The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century. Up to the 19th century, Classical Armenian had been the literary language; since then, the Armenian alphabet is used to write the two modern, literary, spoken dialects – Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian – which were developed during the same time period.^[1] For other uses, see Alphabet (disambiguation). ... Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: or , Ottoman Turkish: ‎ ) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Saint Mesrop Mashtots (Armenian:Õ„Õ¥Õ½Ö€Õ¸Õº Մաշտոց) (360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk, theologian and linguist. ... // Events Japanese court officially adopts the Chinese writing system (approximate date). ... The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is an abjad of twenty-plus acrophonic glyphs, which is found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. ... The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to begin with a cut-off date of 1050 BCE. It was used by the Phoenicians to write Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. ... The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Coptic alphabet is an alphabet used for writing the Coptic language. ... Unicode’s Universal Character Set potentially supports over 1 million code points (1,114,112 = 220 + 216 or 17 × 216, hexadecimal 110000) code points. ... ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of writing systems (scripts). ... Image File history File links Armenian_alphabet. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the worlds writing systems. ... For other uses, see Alphabet (disambiguation). ... The Armenian language (Armenian: , IPA: — hayeren lezu, conventional short form hayeren) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people in the Republic of Armenia, in Georgia (especially in Samtskhe-Javakheti), Mountainous Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and also used by the Armenian diaspora. ... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Grabar meaning literary, Armenian was very developed by the time it came to be written down at the beginning of the 5th century. ... Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic). ... Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Diaspora, mainly in North America and Europe, but also in limited pockets of western Turkey and northern Syria. ...

The Armenian word for "alphabet" is այբուբեն (CA, EA: [aɪbubɛn], or WA: [aɪpʰupʰɛn]), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet. Classical Armenian (Armenian: Grabar, meaning literary; also Old Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. ... Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic). ... Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian diaspora, mainly in North America, Europe and most of the Middle East except for Iran. ...

The alphabet

Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... The system of Armenian numerals is a historic numeral system originating using the (capital) letters of the ancient Armenians. ... The international standard ISO 9985 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Armenian characters. ... The international standard ISO 9985 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Armenian characters. ... The system of Armenian numerals is a historic numeral system originating using the (capital) letters of the ancient Armenians. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ...

Notes

In the table above, the superscript "h" ([ʰ]) is the diacritic for aspiration in the International Phonetic Alphabet; an apostrophe ([’]) indicates an ejective consonant. In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of air that accompanies the release of some obstruents. ... Ejective consonants are a class of consonants which may contrast with aspirated or tenuis consonants in a language. ...

1. As initial sound ye /jɛ/, in other respects e /ɛ/. The reason is that the y /j/ falls out in compounds e.g. եղբայր (ełbayr, /jɛʀˈbajɹ/ (brother)), but մորեղբայր (morełbayr, /moɹɛʀˈbajɹ/ (brother of the mother).
2. Using reformed orthography, the name of <լ> is pronounced [lyun].
3. Only in Traditional orthography when at the beginning of a word and for stems within a word.
4. As initial sound vo /vo/, in other respects o /o/. The reason is that the /v/ falls out in compounds e.g. որդի (ordi, /voɹˈtʰi/ (son), but քեռորդի (k‘eṙordi, /kʰeroɹˈtʰi/ (son of the uncle on the mother‘s side).
5. Using reformed orthography, the name of <տ> is pronounced [tʼyun].
6. In practice, only Iranian-Armenians say [ɹ]; Eastern Armenians from the Republic of Armenia have shifted the Classical Armenian [ɹ] (ր) to [ɾ].
7. In reformed orthography, this letter has been replaced with the monophthong <ու> which represents [u].
8. Usually it represents /v/ but there are some exceptions. In Classical Armenian աւ at the beginning of a word (if followed by a consonant) represents /au/ (like in down), e.g. աւր (awr, /auɹ/, day). (Due to a sound shift in the Middle Ages this pronunciation has changed to /oɹ/ and since the 13th century written as օր (ōr); the original monophthong ու (representing /ov/ or /ou/) became /u/; the monophthong իւ (iw) represents /ju/ (the spelling reform in Soviet Armenia replaced ի (i) with յ (y) and ւ (w) with ու (ow), forming the diphthong յու).
9. Using reformed orthography, the name of <փ> is pronounced [pʰjuɾ].

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme. ... The Spelling reform of the Armenian language 1922-1924 was conducted in the Armenian SSR. However, it is barely practiced outside of Armenia because it was not adopted by Armenians in the diaspora, which make up about half of the Armenian population. ... In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme. ... Armenian-Iranians (Armenian: Ô»Ö€Õ¡Õ¶Õ¡Õ°Õ¡Õµ translit. ... Grabar meaning literary, Armenian was very developed by the time it came to be written down at the beginning of the 5th century. ... Sound shift can refer to: Chain shift Vowel shift This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ...

Ligatures

Ancient Armenian manuscripts used many ligatures to save space. Some of the commonly used ligatures are: ﬓ (մ+ն), ﬔ (մ+ե), ﬕ (մ+ի), ﬖ (վ+ն), ﬗ (մ+խ), և (ե+ւ), etc. After the invention of printing Armenian typefaces made a wide use of ligatures as well. It is important to note that in new orthography the և character is not a typographical ligature anymore, and must never be treated as such. It is a distinct letter and has its place in the new alphabetic sequence.

Punctuation marks

In Armenian ( , ) is a comma, ( : ) is the ordinary period, and ( ' ) is used as period for abbreviations. The question mark ( ՞ ) is placed between the last and the penultimate letters of the question word. The short stop ( ՝ ) placed in the same manner as the question mark, indicates a short pause that is longer than that of a comma, but shorter than that of a semicolon. The interjection sign ( ՛ ) is placed between the penultimate and last letter of the interjection. ( « » ) are used for quotation marks. The term comma has various uses; comma is the name used for one of the punctuation symbols: , The term comma is also used in music theory for various small intervals that arise as differences between approximately equal intervals. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The question mark(?) (also known as an interrogation point, query,[1] or eroteme) is a punctuation mark that replaces the full stop at the end of an interrogative sentence. ... An interjection is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. ... Quotation marks or inverted commas (also called quotes and speech marks) are punctuation marks used in pairs to set off speech, a quotation, a phrase or a word. ...

Transliteration

Main article: Romanization of Armenian

ISO 9985 (1996) transliterates the Armenian alphabet for modern Armenian as follows: There are various systems of romanization of the Armenian alphabet. ... The international standard ISO 9985 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Armenian characters. ...

In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, slightly different systems are in use (in particular note that č has a different meaning). Hübschmann-Meillet (1913) have

History and evolution

The Armenian alphabet was created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots in AD 405 primarily for a Bible translation in the Armenian language. Various scripts have been credited with being the prototype for the Armenian alphabet, including Pahlavi, Syriac, and Phoenician. It has also been suggested that Ethiopic had an influence on certain letters of the alphabet^[2]. However, the order of the letters suggests that it was likely based on the Greek alphabet. The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform abjad, used from around 1300 BC for the Ugaritic language, an extinct Canaanite language discovered in Ugarit, Syria. ... The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is an abjad of twenty-plus acrophonic glyphs, which is found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. ... The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to begin with a cut-off date of 1050 BCE. It was used by the Phoenicians to write Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. ... The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet is an offshoot of the Phoenician alphabet used to write the Hebrew language from about the 10th century BCE until it began to fall out of use in the 5th century BCE with the adoption of the Aramaic alphabet as a writing system for Hebrew and... Bilingual inscription (Greek and Aramaic) by the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great, 3rd century BC. The Aramaic alphabet is an abjad alphabet designed for writing the Aramaic language. ... Variation of BrāhmÄ« with dates. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas (writing systems) used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, Manchuria. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article or section uses Khmer characters which may be rendered as boxes or other nonsensical symbols. ... Javanese script is the script that Javanese is originally written in (not to be confused with Javascript, which is a programming language). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... 11th century book in Syriac Serto. ... The Nabatean alphabet is a consonantal alphabet (abjad) that was used by the Nabateans in the 2nd century BC. Important inscriptions are found in Petra. ... The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing languages such as Arabic, Persian, Urdu, and others. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... The Avestan alphabet was created in the 3rd century AD for writing the hymns of Zarathustra (a. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... For other uses, see Rune (disambiguation). ... Note: This article contains special characters. ...   The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Wulfila, used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. ... The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic alphabet. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet, the more commonly known Hebrew alphabet having been adapted from the Aramaic alphabet under the Persian Empire. ... Photograph of Botorrita 1 (both sides), 1st century BC. The Iberian scripts (or Iberian alphabet) are two scripts (or two styles of the same script) found on the Iberian peninsula, the Northeast and South Iberian script. ... The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in ca. ... Note: This article contains special characters. ... The Meroitic script is an alphabet of Egyptian (Hieroglyphic) origin used in Kingdom of Meroë. Some scholars, e. ... Jamo redirects here. ... Zhuyin fuhao (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chu-yin fu-hao), or Symbols for Annotating Sounds, often abbreviated as Zhuyin, or known as Bopomofo (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) after the first four letters of this Chinese phonemic alphabet (bo po mo fo), is the national phonetic system of the... Nearly all the segmental scripts (alphabets, but see below for more precise terminology) used around the globe were apparently derived from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. ... Saint Mesrob Mashdots (Armenian: Western:&#1348;&#1381;&#1405;&#1408;&#1400;&#1378; &#1348;&#1377;&#1399;&#1380;&#1400;&#1409;; Eastern:&#1348;&#1381;&#1405;&#1408;&#1400;&#1402; &#1348;&#1377;&#1399;&#1407;&#1400;&#1409; [Mesrop Mashtots]) (360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk, theologian and linguist. ... // Events Japanese court officially adopts the Chinese writing system (approximate date). ... The Bible has been translated into many languages. ... The Pahlavi script was used broadly in the Sasanid Persian Empire to write down Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes. ... 11th century book in Syriac Serto. ... The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to begin with a cut-off date of 1050 BCE. It was used by the Phoenicians to write Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. ... The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ...

Although both dialects of modern Armenian — Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian — use the same alphabet, due to the Western Armenian sound shift some letters are pronounced in a different way. This matters for the following letters (further information in the chart below): Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic). ... Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Diaspora, mainly in North America and Europe, but also in limited pockets of western Turkey and northern Syria. ...

• Stop consonants
  • բ ([b] to [pʰ]) and պ ([p] to [b])
  • դ ([d] to [tʰ]) and տ ([t] to [d])
  • գ ([g] to [kʰ]) and կ ([k] to [g])

• Affricate consonants
  • ջ ([d͡ʒ] to [t͡ʃʰ]) and ճ ([t͡ʃ] to [d͡ʒ])
  • ձ ([d͡z] to [t͡sʰ]) and ծ ([t͡s] to [d͡z])

Saint Mesrop Mashtots and a scholar, at the stone one can see the original letters (i.e. only uppercase) in their original shapes

The number and order of the letters have changed over time. In the Middle Ages two new letters (օ [o], ֆ[f]) were introduced in order to better represent foreign sounds; this increased the number of letters from 36 to 38. Furthermore, the diphthong աւ at the beginning of a word (if followed by a consonant) used to be pronounced [au] (like in down) in Classical Armenian, f.e. աւր (awr, [auɹ], day). Due to a sound shift it became pronounced [oɹ], and since the 13^th century it is written as օր (ōr). For this reason, today there are native Armenian words beginning with the letter օ (ō) although this letter was taken from the Greek alphabet to express the pronunciation of foreign words beginning with o [o]. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. ... Affricate consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or ) but release as a fricative (such as or or, in a couple of languages, into a fricative trill) rather than directly into the following vowel. ... Download high resolution version (1544x1024, 641 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1544x1024, 641 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Saint Mesrob Mashdots (Armenian: Western:&#1348;&#1381;&#1405;&#1408;&#1400;&#1378; &#1348;&#1377;&#1399;&#1380;&#1400;&#1409;; Eastern:&#1348;&#1381;&#1405;&#1408;&#1400;&#1402; &#1348;&#1377;&#1399;&#1407;&#1400;&#1409; [Mesrop Mashtots]) (360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk, theologian and linguist. ... In phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally with two sounds, or with two tones) is a monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme. ... Grabar meaning literary, Armenian was very developed by the time it came to be written down at the beginning of the 5th century. ... Sound shift can refer to: Chain shift Vowel shift This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BCE. It was the first alphabet in the narrow sense, that is, a writing system using a separate symbol for each vowel and consonant alike. ...

From 1922 to 1924, Soviet Armenia adopted a Reformed spelling of the Armenian language. This generally did not change the pronunciation of individual letters, with some exceptions. The Armenian Diaspora (including Armenians in Lebanon and Iran) have rejected the Reformed spelling and continue to use the classical Mashdotsian spelling. They criticize some aspects (see the footnotes of the chart) and allege political motives behind the reform. State motto: Armenian: ÕŠÖ€Õ¸Õ¬Õ¥Õ¿Õ¡Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€ Õ¢Õ¸Õ¬Õ¸Ö€ Õ¥Ö€Õ¯Ö€Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ«, միացեք! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Yerevan Official language Armenian and Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until November 29, 1920 December 30, 1922 September 21, 1991 Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 15th in the USSR 29,800 km² 4. ... The Spelling reform of the Armenian language 1922-1924 was conducted in the Armenian SSR. However, it is barely practiced outside of Armenia because it was not adopted by Armenians in the diaspora, which make up about half of the Armenian population. ...

Use of the Armenian alphabet for other languages

As Petross Ter Matossian from Columbia University informs, for about 250 years, from the early 18th century until around 1950, more than 2000 books were printed in the Turkish language using letters of the Armenian alphabet. Not only Armenians read Armeno-Turkish, but also the non-Armenian (including the Ottoman Turkish) elite. The Armenian alphabet was also used alongside the Arabic alphabet on official documents of the Ottoman Empire, but was written in the Ottoman language. For instance, the first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was 1851's Akabi, written in the Armenian script by Hovsep Vartan. Also, when the Armenian Duzoglu family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Abdulmejid, they kept records in the Armenian script, but in the Turkish language. Columbia University is a private research university in the United States and a member of the prestigious Ivy League. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Turkish (, ) is a language spoken by 65–73 million people worldwide, predominantly in Turkey, with smaller communities of speakers in Cyprus, Greece and Eastern Europe, as well as by several million immigrants in Western Europe, particularly Germany, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. ... For other uses, see Ottoman (disambiguation). ... Ottoman Turkish is the variant of the Turkish language which was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire, containing extensive borrowings from Arabic and Persian and written in Arabic script. ... A novel (from French nouvelle Italian novella, new) is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose. ...

Character Encodings

Unicode

The Armenian alphabet is one of the five modern European alphabetic scripts identified in the Unicode standard version 4.0. (The other modern European alphabets are Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Georgian.) ^[3] It is assigned the range U+0530–058F. Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the worlds writing systems. ... The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Five Armenian ligatures are encoded in the "Alphabetic presentation forms" block (code point range U+FB13–FB17)

Obsolete

ArmSCII-8

ArmSCII-8 is the 8-bit encoding of the Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange, developed between 1991 and 1999.^[4] It uses part of the upper 128 codes in an 8-bit encoding to represent the Armenian alphabet, leaving the lower 128 codes for another alphabetic script (often Latin or Cyrillic). This allows a single font to represent two alphabetic scripts. For example, the Latin characters could occupy part of the first 128 codes (e.g. ASCII) while the Armenian characters would occupy part of the upper 128 codes. Image:ASCII fullsvg There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ...

ArmSCII-8 was popular on the Windows 95 and Windows 98 operating systems. To be able to read in Armenian, users had to download a font that implements the ArmSCII-8 encoding. To be able to write in Armenian, users first had to download and install a freeware program that ran in the taskbar called "Armenian National Language Support."^[5] With this program, a user would be able to type in both Armenian and another alphabetic script without having to change fonts, switching between writing scripts and keyboard layouts by invoking a keyboard shortcut (often Alt + Shift).

With the development of the more advanced Unicode standard and its availability on the Windows 2000/XP/2003 and Linux operating systems, the ArmSCII-8 encoding has been rendered obsolete. Nevertheless, ArmSCII-8 can still be found in use on some websites, which have not yet made the transition to Unicode. Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the worlds writing systems. ...

Arasan-compatible

Arasan-compatible fonts are based on the encoding of the original Arasan font, which simply replaces the Latin characters (amongst others) of the ASCII encoding with Armenian ones. For example, the ASCII code for the Latin character <A> (65) represents the Armenian character <Ա>. Image:ASCII fullsvg There are 95 printable ASCII characters, numbered 32 to 126. ...

An advantage of Arasan-compatible fonts over ArmSCII-8 fonts is that writing does not require the installation of a separate program; once the font is installed and selected for use, the user could use her QWERTY keyboard to type in Armenian. A disadvantage over ArmSCII-8 is that an Arasan-compatible font can only be used for one alphabetic script; therefore, the user must change the Font family when creating a multi-script document (e.g. both Armenian and English). Another disadvantage is that Arasan-compatible fonts only come in one keyboard layout: Western Armenian phonetic. The QWERTY keyboard layout used by Windows in the US A standard Hebrew keyboard showing both Hebrew and QWERTY layouts QWERTY (pronounced ) is the most common modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. ...

While Arasan-compatible fonts were popular among many users on Windows 95 and 98, it has been rendered obsolete by the Unicode standard. However, a few websites continue to use it.

The Arasan font's legacy is the phonetic Armenian keyboard layouts that ship with Windows 2000/XP/2003, which are almost identical to the Arasan keyboard layout.

Computer Fonts

The Armenian alphabet is available for use on personal computers in a variety of operating systems as installable fonts. The native Windows XP font Sylfaen implements the Unicode Armenian character set. The open source package DejaVu fonts implements the Unicode Armenian character set and is popular on Linux. Note that since they are portable, fonts from one operating system (e.g. Windows) may be installed on another (e.g. Linux). It has been suggested that Maintenance OS be merged into this article or section. ... Sylfaen is an OpenType typeface packaged with Windows XP. This typography-related article is a stub. ... The DejaVu fonts are modifications of the Bitstream Vera fonts. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ...

Keyboard Layouts

An operating system can be configured to use a variety of keyboard layouts to suit the user's needs. For example, both English and Western Armenian keyboard layouts may be configured, with the user being able to switch between the two using a keyboard shortcut (often alt + shift). A standard Hebrew keyboard showing both Hebrew and English (QWERTY) letters. ...

Windows 2000/XP/2003

Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 2003 ship with two Armenian language keyboard layouts: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian.^[6] They are both based on the keyboard layout of a popular Armenian font for Windows 95 named Arasan. These keyboard layouts are generally phonetic. However, since some letters in the Armenian alphabet do not have an obvious corresponding character in the Latin alphabet, they are often approximated (for example, Խ maps to Q). Also, since there are more letters in the Armenian alphabet (38) than in Latin (26), some Armenian characters appear on non-alphabetic keys on a conventional English language keyboard (for example, շ maps to ,). The QWERTY keyboard layout used by Windows in the US A standard Hebrew keyboard showing both Hebrew and QWERTY layouts QWERTY (pronounced ) is the most common modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter keyboards. ...

Western Armenian keyboard layout of Windows 2000/XP/2003

Eastern Armenian keyboard layout of Windows 2000/XP/2003

Armenian keyboard layouts for Windows 2000/XP/2003 created by third parties include the Armenian Phonetic Eastern and the Armenian Typewriter Eastern.^[7] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1018x336, 16 KB) The Western Armenian keyboard layout that ships with Windows XP; it has recently been included in Linux, via Freedesktop. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1018x336, 16 KB) The Western Armenian keyboard layout that ships with Windows XP; it has recently been included in Linux, via Freedesktop. ... Western Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian, an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Diaspora, mainly in North America and Europe, but also in limited pockets of western Turkey and northern Syria. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1018x336, 16 KB) The Eastern Armenian keyboard layout that ships with Windows XP; it has recently been included in Linux, via Freedesktop. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1018x336, 16 KB) The Eastern Armenian keyboard layout that ships with Windows XP; it has recently been included in Linux, via Freedesktop. ... Eastern Armenian is one of the two modern dialects of Armenian (an Indo-European language), spoken in the Caucasus mountains (particularly in the Armenian Republic). ...

Use of Armenian keyboard layouts on Windows 2000/XP/2003 systems require explicit configuration by the user.^[8]

Linux

Each Linux distribution may come pre-configured with a unique set of keyboard layouts. To provide some consistency amongst themselves, Linux distributions often pull their layouts from the XKeyboard Configuration component of Freedesktop.org. As of November, 2006, Freedesktop.org contains 5 Armenian keyboard layouts, including 2 layouts identical to the ones from Windows XP.^[9] As of version 10.1, SUSE Linux supports 2 Armenian keyboard layouts; it does not include the Windows XP layouts, but it is possible to manually install these.^[10] A Linux distribution, often simply distribution or distro, is a member of the Linux family of Unix-like operating systems comprising the Linux kernel, the non-kernel parts of the GNU operating system, and assorted other software. ... freedesktop. ... SUSE (pronounced IPA: , properly (in German), ZOO-za, loosely SOO-sa [1] in English) is a major retail Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Novell, Inc. ...

Use of Armenian keyboard layouts on Linux usually requires explicit configuration by the user. Users of the GNOME desktop may do so by using the GNOME Keyboard Indicator applet.^[11] GNOME (for GNU Network Object Model Environment) is a computer desktop environment for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems. ...

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 334th day of the year (335th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Armenian language
• Traditional Armenian orthography
• Reformed Armenian orthography
• Armenian calendar
• ISO 9985

The Armenian language (Armenian: , IPA: — hayeren lezu, conventional short form hayeren) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian people in the Republic of Armenia, in Georgia (especially in Samtskhe-Javakheti), Mountainous Karabakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and also used by the Armenian diaspora. ... Traditional Armenian orthography (also known as classical orthography and Mashdotsian orthography) is the orthography developed during the early 19th century for the two modern dialects of the Armenian language - Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian. ... The Spelling reform of the Armenian language 1922-1924 was conducted in the Armenian SSR. However, it is barely practiced outside of Armenia because it was not adopted by Armenians in the diaspora, which make up about half of the Armenian population. ... The Armenian calendar uses the Armenian numerals. ... The international standard ISO 9985 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Armenian characters. ...

External links

• theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
• Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
• stnersess.edu: Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish

Unicode Support for Armenian

• Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
• transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)

v • d • e  Armenia-related topics
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