Arnold of Brescia, (c. 1090 – 1155), also known as Arnaldus (Italian: Arnaldo da Brescia), was a monk from Italy who called on the Church to renounce ownership of the property, participated in the Commune of Rome, and was hanged by the Church. Events Frederick I Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor. ... Munichs city symbol celebrates its founding by Benedictine monks—and the origin of its name A monk is a person who practices religious asceticism, the conditioning of mind and body in favor of the spirit. ... The Commune of Rome was briefly established by Arnold of Brescia in the Middle Ages. ...

Life

Born in Brescia, Arnold became an Augustinian canon and then prior of a monastery in Brescia. He became very critical of the temporal powers of Catholic Church that involved it in a land struggle in Brescia against the count-bishop of Brescia. He called on the Church to renounce ownership of the property and return it to the city government, so as not to be tainted by possession, one aspect of a renunciation of worldliness that he preached. He was condemned at the Second Lateran Council, in 1139, and forced from Italy. Country Italy Region Lombardy Province Brescia (BS) Mayor Paolo Corsini (since June 10, 2003) Elevation 150 m Area 90 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 192,165  - Density 2,087/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Bresciani Dialing code 030 Postal code 25100 Frazioni Fornaci, Sant... Detail of St. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... The Second Lateran Council was called by Pope Innocent II in 1139 as an attempt to reunify the church after the two papacies. ...

Life in France

According to the chronicler Otto of Freising, he studied in Paris under the tutelage of the reformer and philosopher Pierre Abélard. He took to Abélard's philosophy of reform ways. The issue came before the Synod of Sens in 1140 and both Arnold and Abélard's positions were overruled by Bernard of Clairvaux. Arnold stood alone against the church's decision after Abélard's capitulation; he returned to Paris, where he continued to teach and preach against Bernard. He was then commanded to silence and exiled by Pope Innocent II as a consequence. His writings were also condemned to be burned as a further measure (though there is no evidence that he had actually written anything). Arnold continued to preach his radical ideas concerning apostolic poverty. Otto of Freising Otto of Freising Otto von Freising {Otto Frisingensis) (c. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... Abaelardus and Heloïse surprised by Master Fulbert, by Romanticist painter Jean Vignaud (1819) Pierre Abélard (in English, Peter Abelard) or Abailard (1079 – April 21, 1142) was a French scholastic philosopher. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Events Henry Jasomirgott was made count palatine of the Rhine. ... Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Fontaines, near Dijon, 1090 – August 21, 1153 in Clairvaux) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. ... Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was Pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna). ... Book burning is the practice of ceremoniously destroying by fire one or more copies of a book or other written material. ... Apostolic poverty is a doctrine professed by various religious orders, primarily those sprung from the mendicant orders of the Middle Ages in direct response to the call for reforms in the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Life and death in Rome

Arnold of Brescia burned at the stake at the hands of the Papal guards.

In 1145, Pope Eugene III then ordered him to submit himself to the mercy of the Church in Rome (CE). When he arrived, he found that Giordano Pierleoni's followers had asserted the ancient rights of the commune of Rome taken control of the city from papal forces and founded a republic, the Commune of Rome. Arnold sided with the people immediately and, upon Pierleoni's deposition, soon rose to the intellectual leadership of this radical new group, calling for liberties and democratic rights. A Donatist, Arnold taught that clergy while owning property had no power to perform the Sacraments. He succeeded in driving Pope Eugene into exile in 1146, for which he was excommunicated, 15 July 1148. When Pope Eugene returned to the city in 1148, Arnold continued to lead the blossoming republic despite his excommunication. Image File history File links Public domain woodcut of Arnold of Brescias execution. ... Image File history File links Public domain woodcut of Arnold of Brescias execution. ... Events Pope Lucius II is succeeded by Pope Eugene III Nur ad-Din ascends to power in Syria Construction begins on Notre-Dame dChartres in Chartres, France Korean historian Kim Pusik compiled the historical text Samguk Sagi. ... The Blessed Eugene III, né Bernardo Pignatelli (d. ... Giordano (or Jordan) Pierleoni (in contemporary Latin, Jordanus filius Petrus Leonis) was the brother of Antipope Anacletus II and leader of the Commune of Rome which the people set up in 1143. ... Defensive towers at San Gimignano, Tuscany, bear witness to the factional strife within communes. ... Forms of government Part of the Politics series Politics Portal This box:      For other uses, see Republic (disambiguation). ... The Commune of Rome was briefly established by Arnold of Brescia in the Middle Ages. ... The Donatists (founded by the Berber Christian Donatus Magnus) were followers of a belief considered a heresy by the broader Catholic community. ... A sacrament is a Christian rite that mediates divine grace. ... Events Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy First written mention of Bryansk. ... Excommunication is religious censure which is used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. ... Events Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona conquered Tortosa in posetion of the moors. ...

After Eugene's death, Pope Adrian IV swiftly took steps to regain control of Rome, inviting Frederick Barbarossa, who took Rome by force in 1155, after a Holy Week interdict, forced Arnold again into exile. He was seized Imperial forces and was finally tried by the Roman Curia as a rebel. Importantly, he was never accused of heresy. As a result of his conviction for rebellion, he was hanged and his body burnt. He remained a hero to large sections of the Roman people and the minor clergy, so his ashes were cast into the Tiber, to prevent his burial place becoming venerated as the shrine of a martyr. Pope Adrian IV (c. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Frederick Barbarossa in a 13th century Chronicle. ... Holy Week (Latin: Hebdomada Sancta) is in Christianity the week from Palm Sunday (also called Passion Sunday) through Holy Saturday, leading to Easter Sunday. ... The word interdict usually refers to an ecclesiastical penalty in the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Roman Curia — usually called the Vatican — is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See, coordinating and providing the necessary organisation for the correct functioning of the Catholic Church and the achievement of its goals. ... Look up Heresy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Death Penalty World Map Color Key: Blue: Abolished for all crimes Green: Abolished for crimes not committed in exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in time of war) Orange: Abolished in Practice Red: Legal Form of Punishment Execution of a soldier of the 8th Infantry at Prescott, Arizona, 1877 Execution... Tiber River in Rome The Tiber (Italian Tevere, Latin Tiberis), the third-longest river in Italy at 406 km (252 miles) after the Po and the Adige, flows through Rome in its course from Mount Fumaiolo to the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it reaches in two branches that cross the suburbs... Eastern Orthodox shrine Buddhist shrine just outside Wat Phnom. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

References

• Catholic Encyclopedia: "Arnold of Brescia"
• (Bookrags) "Arnold of Brescia"
• Romedio Schmitz-Esser, Arnold von Brescia im Spiegel von acht Jahrhunderten Rezeption. Ein Beispiel für Europas Umgang mit der mittelalterlichen Geschichte vom Humanismus bis heute, Vienna-Berlin-Münster 2007.
• Romedio Schmitz-Esser, Arnold of Brescia in Exile: April 1139 to December 1143 – His Role as a Reformer, Reviewed, in: Exile in the Middle Ages. Selected Proceedings from the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 8-11 July 2002, ed. by Laura Napran and Elisabeth van Houts, Turnhout 2004, p. 213-231.
• Grado Giovanni Merlo, La storia e la memoria di Arnaldo da Brescia, in: Studi Storici 32/4 (1991) p. 943-952.
• Maurizio Pegrari (ed.), Arnaldo da Brescia e il suo tempo, Brescia 1991.
• George William Greenaway, Arnold of Brescia, 1931.
• Pasquale Villari, Mediaeval Italy from Charlemagne to Henry VII, 1910.
• Ferdinand A. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages 6th ed. 1953-1957.

See also

• Arnoldist
• History of Rome in the Middle Ages