levon Mkrtchian;^[59] Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Aghvan Vardanian;^[60] Ministry of Healthcare, Norair Davidian.^[61]

On July 13, 2007, the ARF History Museum was inaugurated in Yerevan, displaying the history of the party and of its notable members. is the 194th day of the year (195th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... The Armenian Revolutionary Federation History Museum is a museum in Yerevan, Armenia, that displays the history of the ARF and of its notable members. ...

Nagorno-Karabakh

After the Soviet Union expanded into the South Caucasus, it established the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923.^[62]^[63]^[64] In the final years of the Soviet Union, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation established a branch in Nagorno-Karabakh. In January 1991, the Dashnaktsutiun won the parliamentary election and governed as the ruling party during the entirety of the Nagorno-Karabakh war.^[65] The Dashnaks actively supported the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh (or Artsakh as Armenians call it). It aided the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army by sending armed volunteers to the front lines and supplying the army with weapons, food, medicine and moral support.^[66] Shamil Basayev, commander of the Chechen volunteer forces in the Nagorno-Karabakh war, claimed that he and his battalion had only lost once, and that defeat came in Karabakh in fighting against the "Dashnak battalion".^[67] After deciding not to run in the second parliamentary elections, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation ran in the 1999 elections and won 9 of the 33 seats in the National Assembly of Nagorno Karabakh.^[65] At the June 2005 elections, the Dashnaktsutiun was part of an electoral alliance with Movement 88 that won 3 out of 33 seats. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Combatants Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic of Armenia Republic of Azerbaijan Chechen Volunteers Commanders Gurgen Daribaltayan Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan Elbrus Orjuev Elkhan Orjuev Shamil Basayev Strength 1,000 troops, including the crew members of tanks, armored fighting vehicles, and helicopters Unknown amount of infantry, tanks, complemented by a battery of... Ghazanchetots Cathedral Ghazanchetsots Cathedral (ÕÕ¸Ö‚Ö€Õ¢ Ô±Õ´Õ¥Õ¶Õ¡ÖƒÖ€Õ¯Õ«Õ¹ Õ‚Õ¡Õ¦Õ¡Õ¶Õ¹Õ¥ÖÕ¸Ö ÔµÕ¯Õ¥Õ²Õ¥ÖÕ« in Armenian), also known as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Shushi Cathedral, is an Armenian church located in Shushi, Nagorno-Karabakh. ... South Caucasus: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan South Caucasus (also referred sometimes as Transcaucasus) is a name to the transitional region between Europe and Asia extending from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian seas. ... The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast of the Soviet Union created in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. ... State motto: Ð‘Ò¯Ñ‚Ò¯Ð½ Ó©Ð»ÐºÓ™Ð»Ó™Ñ€Ð¸Ð½ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€Ñ‹, Ð±Ð¸Ñ€Ð»Ó™ÑˆÐ¸Ð½! Workers of the world, unite! Official language None. ... Combatants Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh1 Republic of Armenia 2 CIS mercenaries Republic of Azerbaijan Afghan Mujahideen 3 Chechen Volunteers 4 CIS mercenaries Commanders Samvel Babayan, Hemayag Haroyan, Monte Melkonian, Vazgen Sargsyan, Arkady Ter-Tatevosyan Ä°sgandar Hamidov, Suret Huseynov, Rahim Gaziev, Shamil Basayev Casualties 6,000 dead, 25,000 wounded 17... Artsakh (Armenian - Ô±Ö€ÖÕ¡Õ, Azeri - Ærsak Russian - ÐÑ€Ñ†Ð°Ñ…) is a historical Armenian name of the province of ancient Greater Armenia, that covered what is now mostly Nagorno-Karabakh. ... The Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army was officially established on May 9, 1992 as the formal defense force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, uniting previously disorganized self-defense units which were formed in the early 1990s in order to protect the ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh from the... Shamil Basayev in Dagestan, 1999 Shamil Salmanovich Basayev (Russian: Ð¨Ð°Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÑŒ Ð¡Ð°Ð»Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð‘Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÐ²) (January 14, 1965 â€“ July 10, 2006) was a Vice-President of the internationally unrecognized separatist government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Islamist guerrilla leader, self-admitted terrorist and a national hero for many Chechens. ... // Geography The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of Russia. ... The parliament of Nagorno Karabakh, the National Assembly (Azgayin Zhoghov) ,has 33 members, elected for a five year term in single seat constituencies. ... Politics of Azerbaijan Categories: Election related stubs | Elections in Nagorno Karabakh ... The Movement 88 is a political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ...

Political philosophy and goals

The principal founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation were socialists, and Marxist elements are omnipresent in the introductory section of the Party's first Program written by Rosdom, entitled "General Theory".^[68] The ARF first set its ideological and political goals during the Hamidian regime. It denounced the Ottoman regime, and the unbearable conditions of life for the Armenians, and stressed the necessity, through revolution, of "shaking off that infamous yoke; destroying the despotic, tyrannical regime; achieving a fraternity of nations, the right to work, and freedom of conscience, speech, and belief", and also, "struggling against the class of economic exploiters". Then, the objective of the Dashnaktsutiun was formulated: "To attain political and economic freedom in Turkish Armenia by means of insurrection". The ARF is riddled with socialism in its political philosophy. The Program stressed the historical necessity of changing those conditions through armed struggle. Without using the terms "Independence", "Democracy", and "Socialism", the Program expresses the entire, multifaceted make-up of the Armenian revolutionary movement, including its national-liberation, political, and social-economic aspects.^[69] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 470 pixel Image in higher resolution (1751 Ã— 1028 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 470 pixel Image in higher resolution (1751 Ã— 1028 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Treaty of SÃ¨vres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in SÃ¨vres, France. ... Marxism is both the theory and the political practice (that is, the praxis) derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ... Rosdom Stepan Zorian (Armenian: ) better known by his nom de guerre Rosdom (), (1867-1919) was one of the three founders of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation along Christapor Mikaelian and Simon Zavarian, also part of Armenian national liberation movement. ... AbdÃ¼lhamid II (Ottoman Turkish: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„ØÙ…ÙŠØ¯ Ø«Ø§Ù†ÛŒ , Turkish: ) (September 21, 1842 â€“ February 10, 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community[1] for the purposes of increasing social and economic equality and cooperation. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box: Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what...

Despite subsequent partial modifications, clarifications, and amendments, the above-mentioned principles and tendencies, in their fundamental outlines, continued to characterize the ideological world of the Dashnaktsutiun, and its realistic approach toward issues has remained unchanged. In the past decades, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation reasserted itself ideologically, and reformulated the section in the Program called "General Theory", adapting it to the current conceptions of socialism and democracy, the nationalities question, the right of self-determination, and the legitimacy of national-liberation struggles.^[69] Its goals are:

The ARF is often criticized and accused of having a present strategy that does not differ from the one used during the time of the Ottoman Empire. Their tactics are viewed as still being aimed at convincing Western governments and diplomatic circles to sponsor the party's demands.^[70] The Treaty of SÃ¨vres is a peace treaty that the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire signed on 10 August 1920 after World War I. Representatives from the governments of the parties involved signed the treaty in SÃ¨vres, France. ... Artsakh (Armenian - Ô±Ö€ÖÕ¡Õ, Azeri - Ærsak Russian - ÐÑ€Ñ†Ð°Ñ…) is a historical Armenian name of the province of ancient Greater Armenia, that covered what is now mostly Nagorno-Karabakh. ... Samtskhe-Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia, whith Akhaltsikhe as its capital. ... The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: NaxÃ§Ä±van Muxtar RespublikasÄ±, Armenian: Õ†Õ¡ÕÕ«Õ»Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Ô»Õ¶Ö„Õ¶Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Ö€ Õ€Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡ÕºÕ¥Õ¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Russian: ÐÐ°Ñ…Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÐ²Ð°Ð½ÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐ²Ñ‚Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°, Persian:Ø¬Ù…Ù‡ÙˆØ±ÛŒ Ø®ÙˆØ¯Ù…Ø®ØªØ§Ø± Ù†Ø®Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ù†, Turkish: NahÃ§Ä±van Ã–zerk Cumhuriyeti), known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Greater Armenia as advocated by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation under the title of United Armenia. ... The term Western world, the West or the Occident (Latin occidens -sunset, -west, as distinct from the Orient) [1] can have multiple meanings dependent on its context (e. ...

In 1907, the Dashnaktsutiun joined Socialist International and remained a full member until 1960, when it decided to pull out of the organization. In 1996, it was re-accepted as an observer member and in 1999, the Dashnaks earned full membership of the international organization.^[71] The official symbol of Socialist International. ...

Affiliate organizations

The ARF is considered the foremost organization in the Armenian diaspora, having established numerous Armenian schools, community centers, scouting and athletic groups, relief societies, youth groups, camps, and other organs throughout the world.^[2] The ARF also works as an umbrella organ to the Armenian National Committee of America, the Armenian Relief Society, the Homenetmen Armenian General Athletic Union, the Hamazkayin Cultural Foundation, and numerous other community organizations.^[2] It operates the Armenian Youth Federation, which encourages the youth of the diaspora to join the political cause of the ARF and the Armenian people. The ARF-affiliated Armenian National Committee of America,^[72] and its sister organizations such as the Armenian National Committee of Canada subsequently have played a significant role in the campaign for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide in their respective countries. The ARF Shant Student Association and the ARF Armen Karo Student Association are comprised of college and university student members in various campuses and are the only ARF organizations whose membership is exclusively comprised of this group. Unlike the Armenian Youth Federation, one can not be an ARF Shant member without being a rank-and-file party member. In December 2006, the ARF Shant held a panel discussion on the reintegration and redevelopment of western Armenian lands upon their return as a reparation for the Armenian Genocide.^[73] The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) is an Armenian-American grassroots organization that actively advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues. ... The Armenian Relief Society, A.R.S or H.O.M (Armenian: ), is an independent, non-governmental and non-sectarian organization and NGO, serving the social and educational needs of Armenian communities everywhere, seeking to preserve the cultural identity of the Armenian nation, and, whenever and wherever the need arises... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Hamazkayin Armenian Educational and Cultural Society was established in 1970 as a non profit organization. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) is an Armenian-American grassroots organization that actively advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues. ...

Notes

α. ^{^} Note that red is the colour used on the Dashnak flag and also the colour that represents the Socialist ideology.

β. ^{^} Note the picture "ARF Fedayees" that shows fedayees under the ARF flag that reads in Armenian "Azadootioon gam Mah" ("Liberty or Death")^[74]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ARF news 'Yerkir', Hrant Markarian Speech. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f U.S. EMBASSY RELEASES STUDY ON ARMENIAN-AMERICANS. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline. Retrieved on 2006-12-25.
^ ^a ^b Tachnaq party holds 2 seats in Lebanese National Assembly.. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
^ ARF among parties running in NKR elections. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ Spotlight: ANC of Rhode Island. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ARF.am Home. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Libaridian, Gerard J. (2004). Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State. Transaction Publishers, p. 103, p. 106. ISBN 0765802058.
^ ^a ^b Geifman, Anna. Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917, p. 21-22. ISBN 0-691-02549-5.
^ Vratsian, Simon (2000). Tempest-Born DRO. Armenian Prelacy, New York, translated by Tamar Der-Ohannesian, pp. 13-22.
^ "A Critical Survey of Bolshevism" - Stalin. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
^ ^a ^b Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920. The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, p. 41-42. ISBN 0521522455.
^ Libaridian, Gerard J.. Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State, p. 17. ISBN 0-691-02549-5.
^ (Russian)«Всеподданейшая записка по управлению кавказским краем генерала адьютанта графа Воронцова-Дашкова», СПб.: Государственная Тип., 1907, с.12
^ Suny, Ronald (1996). Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, 2nd edition, p. 166-167. ISBN 978-0472066179.
^ Abraham, Richard (1990). Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 53. ISBN 0-2310-6109-9.
^ Abraham. Alexander Kerensky, p. 54
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e (Armenian) Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece, p. 42-48.
^ Ministère des affaires étrangères, op. cit., no. 212. M. P. Cambon, Ambassadeur de la Republique française à Constantinople, ŕ M. Hanotaux, Ministre des affaires étrangères, p. 239; et no. 215 p. 240.
^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 224-225. ISBN 0312101686.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 418. ISBN 0312101686.
^ Khanasor Expedition, Armenian history timeline. Retrieved on 2006-12-26.
^ Karentz, Varoujan (2004). Mitchnapert the Citadel: A History of Armenians in Rhode Island. iUniverse, p. 166. ISBN 0595306624.
^ Mesrobian, Arpena S. (2000). Like One Family: The Armenians of Syracuse. Gomidas Institute, p. 222. ISBN 0953519112.
^ ^a ^b Kansu, Aykut (1997). The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey. Brill Academic Publishers, p. 78. ISBN 9004102833.
^ ^a ^b (Armenian) Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece, p. 52-53.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911. Westview Press, p. 116-117. ISBN 0813338174.
^ ^a ^b ^c Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911. Westview Press, p. 132-134. ISBN 0813338174.
^ Eyewitness account of the start of the Armenian Genocide. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ ^a ^b (Armenian) Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Oosoomnagan Khorhoortee, Athens Greece, p. 92-93.
^ Ussher, Clarence D (1917). An American Physician in Turkey. Boston, p. 244.
^ Punishment of the Executors of the Armenian Genocide. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ Avakian, Lindy V. (1989). The Cross and the Crescent. USC Press. ISBN 0-943247-06-3.
^ Transcaucasian Federation. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ ^a ^b The First Republic. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
^ Genocide survivors recall victory at Sardarapat. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
^ ^a ^b Pre-Soviet history of Karabakh. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
^ Soviet background separates two Armenian churches in US. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
^ Atabaki & Mehendale, Touraj & Sanjyot (2005). Central Asia And The Caucasus: Transnationalism And Diaspora. Routledge (UK), p. 136. ISBN 0415332605.
^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 416. ISBN 0312101686.
^ Weinberg, Leonard. Political parties and terrorist groups. Routledge (UK), p. 19. ISBN 0714634913.
^ ^a ^b ^c Federal Research, Division (2004). Lebanon a Country Study. Kessinger Publishing, p. 185. ISBN 1419129430.
^ Verluise (1995). Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake. Wayne State University Press, p. 143. ISBN 0814325270.
^ ^a ^b ^c Armenians and the 2000 Parliamentary elections in Lebanon. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
^ Tashnag party boycotts.. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
^ Interview with Davit Lokian denying ARF Lebanon had embraced capitalism.. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
^ Armenians protest Turkish deployment in Lebanon. Retrieved on 2006-01-04.
^ ^a ^b Lebanon polls: Armenians back pro-Syrian candidate to victory. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
^ New political landscape. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
^ Democracy in fractions. Retrieved on 2007-08-09.
^ ^a ^b Tashnag says offers of compromise were snubbed. Retrieved on 2007-08-08.
^ ARF Shant Student Association. Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
^ Treaty of Sèvres. Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
^ Armenian Revolutionary Federation - Dashnaktsutiun. Retrieved on 2007-02-03.
^ ^a ^b ARF newspaper banned. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
^ Interview in 2001 by Aram Abrahamyan on Horizon Armenian Programming.
^ Davit Lokyan profile at Armenian Government website. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
^ Levon Mkrtchian profile at Armenian Government website. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
^ Aghvan Vardanian profile at Armenian Government website. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
^ Norair Davidian profile at Armenian Government website. Retrieved on 2006-12-29.
^ CIA - The World Factbook -- Armenia. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
^ (Armenian) Hambartsumyan, Victor et al. Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ (ԼՂԻՄ) (Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast) Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, Yerevan 1978 p. 576
^ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7.
^ ^a ^b Electioral history of Karabakh. Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
^ Federal Research, Division (2004). Armenia a Country Study. Kessinger Publishing, p. 141. ISBN 1419107518.
^ "Terror in Karabakh: Chechen Warlord Shamil Basayev's Tenure in Azerbaijan", The Armenian Weekly On-Line: AWOL. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
^ ARF history. Retrieved on 2006-01-29.
^ ^a ^b ARF history (2). Retrieved on 2006-01-29.
^ Melkonian, Monte (1990). The Right to Struggle: Selected Writings of Monte Melkonian on the Armenian National Question. San Francisco, Sardarabad Collective, p. 55 to 57. ISBN 0-9641569-1-1.
^ (French) La F.R.A. Dachnaktsoutioun rejoint l'Internationale Socialiste. Retrieved on 2006-03-11.
^ Karentz, Varoujan (2004). Mitchnapert the Citadel: A History of Armenians in Rhode Island. iUniverse, p. 162. ISBN 0595306624.
^ ARF Shant Kickstarts Planning for Reunification of Western Armenia. Retrieved on 2007-01-26.
^ Winter, Jay Murray (2004). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press, p. 240-241. ISBN 0521829585.

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Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 221st day of the year (222nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 220th day of the year (221st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Viktor Hambardzumyan (Armenian: ; September 18, 1908 [O.S. September 5] â€“ August 12, 1996) was an Armenian astronomer and astrophysicist, who achieved his main results in Soviet times. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 70th day of the year (71st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

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Categories: Political parties in Armenia | Political parties in Lebanon | Political parties in Nagorno Karabakh | Political parties in the Ottoman Empire | Political parties of the Russian Revolution | Political parties of minorities | Socialist parties | Socialist International | Political parties established in 1890 This article lists political parties in Armenia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Armenia. ... The Republican Party of Armenia (Armenian: Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¡Õ½Õ¿Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Õ€Õ¡Õ¶Ö€Õ¡ÕºÕ¥Õ¿Õ¡Õ¯Õ¡Õ¶ Ô¿Õ¸Ö‚Õ½Õ¡Õ¯ÖÕ¸Ö‚Õ©Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Hayastani Hanrapetakan Kusaktsutyun, HHK) is a liberal political party in Armenia. ... Prosperous Armenia (Armenian: ) is a political party in Armenia. ... The Rule of Law (Orinants Erkir) is a centrist political party in Armenia, led by Artur Baghdasarian. ... Party logo Heritage (ÔºÕ¡Õ¼Õ¡Õ¶Õ£Õ¸Ö‚Õ©ÕµÕ¸Ö‚Õ¶, Zharangutyun) is a centrist, opposition political party in Armenia, led by US-born former Foreign Minister Raffi Hovannisian. ... The New Country (Nor Yerkir) is a political party in Armenia. ... The United Labour Party is a political party in Armenia. ... National Unity is a political party in Armenia. ... New Times (Õ†Õ¸Ö€ Ô¶Õ°Õ¡Õ´Õ¡Õ¶Õ¡Õ¯Õ¶Õ¥Ö€, Nor Zhamanakner) is a centrist, opposition political party in Armenia, led by Aram Karapetyan. ... The Liberal Democratic Union of Armenia is a liberal political party in Armenia. ... The Mighty Fatherland (Hzor Hayrenik) is a nationalist political party in Armenia. ... The Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Azdagan) is a nationalist political party in Armenia. ... The Dignity, Democracy, Motherland is a nationalist political party in Armenia. ... The Union of Industrialists and Women is a political party in Armenia. ... The Armenian Communist Party (Hayastani Komunistakan Kusaktsutyun) is a communist political party in Armenia. ... The Peoples Party of Armenia (Hayastani Zhoghovrdakan Kusaktsutyun) is a left-wing socialist political party in Armenia. ... The Law and Unity (Iravunk ev Miabanutiun) is a conservative political party in Armenia. ... The All Armenian Labour Party is a social democratic political party in Armenia. ... The Republic is a conservative political party in Armenia. ... Political parties in Nagorno-Karabakh lists political parties in Nagorno-Karabakh. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Nagorno-Karabakh. ... The Democratic Party of Artsakh (Artsakhi Demokratakan Kusaktsutyun) is the ruling [political party]] in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... The Free Motherland (Azat Hayrenik)is a political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... The Movement 88 is a political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... The Communist Party of Artsakh (Artsakhi Komunistakan Kusaktsutyun) is a communist political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... Armenia Our Home (Armenian: â€” Mer Tunâ€™ Hayastan) is a political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... The Social Justice Party is a political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... Moral Revival (Armenian: â€” Baroyakan Veratsnund) is a political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ... The Armenakan Party (Armenakan Kusaktsutyun) is a centre-right political party in Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh). ...

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