NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Art film

An art film (also called an “art cinema”, “art movie”, or in the US, an "independent film" or “art house film”) is a typically serious, noncommercial, independently made film that is aimed at a niche audience, rather than a mass audience.^[1] Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an “art film” using a “...canon of films and those formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films.”^[2] Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres (repertory cinemas, or in the US "arthouse cinemas") and film festivals. The term "art film" is much more widely used in the United States than in Europe, where the term "art film" is more associated with "auteur" films and "national cinema" (e.g., German national cinema). Image File history File links Zerkalo. ... Image File history File links Zerkalo. ... â€œTarkovskyâ€ redirects here. ... The Mirror, also known as Mirror or Zerkalo (Russian: Ð—ÐµÑ€ÐºÐ°Ð»Ð¾), is a 1975 Mosfilms movie by Andrei Tarkovsky, which has spawned a cult following among Soviet intellectuals. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 447 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (608 Ã— 816 pixels, file size: 42 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Theatrical poster for Le fantÃ´me de la libertÃ© by Luis BuÃ±uel intended for public distribution. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 447 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolutionâ€Ž (608 Ã— 816 pixels, file size: 42 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Theatrical poster for Le fantÃ´me de la libertÃ© by Luis BuÃ±uel intended for public distribution. ... The Phantom of Liberty (1974 France 104 mins) Prod: Serge Silberman Dir: Luis BuÃ±uel Scr: Luis BuÃ±uel and Jean-Claude CarriÃ¨re Phot: Edmond Richard Ed: HÃ©lÃ¨ne Plemiannikov Art Dir: Pierre Guffroy Cast: Jean-Claude Brialy, Monica Vitti, Michael Piccoli, Adriana Asti, Julien Bertheau, Adolfo Ceili... Luis Buñuel (February 22, 1900 - July 29, 1983) was a surrealist filmmaker. ... Image File history File links The Night of the Hunter movie poster with Robert Mitchum This is a copyrighted poster. ... Image File history File links The Night of the Hunter movie poster with Robert Mitchum This is a copyrighted poster. ... Charles Laughton (1 July 1899 â€“ 15 December 1962) was an English stage and film actor. ... The Night of the Hunter is a 1953 novel by American author, Davis Grubb. ... This still from The Big Combo (1955) demonstrates the visual style of film noir at its most extreme. ... The Scream by Edvard Munch (1893) which inspired 20th century Expressionists Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by Egon Schiele Rehe im Walde by Franz Marc Elbe Bridge I by Rolf Nesch On White II by Wassily Kandinsky, 1923. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... Jean Renoir Jean Renoir (September 15, 1894 â€“ February 12, 1979), born in the Montmartre Quarter of Paris, France was a film director. ... Terrence Terry Malick (born November 30, 1943, in Ottawa, Illinois) is an American film director. ... Image File history File links Last_year_marienbad. ... Image File history File links Last_year_marienbad. ... Alain Resnais (born June 3, 1922 ) is a French film director whose early works are often grouped within the New Wave or Nouvelle Vague film movement. ... Still from LannÃ©e derniÃ¨re Ã Marienbad LannÃ©e derniÃ¨re Ã Marienbad (translated as Last Year in Marienbad in the UK and Last Year at Marienbad in North America) is a 1961 French movie directed by Alain Resnais, starring Delphine Seyrig, Giorgio Albertazzi, Sacha PitoÃ«ff. ... FranÃ§ois Truffauts New Wave film Jules et Jim The New Wave (French: la Nouvelle Vague) was a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s, influenced (in part) by Italian Neorealism. ... Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... In a film theory context, the term oneiric (which means pertaining to dream) is used to refer the depiction of dream-like states in films, or to the use of the metaphor of a dream or the dream-state to analyze a film. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 377 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (550 Ã— 874 pixel, file size: 155 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) US Theatrical Release poster for Aguirre, the Wrath of God This image is of a film poster, and the copyright for it is... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 377 Ã— 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (550 Ã— 874 pixel, file size: 155 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) US Theatrical Release poster for Aguirre, the Wrath of God This image is of a film poster, and the copyright for it is... When the film industry first flowered in the period from 1900 to 1915, it took hold in Europe as well as America. ... Werner Herzog (born Werner StipetiÄ‡ on September 5, 1942) is a critically and internationally acclaimed German film director, screenwriter, actor, and opera director. ... German film written and directed by Werner Herzog. ... An independent film, or indie film, is usually a low-budget film that is produced by a small movie studio. ... An independent film, or indie film, is usually a low-budget film that is produced by a small movie studio. ... This article is about motion pictures. ... A niche market also known as a target market is a focused, targetable portion (subset) of a market sector. ... Mass-marketing is the process of widely marketing a mass-produced item. ... Film theory seeks to develop concise, systematic concepts that apply to the study of film/cinema as art. ... Repertory cinema is a term for a cinema that specializes in showing classic or notable older films. ... A film festival is a mostly annual festival showcasing films, usually of a recent date, sometimes with a focus on a specific genre (e. ... Auteurs redirects here. ... National cinema is a term used in film theory and film criticism to describe the films associated with a specific country. ...

Art films are aimed at small niche market audiences, which means they can rarely get the financial backing which will permit large production budgets, expensive special effects, costly celebrity actors, and huge advertising campaigns, as are used in widely-released mainstream blockbuster films. A niche market also known as a target market is a focused, targetable portion (subset) of a market sector. ... Special effects (also called SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to realize scenes that cannot be achieved by live action or normal means. ... For other uses, see Celebrity (disambiguation). ... Wide release is a term in the American motion picture industry for a motion picture that is playing nationally (as opposed to a few theatres in cities such as New York and Los Angeles) and on thousands (rather than hundreds) of screens. ... Blockbuster can refer to: Block Buster firework Illegal firecracker Blockbuster Fireworks, a chain of firework stands located in the Los Angeles area. ...

Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film, which typically uses lesser-known film actors (or even amateur actors) and modest sets to make films which focus on reflective dialogue sequences. For promotion, art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics' reviews, discussion of their film by arts columnists, commentators, and bloggers, and "word-of-mouth" promotion by audience members. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Look up mainstream in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

While most praise this form of cinematic expression, some call into question the origins and connotations of its name. For example, "screenwriting guru" Robert McKee insists that the phrase art film is "redundant" because all film is intrinsically a form of art. Robert McKee is a creative writing instructor who is widely admired for his popular Story Seminars, which developed when he was a professor at the University of Southern California. ...

History of "art film"

The antecedents of art films included D. W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916) and Sergei Eisenstein's films.^[3] Art films were also influenced by films by Spanish avant-garde creators such as Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí (e.g., L'Age d'Or from 1930) and Jean Cocteau (e.g., The Blood of a Poet, also from 1930). In the 1920s, film societies began advocating the notion that films could be divided into an "...entertainment cinema directed towards a mass audience and a serious art cinema aimed at an intellectual audience". In England, Alfred Hitchcock and Ivor Montagu formed a Film Society and imported films that they thought were "artistic achievements," such as "Soviet films of dialectical montage, and the expressionist films of the Universum Film A. G. (UFA) studios in Germany."^[4] David Llewelyn Wark D.W. Griffith (January 22, 1875 â€“ July 23, 1948) was an American film director. ... Intolerance is a silent film directed by D.W. Griffith in 1916. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Russian: Ð¡ÐµÑ€Ð³ÐµÐ¹ ÐœÐ¸Ñ…Ð°Ð¹Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ¹Ð·ÐµÐ½ÑˆÑ‚ÐµÐ¹Ð½) (January 23, 1898 â€“ February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary Soviet Russian film director and film theorist noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and Oktober. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto DalÃ i DomÃ¨nech, 1st Marquis of PÃºbol (May 11, 1904 â€“ January 23, 1989), was a Spanish surrealist painter of Catalan descent born in Figueres, Catalonia (Spain). ... LÂge dOr (The Golden Age) is a 1930 surrealist film directed by Luis Buñuel and written by Buñuel and Salvador Dalí. The film was financed to the tune of a million francs by the nobleman Vicomte de Noailles, who commissioned a film every year for his... Jean Maurice EugÃ¨ne ClÃ©ment Cocteau (5 July 1889 â€“ 11 October 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, boxing manager and filmmaker. ... The Blood of a Poet (French: Le Sang dun Poete)is a 1930 film directed by Jean Cocteau. ... Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (August 13, 1899 â€“ April 29, 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ... Ivor Goldsmid Samuel Montagu (23 April 1904, London, England â€“ 5 November 1984, London) was a British filmmaker, screenwriter, producer and film critic. ...

Cinéma Pur, a 1920s and 1930s French avant-garde film movement also influenced the development of the idea of "art film." The cinema pur film movement included Dada artists, such as Man Ray (Emak-Bakia, Return to Reason), Rene Clair (Entr'acte), and Marcel Duchamp (Anemic Cinema). The Dadaists used film to overturn traditional narrative techniques and bourgeois conventions, and conventional Aristotelian notions of time and space by creating a flexible montage of time and space. Pure Cinema was influenced by such German "absolute" filmmakers as Hans Richter, Walter Ruttmann, and Viking Eggeling. CinÃ©ma Pur (French for Pure Cinema) was an avant-garde film movement birthed in Paris in the 1920s and 30s. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... DaDa is a concept album by Alice Cooper, released in 1983. ... For other uses, see Man Ray (disambiguation). ... Emak-Bakia (English: Leave me alone) is a 1926 film directed by Man Ray. ... Le Retour Ã la Raison (English: Return to Reason) is a 1923 film directed by Man Ray. ... René Clair (November 11, 1898 - March 15, 1981) was a French filmmaker. ... Entracte is French for between the acts. It can have the meaning of a pause between two parts of a stage production, synonym to intermission, but is more often used to indicate that part of a theatre production that is performed between acts as an intermezzo or interlude. ... Marcel Duchamp (pronounced ) (July 28, 1887 â€“ October 2, 1968) was a French artist (he became an American citizen in 1955) whose work and ideas had considerable influence on the development of post-World War II Western art, and whose advice to modern art collectors helped shape the tastes of the... Hans Richter was a Dadaist artist, filmmaker and writer. ... Walter Ruttmann (born December 28, 1887 in Frankfurt am Main; died July 15, 1941 in Berlin) was a German film director and along with Hans Richter the most important practitioner of experimental film. ... Viking Eggeling, born October 21, 1880, died May 19, 1925, was a Swedish artist and filmmaker. ...

In the 1930s and 1940s, John Ford argued that Hollywood films could be divided into the "...artistic aspirations of literary adaptations like Sean O'Casey's The Informer (1935) and Eugene O'Neill's The Long Voyage Home (1940)", and the money-making "popular genre films" such as gangster thrillers. William Siska argues that Italian neorealist films from the mid- to late-1940s, such as Open City (1945), Paisa (1946), and The Bicycle Thief can be deemed as another "conscious art film movement".^[5] For other persons named John Ford, see John Ford (disambiguation). ... Sean OCasey Sean OCasey (March 30, 1880 - September 18, 1964) was a major Irish dramatist and memorist. ... The Informer is a 1935 dramatic film. ... Eugene Gladstone ONeill (October 16, 1888 â€“ November 27, 1953) was a Nobel- and four-time Pulitzer Prize-winning American playwright. ... The Long Voyage Home is a 1940 film which tells the story of the crew and passengers aboard a doomed freighter. ... Main International Relations Theories and derivates Realism & Neorealism Idealism, Liberalism & Neoliberalism Marxism & Dependency theory Functionalism & Neofunctionalism Critical theory & Constructivism Neorealism or structural realism is a theory of international relations, outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book, Theory of International Politics. ... Rome, Open City (Italian: Roma, CittÃ Aperta) is a 1945 Italian film, directed by Roberto Rossellini. ... PaisÃ is a 1946 Italian film directed by Roberto Rossellini. ... Ladri di biciclette (literally translated as Bicycle Thieves) is a 1948 Italian neorealist film known in its US English release as The Bicycle Thief. ...

In the late 1940s, the US public's perception that Italian neorealist films and other serious European fare were different from mainstream Hollywood films was reinforced by the development of "arthouse cinemas" in major US cities and college towns. After the Second World War, "...a growing segment of the American filmgoing public was wearying of mainstream Hollywood films," and they went to the newly-created art film theaters to see "...alternatives to the films playing in main-street movie palaces".^[6] Films shown in these art cinemas included "... British, foreign-language, and independent American films, as well as documentaries and revivals of Hollywood classics." Films such as Rossellini's Open City and Mackendrick's Tight Little Island, The Bicycle Thief and The Red Shoes were shown to substantial US audiences.^[7]

The term "art film" is much more widely used in the United States than in Europe. In the US, the term is often defined very broadly, to include foreign-language (non-English) "auteur" films, independent films, experimental films, documentaries and short films. In the 1960s "art film" became a euphemism in the US for racy Italian and French B-movies. By the 1970s, the term was used to describe sexually explicit European films with artistic pretensions such as I Am Curious (Yellow). In the US, the term "art film" is sometimes used very loosely to refer to the broad range of films shown in repertory theaters or "arthouse cinemas." With this approach, a broad range of films, such as a 1960s Hitchcock movie, a 1970s experimental underground film, a 1980s European auteur film, and a 1990s US "Independent" film all fall under the rubric of "art film." Auteurs redirects here. ... An independent film, or indie film, is usually a low-budget film that is produced by a small movie studio. ... Experimental film, or experimental cinema, is a term that describes a range of filmmaking styles that are generally quite different from, and often opposed to, the practices of mainstream commercial and documentary filmmaking. ... Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener; or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker. ... The term B-movie originally referred to a film designed to be distributed as the lower half of a double feature, often a genre film featuring cowboys, gangsters or vampires. ... Porn redirects here. ... I Am Curious (Yellow) is a Swedish film (Jag Ã¤r nyfiken - en film i gult) of 1967, directed by Vilgot SjÃ¶man and starring Lena Nyman as herself. ... Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (August 13, 1899 â€“ April 29, 1980) was an iconic and highly influential British-born film director and producer who pioneered many techniques in the suspense and thriller genres. ...

By the 1980s and 1990s, the term became conflated with "independent film" in the US, which shares many of the same stylistic traits with "art film." Companies such as Miramax Films distributed independent films which were deemed commercially unviable at the major studios. When major motion picture studios noted the niche appeal of independent films, they created special divisions dedicated to non-mainstream fare, such as the Fox Searchlight division of Twentieth Century Fox, the Focus Features division of Universal, and the Sony Pictures Classics division of Sony Pictures Entertainment. Film critics have debated whether the films from these special divisions can truly be considered to be "independent films", given that they have financial backing from major studios. An independent film, or indie film, is usually a low-budget film that is produced by a small movie studio. ... Miramax Films is a film production and distribution brand that was a Big Ten film motion picture distribution and production company headquartered in New York City before being bought out by The Walt Disney Company. ... An independent film (or indie film) is a film produced without the support of a major movie studio or a big budget. ... Fox Searchlight Pictures is the specialty films division of Twentieth Century Fox. ... Related articles FOX Television Network Fox Searchlight Pictures Fox Entertainment Group List of Hollywood movie studios List of movies Variant of current 20th Century Fox logo External links 20th Century Fox Movies official site Twentieth Century Fox is also the punning title of a song by The Doors on their... Focus Features is the art house films division of Universal Pictures, and acts as both a producer and distributor for its own films and a distrubutor for foreign films. ... This article is about the American media conglomerate. ... Sony Pictures Classics is the specialty films division of Sony Pictures. ... Sony Pictures Entertainment, Inc. ...

Deviations from mainstream film norms

Film scholar David Bordwell outlined the academic definition of "art film" in a 1979 article entitled The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice, which contrasts art films against the mainstream films of classical Hollywood cinema. Mainstream Hollywood-style films use a clear narrative form to organize the film into a series of "...causally related events taking place in space and time," with every scene driving towards a goal. The plot for mainstream movies is driven by a well-defined protagonist, fleshed out with clear characters, and strengthened with "...question-and-answer logic, problem-solving routines, (and) deadline plot structures." The film is then tied together with fast pacing, musical soundtracks to cue the appropriate audience emotions, and tight, seamless editing.^[8] Mainstream films tend to use a small palette of familiar, generic images, plots, verbal expressions, and archetypal "stock" characters. David Bordwell is a film scholar. ... Classical Hollywood cinema designates both a visual and sound style for making motion pictures and a mode of production that arose in the Los Angeles film industry of the 1910s and 1920s. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Look up Plot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Editing is the process of preparing language, images, or sound for presentation through correction, condensation, organization, and other modifications. ... For other uses, see Archetype (disambiguation). ...

In contrast, Bordwell states that "...the art cinema motivates its narrative by two principles: realism and authorial expressivity." Art films deviate from the mainstream, "classical" norms of filmmaking in that they typically deal with more episodic narrative structures with a "...loosening of the chain of cause and effect".^[9] As well, art films often deal with an inner drama that takes place in a character's psyche, such as psychological issues dealing with individual identity, transgressive sexual or social issues, moral dilemmas, or personal crises. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Satyajit Ray (Bengali: ) (May 2, 1921â€“April 23, 1992) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker and polymath. ... The Apu trilogy is a series of three films directed by Satyajit Ray. ... Realism in the theatre was a general movement in the later 19th century that steered theatrical texts and performances toward greater fidelity to real life. ...

Mainstream films also deal with moral dilemmas or identity crises, but these issues are usually resolved by the end of the film. In art films, the dilemmas are probed and investigated in a pensive fashion, but usually without a clear resolution at the end of the movie.^[10] The protagonists in art films are often facing doubt, anomie or alienation, and the art film often depicts their internal dialogue of thoughts, dream sequences, and fantasies. In some art films, the director uses a depiction of absurd or seemingly meaningless actions to express a philosophical viewpoint such as existentialism. In a film theory context, the term oneiric (which means pertaining to dream) is used to refer the depiction of dream-like states in films, or to the use of the metaphor of a dream or the dream-state to analyze a film. ... Existentialism is the philosophical movement positing that individual human beings create the meaning and essence of their lives as persons. ...

The story in an art film often has a secondary role to character development and an exploration of ideas through lengthy sequences of dialogue. If an art film has a story, it is usually a drifting sequence of vaguely defined or ambiguous episodes. There may be unexplained gaps in the film, deliberately unclear sequences, or extraneous sequences that are not related to previous scenes, which force the viewer to subjectively make their own interpretation of the film's message. Art films often "...bear the marks of a distinctive visual style" and authorial approach of the director.^[11] An art cinema film often refuses to provide a "...readily answered conclusion," instead putting to the cinema viewer the task of thinking about "...how is the story being told? Why tell the story in this way?"^[12] Auteurs redirects here. ...

Film theorist Robert Stam argues that “art film” was a film genre based on artistic status, in the same way that film genres can be based on aspects of films such as their budgets (blockbuster movies or B-movies) or their star performers (Fred Astaire movies).^[13] Robert Stam is University Professor at New York University, where he teaches about the French New Wave filmmakers. ... Blockbuster, as applied to film or theater, denotes a very popular and/or successful production. ... The term B-movie originally referred to a film designed to be distributed as the lower half of a double feature, often a genre film featuring cowboys, gangsters or vampires. ...

Timeline of notable films

The following list is a small, partial sample of films with "art film" qualities, compiled to give a general sense of what directors and films are considered to have "art film" characteristics. The films in this list demonstrate one or more of the characteristics of art films: a serious, noncommercial, or independently made film that is not aimed at a mass audience. Some of the films on this list are also considered to be "auteur" films, independent films, or experimental films. In some cases, critics disagree over whether a film is mainstream or not. For example, while some critics called Gus Van Sant's My Own Private Idaho (1991) an "exercise in film experimentation" of "high artistic quality",^[14] the Washington Post called it an ambitious mainstream film^[15] An independent film (or indie film) is a film produced without the support of a major movie studio or a big budget. ... Experimental film, or experimental cinema, is a term that describes a range of filmmaking styles that are generally quite different from, and often opposed to, the practices of mainstream commercial and documentary filmmaking. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... My Own Private Idaho is a 1991 gay-themed independent film written and directed by Gus Van Sant, loosely based on Shakespeares Henry IV, part 1. ...

Some films in this list have most of these characteristics; other films are commercially-made films produced by mainstream studios that nevertheless bear the hallmarks of a director's "auteur" style, or which have an experimental character. The films in this list are notable either because they won major awards or critical praise from influential film critics or because they introduced an innovative narrative or filmmaking technique. For example, Kurosawa's Rashomon used an innovative narrative techique of showing the same events as witnessed by four different people. Rashomon ) is a 1950 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa, working in close collaboration with cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa. ...

1920s-1950s

In the 1920s and 1930s, filmmakers did not set out to make "art films", and film critics did not use the term "art film." However, there were films that had more sophisticated aesthetic objectives, such as Carl Theodor Dreyer's silent film The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928), and surrealist film such as Luis Buñuel's Un chien andalou (1929) and L'Âge d'Or (1930). In the late 1940s, UK director Michael Powell and Emeric Pressberger made The Red Shoes (1948), a film about ballet that stood out from mainstream genre films. Image File history File links From Luis BuÃ±uels Un chien andalou. ... Image File history File links From Luis BuÃ±uels Un chien andalou. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Un Chien Andalou (English: An Andalusian Dog) is a 16-minute[1] surrealist film made in France in 1928 by Spanish writer/directors Luis BuÃ±uel and Salvador DalÃ, and released in 1929 in Paris. ... Carl Theodor Dreyer (February 3, 1889 - March 20, 1968) was a Danish film director. ... The Passion of Joan of Arc (La Passion de Jeanne dArc) was a silent film released in France in 1928 based on the trial records of Joan of Arc. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Un Chien Andalou (English: An Andalusian Dog) is a 16-minute[1] surrealist film made in France in 1928 by Spanish writer/directors Luis BuÃ±uel and Salvador DalÃ, and released in 1929 in Paris. ... LÃ‚ge dOr (The Golden Age) is a 1930 surrealist film directed by Luis BuÃ±uel and written by BuÃ±uel and Salvador DalÃ. The film was financed to the tune of a million francs by the nobleman Vicomte de Noailles, who commissioned a film every year for his... Michael Latham Powell (September 30, 1905 â€“ February 19, 1990) was a British film director, renowned for his partnership with Emeric Pressburger which produced a series of classic British films. ... Helpmann, Shearer and Massine in The Red Shoes. ...

In the 1950s, some of the well-known films with artistic sensibilities include Federico Fellini's La Strada (1954), The Seventh Seal (1957) by Ingmar Bergman^[16] and The 400 Blows (1959) by François Truffaut. As well, less well-known films such as A Generation, Kanal, Ashes and Diamonds, Lotna (1954-1959), by Andrzej Wajda showed the Polish Film School style. In Asia, Indian director Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy (1955-1960)tells the story of a poor country boy's growth to adulthood. Japanese directors produced a number of films that broke with convention. Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1950), depicts four witnesses' contradictory accounts of a rape and murder^[17] Other Japanese films from this era include Tokyo Story (1953) by Yasujiro Ozu and Ugetsu (1953) by Kenji Mizoguchi. For the Fellini film, see La Strada (film). ... The Seventh Seal (Swedish: Det sjunde inseglet) is an existential 1957 Swedish film directed by Ingmar Bergman about the journey of a medieval knight (Max von Sydow) across a plague-ridden landscape. ... (IPA: in Swedish; usually IPA: in English) (July 14, 1918 â€“ July 30, 2007) was a Swedish film, stage, and opera director. ... This article is about the French film. ... FranÃ§ois Roland Truffaut (French IPA: ) (February 6, 1932 â€“ October 21, 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking, and remains an icon of the French film industry. ... A Generation (Polish: Pokolenie) is a Polish film released in 1955, directed by Andrzej Wajda. ... KanaÅ‚ is a Polish film released in 1956, directed by Andrzej Wajda for P.P. Film Polski at its production unit, Zespol Filmowy Kadr. â€œWatch them closely, for these are the last hours of their lives,â€ announces the disembodied voice of a narrator, foreshadowing the tragedy that unravels as Wajda... PopiÃ³l i diament (English: Ashes and Diamonds) is 1948 novel by the Polish writer Jerzy Andrzejewski. ... Lotna is a film, released in 1959, directed by Andrzej Wajda. ... Andrzej Wajda (born March 6, 1926 in SuwaÅ‚ki) is a Polish film director. ... Polish Film School (Polish Polska SzkoÅ‚a Filmowa) refers to an informal group of Polish film directors and screenplay writers active between 1955 and approximately 1963. ... Satyajit Ray (Bengali: ) (May 2, 1921â€“April 23, 1992) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker and polymath. ... The Apu trilogy is a series of three films directed by Satyajit Ray. ... Kurosawa redirects here. ... Rashomon ) is a 1950 Japanese film directed by Akira Kurosawa, working in close collaboration with cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa. ... Tokyo Story ) is a 1953 Japanese dike cunt nigger bitch fag cunt whore cock sucker movie by Yasujiro Ozu, in which elderly parents from the southwestern seaside town of Onomichi visit their busy children in Tokyo â€” a journey which, before the introduction of the bullet train, took almost a day... Yasujiro Ozu (å°æ´¥ å®‰äºŒéƒŽ Ozu YasujirÅ) (December 12, 1903 - December 12, 1963) was an influential Japanese film director. ... Ugetsu, aka Ugetsu Monogatari (é›¨æœˆç‰©èªž), is a 1953 film by acclaimed Japanese director Kenji Mizoguchi. ... Kenji Mizoguchi Kenji Mizoguchi (æºå£ å¥äºŒ Mizoguchi Kenji; May 16, 1898 â€“ August 24, 1956) was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. ...

1960s

The early 1960s saw the release of a number of groundbreaking films. Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless (1960) used innovative visual and editing techniques such as jump cuts and hand-held camera work. Michelangelo Antonioni's L'avventura from the same year is characterized by its slow pacing and unusual narrative structure.^[18] Federico Fellini's seminal 8½ (1963) was an exploration of creative, marital and spiritual difficulties shot in a sumptuous black-and-white by Gianni de Venanzo.^[19] Jean-Luc Godard (French IPA: ) (born 3 December 1930) is a French filmmaker and one of the most influential members of the Nouvelle Vague, or French New Wave. Born to Franco-Swiss parents in Paris, he was educated in Nyon, Switzerland, later studying at the LycÃ©e Rohmer, and the... Breathless can refer to: Breathless (1960 film) (French title: Ã€ bout de souffle), directed by Jean-Luc Godard Breathless (1983 film), a remake of the 1960 film, starring Richard Gere Breathless (CSI episode), an episode of the TV drama Breathless Mahoney, a role played by Madonna in the film Dick Tracy... Michelangelo Antonioni (September 29, 1912 - July 30, 2007) was an Italian modernist film director whose films are widely considered as some of the most influential in film aesthetics. ... Lavventura (The Adventure) is an Italian film written and directed by Michelangelo Antonioni. ... Federico Fellini (January 20, 1920 â€“ October 31, 1993) was one of the most influential and widely revered film-makers of the 20th century. ... 8Â½ (Italian: Otto e Mezzo) is a 1963 film written and directed by Italian director Federico Fellini. ...

Robert Bresson's Au Hasard Balthazar (1966) is notable for its religious imagery, spiritual allegories, and naturalistic, minimalist style. Luis Buñuel's Belle de Jour (1967) shocked audiences with its masochistic fantasies about floggings and bondage. At the end of the decade, Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) wowed audiences with its scientific realism, pioneering use of special effects, and unusual visual imagery. In Soviet Armenia, Sergei Parajanov's The Color of Pomegranates, which was banned by Soviet authorities, was praised by critic Mikhail Vartanov as "revolutionary" and in the early 1980s, Les Cahiers du Cinéma placed the film in its top 10 list. In Iran, Dariush Mehrjui's The Cow (1969), about a man who becomes insane after the death of his beloved cow, sparked the new wave of Iranian cinema. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Kubrick redirects here. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Sergei Parajanov and Lilya Brik, a sister of Aragons wife Elsa Triolet. ... The Color of Pomegranates (originally released in the Armenian SSR as Sayat Nova) is a 1968 highly original art film by the Soviet director Sergei Parajanov, considered a masterpiece by Federico Fellini, Jean-Luc Godard and Michelangelo Antonioni and perhaps the most estetically beautiful of all films. ... Robert Bresson (French IPA: ) (September 25, 1901 â€“ December 18, 1999) was a French film director known for his spiritual, ascetic style. ... Balthazar ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Belle de jour is a 1967 French film starring Catherine Deneuve. ... Kubrick redirects here. ... Soviet redirects here. ... Sergei Parajanov and Lilya Brik, a sister of Aragons wife Elsa Triolet. ... The Color of Pomegranates (originally released in the Armenian SSR as Sayat Nova) is a 1968 highly original art film by the Soviet director Sergei Parajanov, considered a masterpiece by Federico Fellini, Jean-Luc Godard and Michelangelo Antonioni and perhaps the most estetically beautiful of all films. ... 20th centurys first Chechnya-born filmmaker, Mikhail Vartanov (Vardanov), was born in Grozny in 1937 to Armenian parents. ... Cahiers du cinÃ©ma is an influential French film magazine founded in 1951 by AndrÃ© Bazin, Jacques Doniol-Valcroze and Joseph-Marie Lo Duca. ... Darius Mehrjui (Persian: Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÛŒÙˆØ´ Ù…Ù‡Ø±Ø¬ÙˆÛŒÛŒ , born 8 December 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, producer, and film editor. ... Gaav (The Cow) is a 1969 Iranian movie directed by Dariush Mehrjui, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi based on his own play and novel, and staring Ezatolah Entezami as Masht Hasan. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

1970s

In the early 1970s, directors shocked audiences with violent films such as Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange (1971) and sexually-explicit and controversial films such as Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango in Paris (1972). Nevertheless, other directors did more introspective films, such as Andrei Tarkovsky's meditative, weighty science fiction film Solaris (1972)^[20] Another feature of 1970s art films was the prominence of bizarre characters and imagery, which abound in the tormented, obsessed title character in German New Wave director Werner Herzog's Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1973), and in cult films such as Alejandro Jodorowsky's psychedelic The Holy Mountain (1973) about a footless, handless dwarf and an alchemist seeking the mythical Lotus Island^[21] The film Taxi Driver (1976) by Martin Scorsese continues the themes that Clockwork Orange explored: an alienated population living in a violent, decaying society. The gritty violence and seething rage of Scorsese's film contrasts with David Lynch's dreamlike, surreal Eraserhead (1977). Image File history File links Robert de Niro in Taxi Driver (1976) This is a screenshot of a copyrighted website, video game graphic, computer program graphic, television broadcast, or film. ... Image File history File links Robert de Niro in Taxi Driver (1976) This is a screenshot of a copyrighted website, video game graphic, computer program graphic, television broadcast, or film. ... Martin Marcantonio Luciano Scorsese (IPA: AmE: ; Ita: []) (b. ... This article is about the 1976 American film. ... Kubrick redirects here. ... This article is about the film. ... Bernardo Bertolucci (born March 16, 1940) is an Italian writer and Academy Award winning film director. ... The Last Tango in Paris (Italian: LUltimo Tango a Parigi, French: Le Dernier Tango Ã Paris) is a 1972 film which tells the story of an American widower who is drawn into a sexual relationship with a young, soon-to-be-married Parisian woman. ... â€œTarkovskyâ€ redirects here. ... Solaris (Russian: , Solyaris) is a 1972 Soviet film based on the novel Solaris by Polish author StanisÅ‚aw Lem. ... When the film industry first flowered in the period from 1900 to 1915, it took hold in Europe as well as America. ... Werner Herzog (born Werner StipetiÄ‡ on September 5, 1942) is a critically and internationally acclaimed German film director, screenwriter, actor, and opera director. ... For other uses, see Aguirre (disambiguation). ... A cult film is a film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. ... Alejandro (or Alexandro) Jodorowsky Alejandro Jodorowsky or Alexandro Jodorowsky (IPA: ) (born February 7, 1929, in Tocopilla, Chile) is an actor, playwright, director, producer, composer, mime, comic book writer and psychotherapist born to Ashkenazi Jewish parents of Russian origin. ... La montaÃ±a sagrada (The Holy Mountain, reissued as The Sacred Mountain) is a 1973 cult film directed by Alejandro Jodorowsky who also participated as actor, composer, set designer, and costume designer. ... This article is about the 1976 American film. ... Martin Marcantonio Luciano Scorsese (IPA: AmE: ; Ita: []) (b. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... Eraserhead (released in France as The Labyrinth Man) is a 1977 surrealist-horror film written and directed by David Lynch. ...

1980s

In 1980, director Martin Scorsese shocked audiences who had become used to the escapist blockbuster adventures of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas with the gritty, harsh realism of his film Raging Bull. Robert DeNiro took method acting to an extreme to portray a boxer's decline from a prizewinning young fighter to an overweight has-been nightclub owner. Japanese director Akira Kurosawa also used a realism approach to portray the brutal, bloody violence of Japanese samurai warfare of the 1500s in Ran (1985). Martin Marcantonio Luciano Scorsese (IPA: AmE: ; Ita: []) (b. ... Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946)[1] is an American film director and producer. ... George Walton Lucas, Jr. ... This article is about the 1980 film. ... Robert De Niro Robert De Niro, Jr. ... Kurosawa redirects here. ... Ran chaos, war, revolt) is an Oscar-winning 1985 film written and directed by Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa. ...

Other directors in the 1980s chose a more intellectual path, exploring philosophical issues. Andrzej Wajda's Man of Iron (1981) is a critique of the Polish communist government which won the 1981 Palme d'or at the Cannes Film Festival. Another Polish director, Krzysztof Kieślowski released The Decalogue in 1988, a meditative and melancholy film series that explores ethical issues and moral puzzles. The cult film Pink Floyd The Wall (1982) explored political issues such as fascism and totalitarianism using the progressive rock band Pink Floyd's music and metaphorical images to spin a non-linear storyline. Andrzej Wajda (born March 6, 1926 in SuwaÅ‚ki) is a Polish film director. ... Man of Iron (Polish: CzÅ‚owiek z Å¼elaza) is a 1981 film directed by Andrzej Wajda about the Solidarity labor movements first success in getting the Polish government to recognize the workers right to an independent union. ... The Cannes Film Festival (French: le Festival de Cannes), founded in 1939, is one of the worlds oldest, most influential and prestigious film festivals. ... Krzysztof KieÅ›lowski (June 27, 1941 Warsaw, Poland â€“ March 13, 1996 Warsaw, Poland) was an influential Oscar-nominated Polish film director and screenwriter, known internationally for his film cycles Three Colors and The Decalogue. ... Dekalog (The Decalogue) (1988) is a Polish film series, originally made as a television miniseries, directed by Krzysztof KieÅ›lowski and co-written by KieÅ›lowski with Krzysztof Piesiewicz, with music by Zbigniew Preisner. ... A cult film is a film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. ... Pink Floyd The Wall is a 1982 film by British director Alan Parker based on the 1979 Pink Floyd album The Wall. ... For the Swedish political music movement, see progg. ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that initially earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their progressive rock music. ...

Another approach used by directors in the 1980s was to create bizarre, surreal alternate worlds. Martin Scorsese's After Hours (1985) is a comedy thriller that depicts a man's baffling adventures in a surreal nighttime world of chance encounters with mysterious characters. David Lynch's Blue Velvet (1986), is a film noir-style thriller mystery filled with symbolism and metaphors about polarized worlds and distorted characters that are hidden in the seamy underworld of a small town. Peter Greenaway's The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (1989) is an outlandish fantasy/black comedy about cannibalism and extreme violence with an intellectual theme: a critique of elite culture in Thatcherian Britain. Martin Marcantonio Luciano Scorsese (IPA: AmE: ; Ita: []) (b. ... After Hours is an American comedy thriller film released in 1985, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Joseph Minion. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... Blue Velvet is an influential 1986 neo-noir mystery and thriller film written and directed by David Lynch. ... This still from The Big Combo (1955) demonstrates the visual style of film noir at its most extreme. ... Peter Greenaway, CBE (born 5 April 1942) is a Welsh-born English [1] film director. ... The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (punctuated onscreen as The Cook The Thief His Wife & Her Lover) is a 1989 film written and directed by Peter Greenaway starring Richard Bohringer, Michael Gambon, Helen Mirren and Alan Howard in the titular roles. ... This article is about a tone of comedy. ... Cannibal redirects here. ... For other uses, see Elite (disambiguation). ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 until 1990, being the first and only woman to hold either post. ...

1990s

In the 1990s, some directors created bizarre, surreal alternate worlds, as was done in the 1980s with Blue Velvet and The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover. In 1990, Japanese director Akira Kurosawa's Dreams depicted his imaginative reveries in a series of vignettes that range from idyllic pastoral country landscapes to horrific visions of tormented demons and a blighted post-nuclear war landscape. In 1991, director Joel Coen's Barton Fink, which won the Palme d'or at the Cannes Film Festival, told an enigmatic story about a writer who encounters a range of bizarre characters including an alcoholic, abusive novelist and a serial killer. David Lynch's 1997 film Lost Highway is a psychological thriller that explores fantasy worlds, bizarre time-space transformations, and mental breakdowns using surreal imagery. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Kurosawa redirects here. ... Dreams â€” aka Akira Kurosawas Dreams, Yume (å¤¢), I Saw a Dream Like This, Konna yume wo mita, or Such Dreams I Have Dreamed â€” is a 1990 portmanteau film based on actual dreams of the films director, Akira Kurosawa at different stages of his life. ... Blue Velvet is an influential 1986 neo-noir mystery and thriller film written and directed by David Lynch. ... The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover (punctuated onscreen as The Cook The Thief His Wife & Her Lover) is a 1989 film written and directed by Peter Greenaway starring Richard Bohringer, Michael Gambon, Helen Mirren and Alan Howard in the titular roles. ... Kurosawa redirects here. ... Dreams â€” aka Akira Kurosawas Dreams, Yume (å¤¢), I Saw a Dream Like This, Konna yume wo mita, or Such Dreams I Have Dreamed â€” is a 1990 portmanteau film based on actual dreams of the films director, Akira Kurosawa at different stages of his life. ... Joel and Ethan Coen, commonly called The Coen Brothers in the film business, are United States directors best known for their quirky comedies like Fargo and Raising Arizona; the brothers write their own scripts and alternate top billing for the screenplay. ... Barton Fink is a 1991 film by Joel and Ethan Coen. ... Palme dOr The Palme dOr (Golden Palm) is the highest prize given to a film at the Cannes Film Festival. ... The Cannes Film Festival (French: le Festival de Cannes), founded in 1939, is one of the worlds oldest, most influential and prestigious film festivals. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... For the Bon Jovi album, see Lost Highway (album). ... The thriller is a broad genre of literature, film, and television. ...

Other directors in the 1990s explored philosophical issues and themes such as identity, chance, death, and existentialism. The 1990s films My Own Private Idaho and Chungking Express explored the theme of identity. Gus Van Sant's My Own Private Idaho (1991) is an independent road movie/buddy movie about two young street hustlers which explores the theme of the search for home and identity. It was called a "high-water mark in '90s independent film",^[22] a "stark, poetic rumination",^[23] and an "exercise in film experimentation"^[24] of "high artistic quality".^[25] Wong Kar-wai's Chungking Express (1994)^[26] explores the themes of identity, disconnection, loneliness, and isolation in the "metaphoric concrete jungle" of modern Hong Kong. The film uses a symbolism-imbued pop music video-influenced visual style that uses a French New Wave approach. While the British Film Institute called it one of the best Asian films of contemporary cinema, it is considered to be a film for cineophiles, because it is "largely a cerebral experience" which you enjoy "because of what you know about film." My Own Private Idaho is a 1991 gay-themed independent film written and directed by Gus Van Sant, loosely based on Shakespeares Henry IV, part 1. ... Chungking Express (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally Chongqing jungle) is a 1994 Hong Kong film written and directed by Wong Kar-wai, starring Takeshi Kaneshiro, Brigitte Lin, Tony Leung, Faye Wong and Valerie Chow. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... My Own Private Idaho is a 1991 gay-themed independent film written and directed by Gus Van Sant, loosely based on Shakespeares Henry IV, part 1. ... Wong Kar-wai (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Cantonese Yale: WÃ²hng GÃ Waih; Shanghainese Latin method: Wan Kawe; born July 17, 1958) is a Hong Kong film director known for his visually unique, highly stylized art films. ... Chungking Express (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; literally Chongqing jungle) is a 1994 Hong Kong film written and directed by Wong Kar-wai, starring Takeshi Kaneshiro, Brigitte Lin, Tony Leung, Faye Wong and Valerie Chow. ... A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... FranÃ§ois Truffauts New Wave film Jules et Jim The New Wave (French: la Nouvelle Vague) was a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s, influenced (in part) by Italian Neorealism. ... The British Film Institute (BFI) is a charitable organisation established by Royal Charter to encourage the development of the arts of film, television and the moving image throughout the United Kingdom, to promote their use as a record of contemporary life and manners, to promote education about film, television and...

Several 1990s films explored existentialist-oriented themes related to life, chance, and death. Robert Altman's 1993 film Short Cuts (1993) explore themes of chance, death, and infidelity by tracing ten parallel and interwoven stories. The film, which won the Golden Lion and the Volpi Cup at the Venice Film Festival, was called a "many-sided, many mooded, dazzlingly structured eclectic jazz mural" by Chicago Tribune critc Michael Wilmington. Krzysztof Kieslowski's Three Colors trilogy (1993-1994), which was co-written by Krzysztof Piesiewicz, was called an exploration of "...unabashedly spiritual and existential issues"^[27] that created a "truly transcendent experience".^[28] For other persons named Robert Altman, see Robert Altman (disambiguation). ... Short Cuts is a 1993 film directed by Robert Altman. ... Krzysztof Kieślowski Krzysztof Kieślowski (June 27, 1941, Warsaw – March 13, 1996, Warsaw) was an influential Polish film director and screenwriter, known internationally for his film cycles Three Colors and The Decalogue. ... Three Colors is the collective title of three films directed by Krzysztof KieÅ›lowski, two made in French and one primarily in Polish: Trois couleurs: Bleu (Blue) (1993), Trzy kolory: BiaÅ‚y (White) (in French: Blanc) (1994), and Trois couleurs: Rouge (Red) (1994). ... Krzysztof Marek Piesiewicz (born on October 25, 1945 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish lawyer, screenwriter, and politician, who is currently a member of the Polish Parliament and head of the Ruch Społeczny (RS) or Social Movement Party. ...

Matthew Barney's The Cremaster Cycle (1994-2002) is a cycle of five symbolic, allegorical films that create a self-enclosed aesthetic system that aims to explore the process of creation. The films are filled with allusions to reproductive organs and sexual development, and they use narrative models drawn from biography, mythology, and geology. Abbas Kiarostami's film Taste of Cherry (1997)^[29] about a man trying to hire a person to bury him after he commits suicide is shot in a minimalist style, with long takes. The film won the Palme d'or at the Cannes Film Festival. Matthew Barney (born March 25, 1967 in San Francisco, California) is a contemporary artist who works with film, video, installations, sculpture, photography, drawing and performance art. ... Cremaster (films) The Cremaster Cycle is a sequence of five films by Matthew Barney, entitled Cremaster 1 to Cremaster 5. ... Abbas Kiarostami (Persian: `AbbÄs KiyÄrostamÄ«; born 22 June 1940) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian film director, screenwriter, and film producer. ... Taste of Cherry (Persian: Ø·Ø¹Ù… Ú¯ÙŠÙ„Ø§Ø³ Tam-e gilass) is a 1997 film by acclaimed Iranian filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami. ...

Some 1990s films mixed an ethereal or surreal visual atmosphere with the exploration of philosophical issues. Krzysztof Kieslowski's The Double Life of Véronique (1991) is a drama about the theme of identity and a political allegory about the East/West split in Europe which features stylized cinematography, an ethereal atmosphere, and unexplained supernatural elements. Darren Aronofsky's film "Pi" (1998) is a dream-like "...incredibly complex and ambiguous film filled with both incredible style and substance" about a paranoid math genius' "search for peace."^[30] The film creates a David Lynch-inspired,"... eerie "Eraserhead"-like world"^[31] shot in "black-and-white, which lends a dream-like atmosphere to all of the proceedings", which explore issues such as "metaphysics and spirituality"^[32] Krzysztof Kieślowski Krzysztof Kieślowski (June 27, 1941, Warsaw – March 13, 1996, Warsaw) was an influential Polish film director and screenwriter, known internationally for his film cycles Three Colors and The Decalogue. ... La Double vie de VÃ©ronique (The Double Life of VÃ©ronique; Polish title, PodwÃ³jne Å¼ycie Weroniki) is a 1991 French- and Polish-language film directed by Krzysztof KieÅ›lowski, co-written by KieÅ›lowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz, starring IrÃ¨ne Jacob, with music by Zbigniew Preisner. ... Darren Aronofsky (born February 12, 1969 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American film director, screenwriter and film producer. ... Ï€ (also known as Pi or Pi - Faith in Chaos) is a 1998 American psychological thriller directed by Darren Aronofsky. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... Eraserhead (released in France as The Labyrinth Man) is a 1977 surrealist-horror film written and directed by David Lynch. ...

2000s

A number of films from the 2000s with art film qualities were notable due to their use of innovative filmmaking or editing techniques. Memento (2001), a psychological thriller directed by Christopher Nolan is about a man suffering from long-term memory loss. The film is edited so that the plot is revealed backwards in ten-minute chunks, simulating the condition of memory loss. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) is a romance film directed by Michel Gondry about a man who hires a company to erase the memory of a bad relationship. The film used a range of special effect techniques and camera work to depict the destruction of the man's memories and his transitions from one memory to another. Memento is a neo-noirâ€“psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, adapted from his brother Jonathans short story Memento Mori. ... Christopher Nolan (born July 30, 1970) is an Academy Award nominated film director, writer and producer. ... Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is an Academy Award-winning 2004 American romance film by director Michel Gondry. ... Michel Gondry, 2005 Michel Gondry, born May 8, 1963 (1964 according to some sources), is a French Academy Award winning screenwriter, film, commercial, and music video director noted for his inventive visual style and manipulation of mise en scÃ¨ne. ...

Timecode (film) (2000), a film directed by Mike Figgis, uses a split screen to show four continuous 90 minute takes that follow four storylines. Russian Ark (2002), a film directed by Alexander Sokurov took Figgis' use of extended takes even further; it is notable for being the first feature film shot in a single, unedited take. Timecode poster Timecode is a 2000 comedy, directed by Mike Figgis. ... Mike Figgis (born February 28, 1948) is an English film director, writer, and composer. ... Russian Ark (Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ‡ÐµÐ³) is a 2002 movie by Russian director Alexander Sokurov. ... Alexander Nikolayevich Sokurov is a Russian auteur filmmaker from St Petersburg who has been hailed as successor to Andrei Tarkovsky. ...

Several 2000s-era films explored the theme of amnesia or memory, but unlike Memento, they did so using narrative techniques rather than filmmaking and editing methods. Mulholland Drive (2001), directed by David Lynch is about a freshly-moved girl in Hollywood who discovers an amnesiac in her house. Oldboy (2003), directed by Park Chan-wook, is about a man imprisoned by a mysterious captor for 15 years who must then chase his old memories when he is abruptly released. Peppermint Candy (2000), directed by Lee Chang-dong, starts with the suicide of the male protagonist, and then uses reverse chronology (like Memento) to depict the events of the last 20 years which led the man to want to kill himself. For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ... For the street in Los Angeles, see Mulholland Drive. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Korean film. ... Park Chan-wook (born August 23, 1963 in Tanyan) is a South Korean director and screenwriter. ... Peppermint Candy (2000) is the second feature film from South Korean director Lee Chang-dong. ... Lee Chang-dong (born April 1, 1954) is a South Korean film director with a diversified career. ...

Waking Life (2001), an animated film directed by Richard Linklater uses an innovative digital rotoscope technique to depict a young man stuck in a dream.^[33] Other films include Pan's Labyrinth (2006), a fantasy/war film directed by Guillermo del Toro about a girl who discovers a magical labyrinth of bizarre creatures, and The Science of Sleep (2006), a fantasy written and directed by Michel Gondry. Waking Life is a digitally rotoscoped and animated film, directed by Richard Linklater and made in 2001. ... Rotoscoping is a technique where animators trace live action movement, frame by frame, for use in animated films. ... Pans Labyrinth (Spanish: El Laberinto del Fauno; literally The Labyrinth of the Faun) is an Academy Award-winning Spanish language fantasy film[2][3] written and directed by Mexican film-maker Guillermo del Toro. ... Guillermo del Toro GÃ³mez (born October 9, 1964 in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican film director. ... The Science of Sleep, or (literally The Science of Dreams), is a 2006 surrealist film, written and directed by Michel Gondry. ...

Some of the notable films from the 2000s that have been considered to have art film-qualities differed from mainstream films in that they treated controversial themes or issues. Elephant (2003), a film directed by Gus Van Sant, for example, depicted a mass murder at a high school that echoed the Columbine High School massacre. Brokeback Mountain (2005), directed by Ang Lee, is a Western-style love story about two gay male ranch hands that won an Academy Award. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Mass murder (massacre) is the act of murdering a large number of people, typically at the same time, or over a relatively short period of time. ... Columbine High School is a secondary school in unincorporated Jefferson County, Colorado. ... This article is about the motion picture. ... Ang Lee (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (born October 23, 1954) is an Academy-Award winning film director from the Republic of China (Taiwan). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... GAY can mean: Gay, a term referring to homosexual men or women The IATA code for Gaya Airport Category: ...

Related concepts

Art television

A genre or style of "art television" has been identified, which shares some of the same traits of art films. Television shows such as David Lynch's Twin Peaks series and BBC's The Singing Detective also have "...a loosening of causality, a greater emphasis on psychological or anecdotal realism, violations of classical clarity of space and time, explicit authorial comment, and ambiguity." Other television shows that have been called "art television," such as The Simpsons, use a "...flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show."^[34] Art television is a television program genre or style which shares some of the same traits of art films. ... For other persons named David Lynch, see David Lynch (disambiguation). ... For the hills in San Francisco, see Twin Peaks, San Francisco, California. ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... The Singing Detective The Singing Detective was a 1986 BBC television miniseries, written by Dennis Potter and starring Michael Gambon. ... Simpsons redirects here. ...

Contents

History of "art film"

Deviations from mainstream film norms

Timeline of notable films

1920s-1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Related concepts

Art television

See also

References

Contents

History of "art film" GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Deviations from mainstream film norms

Timeline of notable films

1920s-1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Related concepts

Art television

See also

References

History of "art film"