Arthur H. Robinson ( January 5 is the 5th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 360 days remaining until the end of the year (361 in leap years). Events 1463 - Poet François Villon is banned from Paris. 1477 - Battle of Nancy, Charles the Bold killed, Burgundy becomes part of... January 5, 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January 12 - The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S. Congress. January 12 - United States House of Representatives rejects proposal to give women the right to vote. January 13 – An... 1915 – October 19 is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 73 days remaining. Events 300 BC-AD 1899 202 BC - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. AD 439 - The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take... October 19, 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was designated the: International Year of Rice (by the United Nations) International Year to Commemorate the Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (by UNESCO) Elections were held in 73 countries during 2004. See a list of elections... 2004) was an American, when used as an adjective, can mean of the United States of America or of or relating to the Americas; when used as a noun, United States citizen, residing in the Americas, or less frequently American English. Immigrants to the United States are usually called first-generation Americans, regardless... American A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of the physical environment and human habitat. Historically known as someone who makes maps, mapmaking is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. The geographer is capable of studying not only the physical... geographer and Cartography is the study of map making and cartographers are map makers. Before 1400 Dicaearchus (Greece, circa 350 B.C. - circa 285 B.C.), philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician, author Hipparchus, (Greece, 190 B.C. - 120 B.C.), astronomer, cartographer, geographer Isidore of Seville (Spain, 560 _ 636) Ptolemy, (Ptolemaic Egypt... cartographer. He was born in This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. City motto: Concordia Salus (Salvation through harmony) Location in the province of Quebec Area 500.05 km² (310 mi²) Population  - City (2001)  - Canadian CD Rank  - Canadian Municipal Rank  - Density... Montreal, to American parents, but made his career at the The University of Wisconsin System is the state university system in Wisconsin. Made up of two Doctoral-Granting Universities UW-Madison UW-Milwaukee Eleven Baccalaureate-Granting Universities: UW-Eau Claire UW-Green Bay UW-La Crosse UW-Oshkosh UW-Parkside UW-Platteville UW-River Falls UW-Stevens Point UW-Stout... University of Wisconsin in the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States. During Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II he served as director of the map division of the The Office of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime (but not direct) precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency. Prior to the formation of the OSS, American intelligence had been conducted on an ad-hoc basis by the various departments... Office of Strategic Services(OSS).In 1941, when Robinson joined OSS, there were no cartographers as we know them today. Robinson engaged geographers with some interest in mapping and the group developed their techniques on the job. (Robinson,1979, pp.98-99). Robinson oversaw the creation of 5,000 hand-drawn See also Wikipedia:Maps for information on how maps are used in Wikipedia. A map of the world by Johannes Kepler A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations between objects within that space. Most usually a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically... maps and attended the In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. In general English usage, those who share a common goal and whose work toward that goal is complementary may be viewed as allies for various purposes even when no... Allied conferences at This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Quebec (disambiguation). Motto: Je me souviens (I remember) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant Governor Lise Thibault Premier Jean Charest (PLQ) Area 1,542,056 km² (2nd)  - Land 1,183,128 km²  ... Quebec and View of the modern citys skyline. Cairo incorporates an entire medieval section, which is now a popular neighborhood and contains important buildings of islamic architecture. Average temeprature and precipitations in Cairo Cairo ( Arabic: القاهرة; romanized: al-Qāhirah) is the capital city... Cairo in 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. Events January January 4 - End of term for Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Earl Warren. January 11 - The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China. January 11 - General Juanto dies in Argentina - Ramon... 1943 and 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Events World War II January January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. January 20 - The Royal Air... 1944 as chief U.S. map officer. For his efforts Robinson received the Legion of Merit medal The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces which is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. The decoration is issued both to United States military personnel and to military and political figures of... Legion of Merit from the The Army is the branch of the United States armed forces which has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. As of fiscal year 2002 (FY02), it consisted of 480,000 soldiers on active duty and 555,000 in reserve (350,000 in the Army National Guard (ARNG) and 205... U.S. Army in 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 4 - Theodore Schurch becomes the last person to be executed for offences committed under the Treachery Act of 1940 January 7 - Allied recognize Austrian republic with 1937 borders - the country is divided into four occupation... 1946. (Current Biography, p. 469).

Academic career

After World War II Robinson joined the geography department at the The University of Wisconsin System is the state university system in Wisconsin. Made up of two Doctoral-Granting Universities UW-Madison UW-Milwaukee Eleven Baccalaureate-Granting Universities: UW-Eau Claire UW-Green Bay UW-La Crosse UW-Oshkosh UW-Parkside UW-Platteville UW-River Falls UW-Stevens Point UW-Stout... University of Wisconsin. He sought to establish Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of making maps or globes. Maps have traditionally been made using pen and paper, but the advent and spread of computers has revolutionized cartography. Most commercial quality maps are now made with map making software... cartography as a recognized discipline and ultimately the university granted both undergraduate and masters degrees in cartography. (Robinson, 1979, p.102). The Wisconsin cartography program has conferred more than 100 masters and 20 doctoral degrees, and many of the doctoral recipients created respected cartography programs at other universities. (Slocum, et. al., p. 24).

Writer and philosopher on cartography

Robinson was a prolific writer and influential A philosopher is a person devoted to studying and producing results in philosophy. The word, philosopher, literally means lover of wisdom. Popular Western philosophers in (approximate) historical order Not listed above: (some of) The Presocratics -- Epicurus place after Aristotle --Hellenistic Philosophers -- Cicero -- Avicenna -- Sir Thomas Browne -- Francis Bacon -- Thomas Reid... philosopher on cartography as he produced over 60 articles for professional publications, as well as textbooks and books on the cartographic technique. (Current Biography, pp. 469-470). In The Look of Maps (1952), Robinson urged cartographers to consider the function of a map as an integral part of the design process. In The Nature of Maps (1976), Robinson and co-author Barbara Bartz Petchenik created the term map percipient,a map user who interacts with a map in a discerning way and not merely as a casual observer. The authors stressed that ...the nature of the map as an image and the manner in which it functions as a communication device between the cartographer and percipient need much deeper consideration and analysis than they have yet received. (Robinson & Petchenik, p. 20). Robinson also co-authored a widely-used textbook, Elements of Cartography, the sixth and last edition of which was published in 1995.

Robinson projection

Robinson is known for his The Robinson projection is a map projection used for geographic maps. Robinson projection map (Large 2 MB). Presented by Dr. Arthur H. Robinson in 1963, it is classified as a pseudo-cylindrical projection by reason of its straight parallels, each along which the meridians are spaced evenly. The central meridian... Robinson projection ( Events January-February January 11 - The Whisky A Go-Go night club in Los Angeles, the first disco in the USA, is opened. January 14 - George Wallace becomes governor of Alabama. January 22 - Elysée treaty between France and Germany January 28 - Black student Harvey Gantt enters Clemson College in... 1963). In 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i.e., one that looked the same upside down - since 1881, and the last until 6009. Events January January 1 - The farthing coin, used since the 13th century, ceases to be... 1961, the Rand McNally Company asked Robinson to choose a The word projection can mean more than one thing. In chemistry: Fischer projection Haworth projection Newman projection stereochemical projection In cartography, a map projection In psychology, psychological projection 3D projection, orthographic projection and isometric projection are ways of representing 3D scenes in 2D; see graphical projection. In mathematics a projection... projection for use as a world map that, among other criteria, was uninterrupted, had limited In everyday speech, to distort something is to force it out of its natural shape. Distortion can also be misrepresentation; the Mercator projection in cartography, for example, distorts Greenland because of its high latitude, in the sense that its shape is not that on a globe. In telecommunication and signal... distortion, and was pleasing to the eye of general viewers. (Robinson, 1974, pp. 147-148). Robinson could not find a projection that satisfied the criteria, so Rand McNally commissioned him to design one. Robinson proceeded through an iterative process to create a A map projection is any of many methods used in cartography (mapmaking) to represent the two-dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane. The term projection here refers to any function defined on the earths surface and with values on the plane, and not... pseudo-cylindrical projection that intends to strike a compromise between distortions in areas and in distances, in order to attain a more natural visualization. The projection has been widely used since its introduction. In 1988 is a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Events Environmental change Zebra mussels found in the Great lakes December 2 - Cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless - thousands dead December 7 - In Armenia an earthquake 6.9 on the Richter scale killed nearly 25.000... 1988, The National Geographic Society was founded in the USA on January 27, 1888, by 33 men interested in organizing a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge. They had begun discussing forming the Society two weeks earlier on January 13, 1888. Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president... National Geographic adopted it for their world maps but replaced it in 1998 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. Events January January 1998 - A massive ice storm, caused by El Niño, strikes New England, southern Ontario and Quebec, resulting in widespread power failures, severe damage to... 1998 with the Winkel Tripel.

References

Current Biography Yearbook. (1996). Arthur H. Robinson, 467-471.

Robinson, A. (1952). The Look of Maps. Madison:University of Wisconsin Press.

Robinson, A. (1974). A New Map Projection: Its Development and Characteristics. International Yearbook of Cartography, 145-155.

Robinson, A. (1979). Geography and Cartography then and now. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 69(1), 97-102.

Robinson, A. & Petchenik, B. (1976). The Nature of Maps. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Robinson, A.; Morrison, J.; Muehrke, P.; Kimmerling, A.; & Guptill, S. (1995). Elements of Cartograpy (6th Edition). New York: Wiley.

Slocum, T.; McMaster, R.; Kessler, F.; & Howard, H. (2005) Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization (2nd Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.