Patriarch Harutyun I

The Ottoman rule of Armenia or Ottoman Armenia, beginning with the rule of Selim II (1524 – 1574) becomes the integral part of the Ottoman Empire. However, the initial accession begins with Mehmed II, who also offered the Ottoman support to initiate Armenian Patriarch in Constantinople. This rule continued 300 years till the following the Russo–Turkish War (1828–1829), when the Eastern Armenia of this territory was ceded to the Russian Empire. The remaining Ottoman Armenia, composed of 6 vilayets (Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Kharput, and Sivas^[1]), till World War I, under Ottoman rule was also referred to as Western Armenia. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x613, 339 KB){{PD} published 1878, drawing from a travellers guide. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (400x613, 339 KB){{PD} published 1878, drawing from a travellers guide. ... “Ottoman” redirects here. ... Selim II (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثانى SelÄ«m-i sānÄ«, Turkish:)(May 28, 1524 – December 12, 1574) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death. ... “Ottoman” redirects here. ... Mehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثانى , Turkish: ), (also known as el-Fatih (الفاتح), the Conqueror, in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... The Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople is today head of one of the smallest Patriarchates of the Oriental Orthodox Church but has exerted a very significant political role and today still exercises a spiritual authority which earns him considerable respect among Orthodox churches. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... The Russo–Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greeks struggle for independence. ... Eastern Armenia or Russian Armenia is the portion of Ottoman Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia. ... Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 As well as the provinces there were three tributary states (Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, and Moldavia) and Transylvania, a principality under the suzerainty of the Porte. ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ... Bitlis is a city in Turkey, capital of Bitlis Province. ... Diyarbakırs early Byzantine city walls stretch unbroken for 6 kilometres A busy food market in central Diyarbakır The 12th century Ulu Cami dominates the city skyline Diyarbakır (Kurdish: Amed or Diyarbekir; Syriac: ; Greek: Amida; Armenian: Ô±Õ´Õ«Õ¤ Amid) is a major city in the Kurdish dominated southeastern Turkey... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Religion

Main article: List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople

Haik, the legendary ancestor of the Armenians. ... The name Armenia is an exonym, the Armenian language name for the country being Hayk‘ (see Haik for a discussion of that name). ... Haik is the legendary establisher of the first Armenian nation. ... Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa was a confederation formed between the Kingdoms of Hayasa located South of Trabzon and Azzi, located North of the Euphrates and to the South of Hayasa. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Urartu at its greatest extent 743 BC Urartu (Biainili in Urartian) was an ancient kingdom in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered around Lake Van (present-day eastern Turkey). ... The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (sometimes referred to as Armenia Minor) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. ... The Orontid Dynasty was the first Armenian dynasty. ... Sophene as part of the Empire of Tigranes The Kingdom of Sophene (Armenian: ) was an ancient Armenian kingdom. ... The Artaxiad Dynasty ruled Armenia from 189 BC until their overthrow by the Romans in AD 12. ... Map showing Commagene as a tributary kingdom of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great. ... The Arsacid Dynasty (Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from AD 54 to 428. ... The medieval history of Armenia covers the history of Armenia during the Middle Ages. ... Marzpanate period is the time in Armenian history after the fall of the Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia in 428, when most of Armenia was governed by Marzbans (Governors-general of the boundaries), nominated by the Sassanid Persian King. ... Byzantine Armenia is the name given to the Armenian part of the Byzantine Empire. ... The Arab conquest of Armenia was a part of the Muslim conquests which began after the death of the prophet Muhammad. ... The Bagratuni or Bagratid royal dynasty of Armenia (Armenian: Բագրատունյաց Արքայական Տոհմ or Bagratunyac Arqayakan Tohm) is a royal family whose branches formerly ruled many regional polities, including Armenian lands of Syunik, Lori, Vaspurakan, Kars, Taron, and Tayk. ... Vaspurakan was a province and then kingdom of Greater Armenia during the Middle Ages. ... The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199-1375. ... Zakarid Armenia Ca. ... Persian Armenia, AD 387-591 Persian Armenia corresponds to the Armenian territory controlled by Persia throughout history. ... Eastern Armenia or Russian Armenia is the portion of Ottoman Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... Contemporary political cartoon portraying Hamid as a butcher of the Armenians During the long reign of Sultan Hamid, unrest and rebellion occurred in many areas of the Ottoman Empire. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Motto None Anthem Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland) Map of the Democratic Republic of Armenia from March 1919 to March 1920. ... State motto: Պրոլետարներ բոլոր երկրների, միացեք! (Workers of the world, unite!) Official language None. ... The military history of Armenia encompasses a period of several thousand years, as the Armenian people have existed as a nation since the Early Bronze Age. ... // 883 BC: Foundation of the Kingdom of Urartu with Aramé. 834-828 BC: Reign of Sarduri I who constructs Tushpa (Van). ...

Architects

Main article: Balyan family

The Balyan family is a dynasty of famous Ottoman imperial architects of Armenian ethnicity, who designed and constructed numerous magnificent buildings like sultan palaces, kiosks, mosques, churches and various public buildings mostly in Ä°stanbul for five generations in the 18th and 19th century. ...

History 1453 to 1829

Armenians preserved their culture, history, and language regardless of Ottoman oppression, largely thanks to their distinct religious identity from the neighbouring Kurds and Turks. Like the Greek Orthodox and Jewish minorities of the Ottoman Empire, they constituted a distinct millet, led by the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople. Under this system, Christians and Jews were considered second-class citizens; they were victims of elevated taxation and unable to seek legal recourse in the courts.^[2] According to Turkish sources, under the Ottoman rule, Armenians formed three millets: Armenian Orthodox Gregorians, Armenian Catholics, and Armenian Protestants (which was formed in the 19th century).^[3] Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ... Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person, being a member of a discriminated group, who is systematically discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction. ... Official standard of Karekin II Catholicos of Armenia The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի, Hay Arakelagan Yegeghetzi), sometimes called the Armenian Orthodox Church or the Gregorian Church, is the worlds oldest national church[1] [2] and one of the most ancient Christian communities [3]. // Baptism of Tiridates III. The earliest... After the Armenian Apostolic Church, along with the rest of Oriental Orthodoxy, formally broke off communion from the Chalcedonian churches, numerous Armenian bishops made attempts to restore communion with the Catholic Church (Rome). ... The Armenian Evangelical Church (Armenian: Հայ Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople. ...

After many centuries of Ottoman occupation, the centres with a high concentration of Armenians lost their geographic continuity (parts of Van, Bitlis, and Kharput vilayets), because over the years, pockets of Kurds and Turks infiltrated into traditionally Armenian land. Regardless of Ottoman rule and an increasingly strong presence of Muslims, Armenians continued to be the majority group in Western Armenia well into the 19th century. They kept and defended factual autonomy in certain isolated areas like Sassoun, Shatakh, and parts of Dersim. An Armenian stronghold and a symbol of factual Armenian autonomy, Zeitoun (Ulnia) was located between the Six Vilayets and Cilicia, which also had a strong Armenian presence ever since the creation of the Pricipality (and then Kingdom) of Lesser Armenia. However, due to Ottoman interference and genocide, the autonomous areas were disintegrated. A majority is a subset of a group that is more than half of the entire group. ... Sason is a district of Batman Province, Turkey. ... Çatak is a district of Van Province of Turkey. ... Tunceli is a province in eastern Turkey. ... Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. ... The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (sometimes referred to as Armenia Minor) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ...

There were also significant communities in parts of Trabzon and Ankara vilayets bordering Six Vilayets (like in Kayseri (Gessaria)). Many Armenians settled in Western Anatolia, in the traditionally Ottoman cities of Istanbul and Izmir. The Sultan promoted Armenian migration within the borders of the empire in order to reduce the native Armenian population of historic Armenia, and reduce the Greek majority population of Western Anatolia by adding non-Greeks. Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond (Greek: ), is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. ... Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the countrys second largest city after İstanbul. ... Kayseri (Greek: Καισάρεια), in the antiquity Mazaka and later Caesarea, is an industrialized city in Turkey. ... Look up Ottoman, ottoman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ... Shows the Location of the Province İzmir Izmir from space, June 1996 Izmir (Turkish spelling İzmir, contraction of its former name Smyrna), the second-largest port (after İstanbul) and the third most populous city (2,409,000 in 2000) of Turkey, is located on the Aegean Sea near the Gulf...

Reformation Period, 1830

In 1856, the Hatt-ı Hümayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. In 1863 the Armenian National Constitution (Ottoman Turkish:"Nizâmnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân") was Ottoman Empire approved form of the "Code of Regulations" composed of 150 articles drafted by the "Armenian intelligentsia", which defined the powers of Patriarch (position in Ottoman Millet) and newly formed "Armenian National Assembly".^[4] The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the Kanûn-ı Esâsî (meaning "Basic Law" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. "Firman of the Reforms" gave immense privileges to the Armenians, which formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the aristocratic dominance of the Armenian nobles by development of the political strata in the society.^[5] 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Edict, Imperial Reform Edict or Rescript of Reform) was a February 18, 1856 edict of the Ottoman government and part of the Tanzimat reforms. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane was an 1839 proclamation by Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization. ... Year 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Armenian National Constitution or Regulation of the Armenian Nation (Turkish:Nizâmnâme-i Millet-i Ermeniyân) (1863) was Ottoman Empire approved form of the Code of Regulations composed of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia (Dr. Nahabed Rusinian, Dr. Sevichen, Nigoghos Balian, Krikor Odian and Krikor Margosian... “Ottoman” redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Armenian National Assembly was the governing body of the Armenian Millet established by Armenian National Constitution of 1863 under Ottoman Empire. ... The Kanûn-ı Esâsî (قانون اساسى) was the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire. ... This is a list of articles about the fundamental constitutional laws, known as Basic Laws, of various jurisdictions. ... The Young Ottomans (Turkish: Yeni Osmanlilar) were a group of Turkish nationalist intellectuals formed in 1865, influenced by such Western thinkers as Montesquieu and Rousseau and the French Revolution. ... is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1876 Pick up Sticks(MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      The term aristocracy refers to a form of government where power is held by a small number of individuals from an elite or from noble families. ... The Lords and Barons prove their Nobility by hanging their Banners and exposing their Coats-of-arms at the Windows of the Lodge of the Heralds. ...

World War One

Western Armenia had lost its Armenian majority during the Armenian Genocide of World War I. Armenian Genocide photo. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ...

Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor as of early 20th Century (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911).

Most Western Armenians died during the genocide of 1915 (1.5 million out of a pre-war population of approximately 2 million or more). However, many escaped to the Middle East and Balkans, and eventually became organized communities with certain degrees of political influence in their host countries. Many also moved to Europe and North America to find better living conditions. During these migrations, most Western Armenians preserved their culture due to their life being traditionally revolved around the Armenian church and adjacent community centres. However, some Armenians distanced themselves from the community and became assimilated. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 562 pixels Full resolution (1212 × 852 pixel, file size: 476 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor according The Historical Atlas, William R. Shepherd. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 562 pixels Full resolution (1212 × 852 pixel, file size: 476 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor according The Historical Atlas, William R. Shepherd. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Ottoman Armenian population size within the Ottoman Empire between 1914 and 1915 is a controversial topic. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ...

Timeline

• 1461 Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople established by then the Ottoman Emperor, Mehmed II
• 1478 Armenian migration to Bruges, Belgium
• 1489-1588 Sinan, greatest architect of Ottoman Empire
• 1512 Printing of first Armenian books
• 1519 Decree of King Sigismund I that Armenians in Poland by governed under code of laws by Mkhitar Gosh
• 1547-1575 Secret Church meetings to seek ways to help Armenia
• 1555 Ottoman-Persian partition of Armenia
• 1567 Establishment of Armenian printing press in Constantinople
• 1637-1695 Eremia Kiumurjian, historian, poet, musician
• 1648 Major earthquake in Van
• 1712-1795 Sayat Nova, renowned Armenian poet troubadour
• 1759 Arrival of Hovsep Emin in Armenia
• 1778 Establishment of Nor Nakhichevan
• 1809-1848 Khachatur Abovian, novelist poet, playwright
• 1810,1818 Zeitountsi revolts
• 1811 Mkhitarist order of Vienna founded
• 1813 Treaty of Gulistan
• 1824 Founding of Nersessian Academy in Tiflis
• 1826-1858 Nickolas Balian, architect in Constantinople
• 1827 Occupation of Yerevan by Russian forces
• 1828 Treaty of Turkmanchay awards Nakhichevan and area around Erevan to Russia, strengthening Russian control of Transcaucasus and beginning period of modernization and security.

See: Eastern Armenia

this timeline continuous for Western Armenia.

• 1896 1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover
• 1905 Yıldız Attempt
• 1915 Armenian Genocide

Mehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثانى , Turkish: ), (also known as el-Fatih (الفاتح), the Conqueror, in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... Joseph Emin (Armenian: , Hovsep Emin) (1726-1809), was a prominent figure of the Armenian national liberation movement who travelled to various European countries and Russia in order to secure support for the liberation of Armenia from Persia and the Ottoman Empire. ... Portrait of Khachatur Abovian Khachatur Abovian (Armenian: ) (15 October 1805–1848) was an Armenian writer and national public figure of the early 19th century who mysteriously vanished in 1848 and was presumed dead. ... Eastern Armenia was the portion of Ottoman Armenia and Persian Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... This article is about the historical subregion in Eurasia. ... The 1986 Ottoman Bank Takeover was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire on August 26, 1896 by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party). ... Picture dramatizing the Yildiz attempt. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ...

Gallery

See also

• Ottoman Armenia:
  • Greater Armenia:
    • Eastern Armenia
    • Western Armenia
• Lesser Armenia (Cilicia)
• Armenian-Turkish relations
• Armenians in Turkey

Ottoman Armenia or Turkish Armenia was the Armenian part of the Ottoman Empire. ... // Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland... Eastern Armenia was the portion of Ottoman Armenia and Persian Armenia that was ceded to the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. ... This article is about the historical subregion in Eurasia. ... The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (sometimes referred to as Armenia Minor) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. ... There are currently no formal diplomatic relations between Armenia and Turkey. ... Armenians in Turkish national movement Armenians in Turkey (Turkish: ; Armenian: , the latter meaning Istanbul-Armenian) have an estimated population of 40,000 (1995) to 70,000. ...

References