Arthur Phillip
11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814
1786 portrait by Francis Wheatley (National Portrait Gallery, London)
Place of birth	London, England
Place of death	Bath, England
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Rank	Admiral
Battles/wars	Seven Years' War
Other work	Governor of New South Wales

Admiral Arthur Phillip RN (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British naval officer and colonial administrator. Phillip was appointed Governor of New South Wales, the first European colony on the Australian continent,^[1] and was the founder of the site which is now the city of Sydney. is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... Arthur Phillip The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Francis Wheatley (1747- June 28,1801), was an English portrait and landscape painter, was born at Wild Court, Covent Garden, London. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... , Bath is a small city in Somerset, England most famous for its historic baths fed by three hot springs. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors). ... For an explanation of terms such as Scotland, Wales, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom, see British Isles (terminology). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain and its American Colonies Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and... the flag of the Governor of New South Wales The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australias head of state, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events February 4 - Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in Württenberg April 15 - Premiere in London of Serse, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1814 (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... the flag of the Governor of New South Wales The Governor of New South Wales is the representative in the Australian state of New South Wales of Australias head of state, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. ... NSW redirects here. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ...

Early life and naval career

Arthur Phillip was born in Fulham in 1738, the son of Jacob Phillip, a German-born language teacher, and his English wife, Elizabeth Breach, who had remarried after the death of her previous husband, a Royal Navy captain. Phillip was educated at the school of the Greenwich Hospital and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to the merchant navy. Fulham is a suburban area of west London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, located 3. ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... The Greenwich Hospital was founded in 1694 as the Royal Naval Hospital for Seamen. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Merchant Marine. ...

Phillip joined the Royal Navy at fifteen, and saw action at the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in the Mediterranean at the Battle of Minorca in 1756. In 1762 he was promoted to Lieutenant, but was placed on half pay when the Seven Years War ended in 1763. During this period he married, and farmed in Lyndhurst, Hampshire. Combatants Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Great Britain and its American Colonies Electorate of Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Kingdom of Portugal Electorate of Brunswick Electorate of Hesse-Kassel Philippines Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of France Empire of Russia Kingdom of Sweden Kingdom of Spain Electorate of Saxony Kingdom of Naples and... Mediterranean redirects here. ... The naval Battle of Minorca took place on May 20, 1756, at the opening of the Seven Years War in the European theatre, shortly after the Kingdom of Great Britain had declared war on the House of Bourbon, off the Mediterranean island of Minorca between British and French squadrons. ... Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ... Boltons Bench. ... For other uses, see Hampshire (disambiguation). ...

In 1774 Phillip joined the Portuguese Navy as a captain, serving in the war against Spain. While with the Portuguese Phillip conveyed a fleet of convict ships from Portugal to Brazil, with a very low death rate, and this may have been the reason for the surprise choice of Phillip to lead the expedition to Sydney. In 1778 England was again at war, and Phillip was recalled to active service, and in 1779 obtained his first command, the Basilisk. He was promoted to captain in 1781, and was given command of the Europe, but in 1784 he was back on half pay.

Governor of New South Wales

Then, in October 1786, Phillip was appointed captain of HMS Sirius and named Governor-designate of New South Wales, the proposed British penal colony on the east coast of Australia, by Lord Sydney, the Home Secretary. His choice may have been strongly influenced by George Rose, Under-Secretary of the Treasury and a neighbour of Phillip in Hampshire who would have known of Phillip's farming experience. HMS Sirius was the flagship of the First Fleet which set out from England in 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. ... NSW redirects here. ... A penis colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the states (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. ... Frognal House by George Shepherd appears in Thomas Irelands History of Kent published c. ... The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office and is responsible for internal affairs in England and Wales, and for immigration and citizenship for the whole United Kingdom (including Scotland and Northern Ireland). ... George Rose (17 June 1744 — 13 January 1818) was a British politician. ...

Phillip had a very difficult time assembling the fleet which was to make the eight-month sea voyage to Australia. Everything a new colony might need had to be taken, since Phillip had no real idea of what he might find when he got there. There were few funds available for equipping the expedition. His suggestion that people with experience in farming, building and crafts be included was rejected. Most of the 772 convicts (of whom 732 survived the voyage) were petty thieves from the London slums. Phillip was accompanied by a contingent of marines and a handful of other officers who were to administer the colony. The Royal Marines (RM) are the marines and amphibious infantry of the United Kingdom and, along with the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary, form the Naval Service [2]. They are also the United Kingdoms amphibious force and specialists in mountain and Arctic warfare. ...

The First Fleet, of 11 ships, set sail on 13 May 1787. The leading ship reached Botany Bay^[2] on 18 January 1788. Phillip soon decided that this site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. After some exploration Phillip decided to go on to Port Jackson, and on 26 January the marines and convicts were landed at Sydney Cove, which Phillip named after Lord Sydney. The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on May 13, 1787 to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. ... is the 133rd day of the year (134th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... For other Botany Bays see Botany Bay (disambiguation) Bicentennial Monument at Botany Bay Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, a few kilometers south of the central business district. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Joseph Banks Sir Joseph Banks (February 13, 1743 - June 19, 1820) was the British naturalist and botanist on Cooks first great voyage (1768-1771) and some 75 species bear Banks name. ... This article is about the British explorer. ... For other uses, see Port Jackson (disambiguation). ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Sydney Cove is a small bay on the southern shore of Port Jackson (commonly but incorrectly called Sydney Harbour), on the coast of the state of New South Wales, Australia. ... Frognal House by George Shepherd appears in Thomas Irelands History of Kent published c. ...

Shortly after establishing the settlement at Port Jackson, on 15 February 1788, Phillip sent Lieutenant Philip Gidley King with 8 free men and a number of convicts to establish the second British colony in the Pacific at Norfolk Island. This was partly in response to a perceived threat of losing Norfolk Island to the French and partly to establish an alternative food source for the new colony. is the 46th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Philip Gidley King Naval pioneer and colonial governor Captain Philip Gidley King RN (23 April 1758 – 3 September 1808) was an English naval officer and colonial administrator. ...

The early days of the settlement were chaotic and difficult. With limited supplies, the cultivation of food was imperative, but the soils around Sydney were poor, the climate was unfamiliar, and moreover very few of the convicts had any knowledge of agriculture. Farming tools were scarce and the convicts were unwilling farm labourers. The colony was on the verge of outright starvation for an extended period. The marines, poorly disciplined themselves in many cases, were not interested in convict discipline. Almost at once, therefore, Phillip had to appoint overseers from among the ranks of the convicts to get the others working. This was the beginning of the process of convict emancipation which was to culminate in the reforms of Lachlan Macquarie after 1811. This article is about extreme malnutrition. ... Major General Lachlan Macquarie, Governor of New South Wales Major-General Lachlan Macquarie CB (31 January 1762[1] – 1 July 1824), British military officer and colonial administrator, served as Governor of New South Wales from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social, economic and architectural development...

Phillip showed in other ways that he recognised that New South Wales could not be run simply as a prison camp. Lord Sydney, often criticised as an ineffectual incompetent, had made one fundamental decision about the settlement that was to influence it from the start. Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law. Two convicts, Henry and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of Alexander, for stealing their possessions during the voyage. Convicts in Britain had no right to sue, and Sinclair had boasted that he could not be sued by them. Someone in Government obviously had a quiet word in Kable's ear, as when the court met and Sinclair challenged the prosecution on the ground that the Kables were felons, the court required him to prove it. As all the convict records had been left behind in England, he could not do so, and the court ordered the captain to make restitution. Phillip had said before leaving England: "In a new country there will be no slavery and hence no slaves," and he meant what he said. Nevertheless, Phillip believed in discipline, and floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Philip commuted many death sentences. NSW redirects here. ... Henry Kable (1763-1846), was born in Laxfield, Norfolk, England. ...

Arthur Phillip

Phillip also had to adopt a policy towards the Eora Aboriginal people, who lived around the waters of Sydney Harbour. Phillip ordered that they must be well-treated, and that anyone killing Aboriginal people would be hanged. Phillip befriended an Eora man called Bennelong, and later took him to England. On the beach at Manly, a misunderstanding arose and Phillip was speared in the shoulder: but he ordered his men not to retaliate. Phillip went some way towards winning the trust of the Eora, although the settlers were at all times treated extremely warily. Soon, smallpox and other European-introduced epidemics ravaged the Eora population. Arthur Phillip - Project Gutenberg eText 12992 - http://www. ... Arthur Phillip - Project Gutenberg eText 12992 - http://www. ... Portrait of Bennelong, senior man of the Eora / Dharawal tribe The traditional owners of the inner Sydney City region of Australia are the Cadigal people. ... Australian Aborigines are the main indigenous people of Australia. ... Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge located on Port Jackson Port Jackson is the natural harbour of Sydney, Australia, also known as Sydney Harbour and is the largest natural harbour in the world. ... For other uses, see Bennelong (disambiguation). ... Manly is a suburb in Local Government Area of Manly Council on Northern Beaches of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ...

The Governor's main problem was with his own military officers, who wanted large grants of land, which Phillip had not been authorised to grant. The officers were expected to grow food, but they considered this beneath them. As a result scurvy broke out, and in October 1788 Phillip had to send Sirius to Cape Town for supplies, and strict rationing was introduced, with thefts of food punished by hanging. Scurvy (N.Lat. ... Nickname: Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for Good Hope) Location of the City of Cape Town in Western Cape Province Coordinates: , Country Province Municipality City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Founded 1652 Government [1]  - Type City council  - Mayor Helen Zille  - City manager Achmat Ebrahim Area  - Total 2,499 km² (964. ...

Stabilising the colony

By 1790 the situation had stabilised. The population of about 2,000 was adequately housed and fresh food was being grown. Phillip assigned a convict, James Ruse, land at Rose Hill (now Parramatta) to establish proper farming, and when Ruse succeeded he received the first land grant in the colony. Other convicts followed his example. Sirius was wrecked in March 1790 at the satellite settlement of Norfolk Island, depriving Phillip of vital supplies. In June 1790 the Second Fleet arrived with hundreds more convicts, most of them too sick to work. This article is about the Australian farmer. ... Rose Hill is the third biggest town in Mauritius, and is capital of the Lower Plaine Wilhems. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Second Fleet refers to three convict ships which arrived at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, New South Wales in June 1790. ...

Statue of Arthur Phillip in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.

By December 1790 Phillip was ready to return to England, but the colony had largely been forgotten in London and no instructions reached him, so he carried on. In 1791 he was advised that the government would send out two convoys of convicts annually, plus adequate supplies. But July, when the vessels of the Third Fleet began to arrive, with 2,000 more convicts, food again ran short, and he had to send a ship to Calcutta for supplies. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3072x2304, 3468 KB) Summary Statue of Arthur Phillip in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3072x2304, 3468 KB) Summary Statue of Arthur Phillip in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, Australia. ... The Royal Botanic Gardens is a 30 hectare site located beside Sydneys Central Business District. ... The name Third Fleet can refer to: The United States 3rd Fleet The British Third Fleet, part of the British effort of the late Eighteenth Century to colonize Australia Category: ... This article is on Calcutta/Kolkata, the city. ...

By 1792 the colony was well-established, though Sydney remained an unplanned huddle of wooden huts and tents. The whaling industry was established, ships were visiting Sydney to trade, and convicts whose sentences had expired were taking up farming. John Macarthur and other officers were importing sheep and beginning to grow wool. The colony was still very short of skilled farmers, craftsmen and tradesmen, and the convicts continued to work as little as possible, even though they were working mainly to grow their own food. The crew of the oceanographic research vessel Princesse Alice, of Albert Grimaldi (later Prince Albert I of Monaco) pose while flensing a catch. ... John Macarthur (1766 – 11 April 1834[1]) was a soldier, entrepreneur, politician and pioneer of the Australian wool industry. ...

In late 1792 Phillip, whose health was suffering from the poor diet, at last received permission to leave, and on 11 December 1792 he sailed in the ship Atlantic, taking with him Bennelong and many specimens of plants and animals. The European population of New South Wales at his departure was 4,221, of whom 3,099 were convicts. The early years of the colony had been years of struggle and hardship, but the worst was over, and there were no further famines in New South Wales. Phillip arrived in London in May 1793. He tendered his formal resignation and was granted a pension of £500 a year. is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Later life

Phillip's wife, Margaret, had died in 1792. In 1794 he married Isabella Whitehead, and lived for a time at Bath. His health gradually recovered and in 1796 he went back to sea, holding a series of commands and responsible posts in the wars against the French. In January 1799 he became a Rear-Admiral. In 1805, aged 67, he retired from the Navy with the rank of Admiral of the Blue, and spent most of the rest of his life at Bath. He continued to correspond with friends in New South Wales and to promote the colony's interests with government officials. He died in Bath in 1814. , Bath is a small city in Somerset, England most famous for its historic baths fed by three hot springs. ... Admiral is a word from either the Arabic term amir-al-bahr, or the Irish term Ard muirfhear or Ardmurar , both meaning commander of the seas. ...

The Australia Chapel in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, near Bath, England. The memorial to the first governor of New South Wales (Arthur Phillip) is on the right hand wall

Phillip was buried in St Nicholas's Church, Bathampton. Forgotten for many years, the grave was discovered in 1897^[3] and the Premier of New South Wales, Sir Henry Parkes, had it restored. A monument to Phillip in Bath Abbey Church was unveiled in 1937. Another was unveiled at St Mildred's Church, Bread St, London, in 1932; that church was destroyed in the London Blitz in 1940, but the principal elements of the monument were re-erected in St Mary-le-Bow at the west end of Watling Street, near Saint Paul's Cathedral, in 1968.^[4] There is a statue of him in the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. There is a portrait in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 448 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1712 × 2288 pixel, file size: 360 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Australia Chapel in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, near Bath, England. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 448 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1712 × 2288 pixel, file size: 360 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Australia Chapel in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, near Bath, England. ... Bathampton - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... , Bath is a small city in Somerset, England most famous for its historic baths fed by three hot springs. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... NSW redirects here. ... Bathampton - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Sir Henry Parkes Sir Henry Parkes GCMG, (27 May 1815 – 27 April 1896) was an Australian politician, also called the Father of Federation because he was the one who started Federation for Australians and is at least considered the most prominent among the Australian Founding Fathers. ... Bath Abbey at sunset Bath Abbey is the last in a series of monastic churches built in Bath and is still in active use. ... The Blitz, a popular English contraction of the German word Blitzkrieg, was the sustained and intensive bombing of Britain, particularly London, from September 7, 1940 through to May 1941 by the German Luftwaffe in World War II. Although the Blitz is named after Blitzkrieg, it was not an example of... St Mary-le-Bow Church, built 1671-1680, one of Wrens City Churches built after the Great Fire of London Interior St Mary-le-Bow (Bow Church) is a historic church in the City of London, off Cheapside. ... St Pauls Cathedral is a cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London in London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. ... The Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney, Australia, are the largest of three major botanical gardens open to the public in Sydney, along with the Mount Annan Botanic Garden and the Mount Tomah Botanic Garden. ... The National Portrait Gallery is an art gallery in central London which was opened in 1856. ...

His name is commemorated in Australia by Port Phillip, Phillip Island (Victoria), Phillip Island (Norfolk Island), the federal electorate of Phillip (1949-1993), the suburb of Phillip in Canberra, and many streets, parks and schools. Note: Port Arthur, Tasmania is not named after Arthur Phillip. Landsat 7 composite imagery of the bay. ... It has been suggested that Pyramid Rock, Philip Island be merged into this article or section. ... Phillip Island is an uninhabited island located at , 6 km south of Norfolk Island in the Southwest Pacific, and part of the Norfolk Island group. ... The Division of Phillip was a former Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. ... Phillip is a suburb in the Canberra, Australia district of Woden. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... The iconic view of the penitentiary originally built as a flour mill, across the water. ... Slogan or Nickname: Island of Inspiration; The Apple Isle; Holiday Isle Motto(s): Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Constitutional monarchy Governor William Cox Premier Paul Lennon (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 5  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product...

Percival Alan Serle wrote of Phillip in the Dictionary of Australian Biography: "Steadfast in mind, modest, without self seeking, Phillip had imagination enough to conceive what the settlement might become, and the common sense to realize what at the moment was possible and expedient. When almost everyone was complaining he never himself complained, when all feared disaster he could still hopefully go on with his work. He was sent out to found a convict settlement, he laid the foundations of a great dominion." Percival Serle (July 18, 1871 – December 16, 1951) was born in Victoria and for many years worked in a life assurance office before becoming chief clerk and accountant at the University of Melbourne. ...

Loss of remains

In 2007, Geoffrey Robertson QC revealed that Phillip's remains are no longer in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton and have been lost: "...Captain Arthur Phillip is not where the ledger stone says he is: it may be that he is buried somewhere outside, it may simply be that he is simply lost. But he is not where Australians have been led to believe that he now lies."^[5] Robertson also believes it was a "disgraceful slur" on Phillip's legacy that he wasn't buried in one of England's great cathedrals and was relegated to a small village church. Robertson is campaigning for a rigorous search for the remains, which he believes should be re-interred in Australia. Geoffrey Ronald Robertson QC (born September 30, 1946 in Sydney) is an Australian human rights lawyer, academic, author and broadcaster. ... For other uses, see Cathedral (disambiguation). ...

The moral of this story is that we can't trust the English, the Church of England, the British, to look after our national treasures. If we're going to treasure them and remember them properly, we have to do it ourselves.

Gallery

The Arthur Phillip memorial on the wall of the Australia Chapel, Bathampton Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 515 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (1372 × 1596 pixel, file size: 177 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Arthur Phillip Memorial The memorial to Arthur Phillip on the wall of the Australia Chapel in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, near Bath, England. ... Bathampton - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

Bathampton Memorials Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2304 pixel, file size: 3. ...

Bust of Phillip at St Mary's Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2304 × 3072 pixel, file size: 2. ... St Mary-le-Bow Church, built 1671-1680, one of Wrens City Churches built after the Great Fire of London Interior St Mary-le-Bow (Bow Church) is a historic church in the City of London, off Cheapside. ...

See also

• Dangar Island
• Hawkesbury River
• Spectacle Island
• Milson Island
• Peat Island
• Lion Island

Dangar Island is a small forested island in the Hawkesbury River, just north of Sydney, Australia. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Spectacle Island is located in Australias Hawkesbury River near its junction with Mooney Mooney Creek, to the north of Sydney, New South Wales. ... Milson Island is located in New South Wales, Australia. ... Peat Island is a small island in the Hawkesbury River. ... Lion Island viewed from West Head. ...

References

For other uses, see Port Jackson (disambiguation). ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. ...

External links

• Works by Arthur Phillip at Project Gutenberg
• Arthur Phillip High School, Parramatta - state high (years 7-12) school named for Phillip
• B. H. Fletcher, 'Phillip, Arthur (1738 - 1814)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2, Melbourne University Press, 1967, pp 326-333.