NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Armored warfare

Armoured warfare in 119 00:30, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... modern warfare is understood to be the use of An armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) is a military vehicle, equipped with protection against hostile attacks and often mounted weapons. Most AFVs are equipped for driving in rugged terrain. Types of AFVs Tank Armoured personnel carrier (APC) Infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) Assault gun Anti-tank vehicle Armored car Self-propelled artillery... armoured fighting vehicles as a central component of the Military science concerns itself with the study and of the diverse technical, psychological, and practical phenomena that encompass the events that make up warfare, especially armed combat. It strives to be an all-encompassing scientific system that if properly employed, will greatly enhance the practitioners ability to prevail in... methods of war.

First World War and Interwar

Modern armoured warfare began with the development of the The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. The turret is low-profile, well-integrated into the overall shape of the vehicle. A tank is a tracked and armoured combat vehicle (armoured fighting vehicle), designed primarily to destroy enemy ground forces by direct fire. A modern... tank during the Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I (also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars) was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... First World War.

Following the First World War, the technical and doctrinal aspects of armoured warfare became more sophisticated and diverged into multiple schools.

Self-propelled Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Modern Artillery Modern artillery is distinguished by its large calibre, firing an explosive shell... artillery, Anti-tank, or simply AT, refers to any method of combating military armored fighting vehicles, notably tanks. The most common forms of anti-tank systems are cannons with a high muzzle velocity, wire guided missiles in various forms, and various autocannon firing penetrating ammunition. Early systems Small cannon and large... anti-tank, and American troops man an anti-aircraft gun near the Algerian coastline in 1943 Anti-aircraft, or air defense, is any method of combating military aircraft from the ground. Various guns and cannons have been used in this role since the first military aircraft were used in World War I, growing... anti-air vehicles were first developed during the interwar period.

A knocked-out The Federal Republic of Germany ( German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the worlds leading industrialised countries, located in the heart of Europe. Due to its central location, Germany has more neighbours than any other European country: these are Denmark in the north, Poland and the Czech Republic in the... German First Tiger I tank captured near Tunis The Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. E Tiger I (also called Mark VIE, Panzer VIE, Pzkw VIE, SdKfz 181, or Sonderkraftfahrzeug 181) was a German tank of World War II. That name replaced the earlier name of Panzerkampfwagen VI Ausf. H in March 1943. In... Tiger tank (Panzer VI) of Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II. The top of the hull has been blown right off by internal explosion, and the turret has ended up resting on the wreckage. Photo by US Army Center for Military History Online.

Second World War

Modern armour warfare doctrine was developed and established during the run up to German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. The German invasion... World War 2.

The fundamental key to warfare is the concentration of force at a particular point.

Concentration of force permits the guarantee or near-guarantee of victory in a particular engagement. Correctly chosen and exploited, victory in a given engagement or a small number of engagements is often sufficient to win the battle.

For example, imagine a straight defensive line composed of say two infantry and two armoured This article is about the arithmetic operation. For other uses, see Division (disambiguation). In mathematics, especially in elementary arithmetic, division is an arithmetic operation which is the reverse operation of multiplication, and sometimes it can be interpreted as repeated subtraction. Specifically, if a × b = c, where b is not... divisions, deployed equally along the length of the line. A numerically equivalent attacker can win by concentrating his armour at one point (with his infantry holding the rest of the line), thus guaranteeing the forcing of the line, then passing through, turning the flank of the two halves of the defensive line and rolling them up.

The defensive line could attempt to counter-attack, but it is not strong at any point and although the combined infantry/armour attack of the defenders is stronger than an infantry only attack, it is not very much stronger (since the divisions are spread out along the entire line) and it is in general much easier to defend than attack.

A major aspect of all warfare is the simple formula that the combat power of a combat unit is the square of the number of members of that unit.

Thus, concentrating two divisions into one point and attacking generates a far, far greater force than is achieved by spreading two divisions into a line and pushing forward on a broad front.

Concentration of force requires mobility (to permit rapid concentration) and power (to be effective in combat once concentrated).

The The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. The turret is low-profile, well-integrated into the overall shape of the vehicle. A tank is a tracked and armoured combat vehicle (armoured fighting vehicle), designed primarily to destroy enemy ground forces by direct fire. A modern... Tank embodies these two properties and so is the primary weapon.

Prior to World War 2, This article discusses ungulate mammals. For other meanings of horse, see Horse (disambiguation). The Horse (Equus caballus) is a large ungulate mammal, one of the seven modern species of the genus Equus. It has long played an important role in transportation; whether ridden, or when pulling a chariot, carriage, horse... horse mounted An army unit consisting of mounted soldiers are commonly known as cavalry. Cavalry fight from the backs of their mounts, which most often are horses or camels. Infantry travelling by horse and fighting on foot are instead known as dragoons. Modern cavalry units are generally not mounted on horseback (save... Cavalry performed what is now the tank role; fast and powerful. In all armies there was a great deal of resistance to the introduction of the tank (due to the concomitant replacement of the horse), in particular as Cavalry units were regarded as the elite and had a lot of influence within the army.

The German military in particular were about ten years ahead of everyone else in developing the theory, and adopting the practise, of armoured warfare, and this advantage enabled them to conquer most of Europe; their opponents were still using obsolete strategy and tactics and were entirely unable to meet and defeat the new paradym practised by the German Army.

Indeed, it was only towards the later years of the war, with the invasion of the European mainland, that the Allied Armies began to properly practise armoured warefare. In 1942 and 1943, the Allies consistently lost armoured battles in the North African desert due to improper tactics; in particular, running armoured formations into opposing anti-tank positions.

In the UK and in France, armour was accepted into the Army, but using a division of labour: some as infantry support weapons, others as cavalry replacements. As such, British and French infantry tanks were heavily armoured but too slow, whereas British cavalry tanks were swift but poorly armoured. Germans tanks were designed for independent mobile operations and were all-around tanks: lighter, considerably more mobile but more weakly armed and armoured than the infantry tanks; tanks were not yet seen to be a primary anti-tank weapon. At the start of the German invasion, the French possessed more tanks and, in one-to-one terms, better tanks, than the Germans; but what mattered was how the tanks were used, and the French distributed half of theirs amongst independent tank battalions for infantry support, rendering them impotent. The Germans in 1940 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-February January 5 - FM radio is demonstrated to the FCC for the first time. January 6 - World War II: Mass execution of Poles, committed by Germans in the Poznan, Warthegau. January 12 - World War... 1940 concentrated all their tanks into Panzer divisions and used them for a strategic envelopment, smashing their way through the French defensive line and onto The Channel.

To counter such attacks, a mobile anti-tank forward must be held in reserve and moved to meet the attack. The French had no strategic reserve at all; let alone a highly mobile reserve, which was crucial in their failure to resist the German penetration.

Arab-Israeli wars

Both sides in this series of conflicts have made heavy use of tanks and other armoured vehicles. Up until the 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. Events January January 1 - United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union. January 3 - Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George... 1973 The Yom Kippur War (also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the October War and Ramadan War), was fought from October 6 (the day of Yom Kippur) to October 22/24, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Egypt and Syria. Summary President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt died... Yom Kippur War, Israeli armoured units typically had the advantage, mainly due to good tactics and unit cohesion. In 1973, The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israel failed to understand the importance of the introduction of An Anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) is a missile the primary purpose of which is to hit and destroy tanks. An alternative name is Anti-tank guided weapon (ATGW). ATGMs can be guided into the target by several methods, such as laser guiding, laser marking, TV camera, wire-guiding etc... anti-tank guided missiles. Hundreds of AT-3 Sagger man-portable anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) supplied to the Egyptians by the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик... Soviet Union inflicted heavy losses on Israeli tanks. Since then, ATGMs have played an important role with Israeli forces too. They are some of the leaders in the development of missile-based "tank destroyers". When an Israeli infantry unit moved up to engage the anti-tank missiliers, they were able to easily defeat them - strong evidence that tanks operating on their own have some severe weaknesses.

Today, Isreali's Merkava class main battle tanks were developed against the role of anti tank weapons. Special "spaced armor" protects the critical points of the tank such as the engines, fuel and ammo compartments. The heavily armored tank is one of the most advanced in the world. Its design and technology gives its a crew an exceptionally high chance of survive when faced with even the strongest anti tank weapons and tactics.

NATO and Warsaw Pact

During the The Cold War ( 1947- 1991) was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between groups of nations practicing different ideologies and political systems. On one side was the Soviet Union and its allies, often referred to as the Eastern bloc. On the other side were the... Cold War, For the National Association of Theatre Owners, please see National Association of Theatre Owners. The flag of NATO NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support... NATO and the Map of Warsaw Pact member countries. The Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Treaty, officially named the Treaty of friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance was a military alliance of the Eastern European Soviet Bloc countries, who intended to organize against the perceived threat from the NATO alliance (which had been established... Warsaw Pact assumed armoured warfare to be a dominant aspect of conventional ground warfare in Europe.

A Warrior vehicle with UN markings, on the making of the eponymous film. Infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) is a type of armoured fighting vehicle. IFVs are armoured personnel carriers or APCs with enhanced armament and armour, designed to give direct-fire support to infantry during a battle. They are usually... Infantry fighting vehicles were first developed in the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around the world. Many of the trends of... 1960s with the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) .( Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик... Soviet Union's The BMP-1 is a Soviet infantry fighting vehicle which was first introduced in the early 1960s. In the 1980s a improved version called the BMP-2 was introduced. The BMP is amphibious. Production History The BMP-1 first appeared in November 1967 and was the first Soviet infantry fighting... BMP-1.

A helicopter is an aircraft which is lifted and propelled by one or more large horizontal rotors (propellers). Helicopters are classified as rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from conventional fixed-wing aircraft. The word helicopter is derived from the Greek words helix (spiral) and pteron (wing). The engine-driven... Rotary-wing aircraft were built and theorised as "flying tanks."

Tank tactics

An General Characteristics (M2 Bradley) Length: 21 ft 2 in (6.55 m) Width: 11.83 ft (3.6 m) Height: 11.8 ft (3.59 m) Weight: 50,000 lb (22.7 t) unloaded; 67,000 lb (30.4 t) loaded Speed: Road: 38 mph (66 km/h) Off-road... M2 Bradley A Warrior vehicle with UN markings, on the making of the eponymous film. Infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) is a type of armoured fighting vehicle. IFVs are armoured personnel carriers or APCs with enhanced armament and armour, designed to give direct-fire support to infantry during a battle. They are usually... IFV from A Company, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment at Fort Benning is a base facility of the United States military outside Columbus, Georgia. The base has a large basic training facility for infantry, and is home to the Infantry Training Brigade of the United States Army as well being the Armys foremost airborne (parachuting) training center. Fort Benning... Fort Benning practicing firing the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster cannon.

Tanks rarely work alone; the usual minimum unit size is a See also Platoon (movie) and platoon (automobile) for the concept for reducing traffic congestion. Platoon is a term from military science. In an army, a platoon is a unit of thirty to forty soldiers typically commanded by a Lieutenant assisted by a non-commissioned officer. A platoon is formed by... platoon (or troop) of four to five tanks. The tanks of the platoon work together providing mutual support: two might advance while covered by the others then stop and provide cover for the remainder to move ahead.

Normally, multiple platoons would coordinate with Mechanized infantry are infantry troops that use armoured fighting vehicles for transport and as heavy weapons support in combat. This kind of infantry is a development of the common infantry, and the tactics are usually more aggressive. Mechanized infantry in its current form was first developed during World War II... mechanised infantry and utilise their mobility and firepower to penetrate weak-points in enemy lines. This is where the powerful engines, tracks and turrets come into play. The possible turret rotation of a full 360 degrees allows for coordinated movement within and between platoons, while defending against attacks from multiple directions and engaging troops and vehicles without stopping or slowing down. When defensive, they would wait in prepared positions or use any natural terrain elements (such as small hills) for cover. A tank sitting just behind a hill crest ("hull down") exposes only the top of its turret, with the gun and sensors, to the enemy - providing the smallest possible target while allowing it to engage almost anything on the other side of the hill. Tanks are usually able to depress the main gun below the horizontal since KE rounds have fairly flat trajectories. Without this they would be unable to exploit such positions. However upon cresting the hill, the tank will expose its underside to enemy weapons.

Without tanks and infantry working together, problems can arise. During the The Yom Kippur War (also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the October War and Ramadan War), was fought from October 6 (the day of Yom Kippur) to October 22/24, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Egypt and Syria. Summary President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt died... Yom Kippur War, The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israeli tanks operating alone in large numbers were decimated by The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egyptian infantry with An Anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) is a missile the primary purpose of which is to hit and destroy tanks. An alternative name is Anti-tank guided weapon (ATGW). ATGMs can be guided into the target by several methods, such as laser guiding, laser marking, TV camera, wire-guiding etc... anti-tank guided missiles. When Israeli infantry and artillery were brought in to help the tanks, the tables were turned and the Egyptian units were suppressed with reduced losses to the Israeli troops. This is an extreme example but exemplifies what has been fairly thoroughly documented since the second World War: tanks and infantry work best by taking advantage of each other's strengths and combining to minimise the weaknesses. In many conflicts, it was usual to see infantry riding on the back of tanks, ready to jump off and provide support when necessary. Unfortunately, the design of many modern tanks makes this a dangerous practice. The The M1 Abrams main battle tank is the principal combat tank of the United States Army. It is named after General Creighton Abrams, former Army Chief of Staff and commander of the Armys 37th Armored Battalion. Production history The M1 Abrams was designed by the General Dynamics Corporation and... M1 Abrams, for example, has such hot exhaust gas that nearby infantry have to be careful where they stand. Tanks can also be very vulnerable to well aimed Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution Modern Artillery Modern artillery is distinguished by its large calibre, firing an explosive shell... artillery; well-coordinated air support and counter-battery artillery units can help overcome this.

The deposition of armour around a tank is not uniform; the front is better armoured than the sides or rear. Accordingly, normal practice is to keep the front towards the enemy at all times, the tank retreats by reversing instead of turning around. Driving backwards away from an enemy is even safer than driving forwards towards them since driving forwards over a bump can throw the front of the tank up in the air, exposing the thin armour of the underside and taking the gun off the target due to its limited angle of depression.

The tracks, wheels and suspension of a tank are outside the armoured hull and are some of the most vulnerable spots. The easiest way to disable a tank (other than a direct hit in a vulnerable area with a full-power anti-tank weapon) is to target the tracks for a "mobility kill". Once a tank is disabled it is easier to destroy. This is why side-skirts are an important feature; they can deflect heavy machine-gun bullets and trigger the detonation of HEAT rounds before they strike the running gear. Other vulnerable parts of a typical tank include the engine deck (with air intakes, radiators, etc.) and the turret ring, where the turret joins the hull.

When used defensively tanks are often sunk into trenches or placed behind earth A berm is a level space or shelf separating two features. Archeologists use the term to define narrow spaces such as those between banks and ditches . It can also be used to describe a linear bank raised to separate two areas. In mediaeval military engineering a berm or berme was... berms for increased protection. The tanks can fire off a few shots from their defensive position, then retreat (reversing) to another prepared position further back and drive behind the berms or into the trenches there. These positions can be constructed by the tank crews, but preparations are better and quicker if carried out by combat engineers with bulldozers. Overhead protection, even if it is fairly thin, can also be very useful since it can help pre-detonate artillery shells and avoid direct hits from above which can be deadly to tanks, by striking them at their thinnest armour. In short, tank crews find as many ways as possible to augment the armour on their vehicles.

Tanks usually go into battle with a round in the gun, ready to fire, to minimise reaction time when encountering an enemy. The US doctrine calls for this round to be a kinetic energy round, as the reaction time is most important when meeting enemy tanks, to get the first shot (and possibly the first kill). If troops or light vehicles are encountered, the usual response is to fire this round at them, despite it not being ideal - it is difficult and time-consuming to remove a round which is already in the Breech may refer to: A breech birth The part of a firearm behind the barrel. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix... breech. In this case, after the KE round is fired, a HEAT round would normally be loaded next to continue the engagement.

Tanks can be decisive in city fighting, with the ability to demolish walls and fire medium and heavy machine guns in several directions simultaneously. However, tanks are especially vulnerable in urban combat. It's much easier for enemy infantry to sneak up behind a tank or fire at its sides, where it is most vulnerable. In addition, firing down from multi-story buildings allows shots at the soft upper turret armour and even basic weapons like Molotov cocktail is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. Commonly associated with irregular military forces and rioters, they are more frequently used for basic arson. Composition A Molotov cocktail (or petrol bomb) consists of a glass bottle partly filled with flammable liquid, usually petrol (gasoline) or... molotov cocktails, if aimed at the engine air intakes, can disable a tank. Because of these limitations, tanks are difficult to use in city conflicts where civilians or friendly forces might be nearby, since their firepower can't be used effectively.

Airborne threats

AH-64 Apache, an attack helicopter designed to destroy armoured vehicles.

Tanks and other armoured vehicles are vulnerable to attack from the air for several reasons. One is that they are easily detectable - the metal they are made of shows up well on radar, and is especially obvious if they are moving in formation. A moving tank also products a lot of heat, noise and dust. The heat makes seeing them on a forward-looking infra-red system easy and the dust is a good visual clue during the day. The other major reason is that most armoured vehicles have thinner armour on the roof of the turret and on the engine deck, so an An Anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) is a missile the primary purpose of which is to hit and destroy tanks. An alternative name is Anti-tank guided weapon (ATGW). ATGMs can be guided into the target by several methods, such as laser guiding, laser marking, TV camera, wire-guiding etc... anti-tank guided missile from an attack helicopter or A ground attack aircraft is an aircraft that is designed to operate very close to the ground, supporting infantry and tanks directly in battle. They are used essentially as mobile machine guns and anti-tank guns against single targets, as opposed to bombers which typically attack more strategic targets. This... ground-attack jet) hitting them from the top can be deadly even if it has a small warhead. Even machine guns and small automatic cannon are powerful enough to penetrate the rear and top sections of the engine compartment of a tank.

A number of A helicopter gunship is a military helicopter armed for attacking targets on the ground, using automatic rifle fire, rockets, and precision guided missiles such as the Hellfire. Many attack helicopter are also capable of carrying air to air missiles, though mostly for the purposes of self defense. The Attack Helicopter... helicopter gunships have been designed mainly to engage enemy armoured vehicles. The The Boeing IDS AH-64 Apache is the US Armys principal attack helicopter, the successor to the AH-1 Cobra. The US Army issued a request for proposals (RFP) in 1972 for an Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH). From an initial list of 5 manufacturers Hughes Aircrafts Toolco Aircraft... AH-64 Apache, The Westland Lynx is a helicopter designed by Westland Aircraft and jointly produced with Aérospatiale, first flying on 21 March 1971 as the Westland WG.13. Originally intended as a utility craft for both civil and naval usage, military interest led to the development of the Army and Navy... Westland Lynx, The Mil Mi-24 is a large combat helicopter gunship and low-capacity troop transport operated from 1976 by the Soviet Air Force, its successors, and over thirty other nations. The aircraft was operated extensively during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The US supplied Stinger missiles to the Mujaheddin, and... Mi-24 Hind and The Denel Aviation AH-2 Rooivalk is a latest generation attack helicopter manufactured by Denel Aviation of South Africa. The name of the helicopter derives from the Afrikaans word for Red Falcon. The South African Air Force (SAAF) has ordered 12 Rooivalk AH-2As, the first of which entered service... Denel Aviation AH-2 Rooivalk are examples.

This problem has several solutions. One is Air supremacy is defined in the NATO Glossary as That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference. It is a description of the military environment as to the level of control a force has for air operations. High control / little interference - Air superiority... air supremacy. This is what the United States relies on most, which is demonstrated by their distinct lack of effective short-range, mobile air defence vehicles to accompany armoured units. Most other countries accompany their armoured forces with highly mobile self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, short and medium-range A surface-to-air missile (SAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. It is a type of anti-aircraft system. SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers. The smallest SAMs are capable of being carried and launched by a single... surface-to-air missile systems, or both (sometimes on the same chassis).

The Avenger mounts Two soldiers preparing to fire a shoulder-mounted Stinger missile launcher Light to carry and easy to operate, the FIM-92 Stinger is a passive infrared homing/seek surface-to-air missile, shoulder-fired by a single operator and designed to attack aircraft at a range of up to 15... Stinger missiles on This article refers to the Military HMMWV, not the civilian Hummer sold by General Motors General Characteristics (Humvee) Manufacturer: AM General Length: 4.57 to 5.13 m Width: 2.16 m Height: 1.75 to 2.59 m Ground Clearance: 0.4 m (axle), 0.6 (chasis) Mass: 3... HMMWV vehicles for mobile, low altitude air defence.

Support

Armoured warfare is mechanically and logistically intensive and requires extensive support mechanisms.

Armoured Fighting Vehicles require armoured vehicles capable of working in the same terrain to suport them. These are operated by the appropiate branches of the army eg recovery and maintenance vehicles by the REME and combat engineering vehicles by the RE in the British Army.

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