Arthur Young (September 11, 1741 - April 12*, 1820) was an English writer on agriculture, economics and social statistics. [See John Gazely's biography to see a discussion of Young's death, often mistakenly dated to April 20.] This article is about the date September 11 in general. ... // Events April 10 - Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz August 10 - Raja of Travancore defeats Dutch East India Company naval expedition at Battle of Colachel December 19 - Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 - Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: God Save the King/Queen Capital London (de facto) Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification    - by Athelstan AD 927  Area    - Total 130,395 km² (1st in UK)   50,346 sq mi  Population    - 2006 est. ...

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Arthur was the second son of the Rev. Arthur Young, rector of Bradfield, Suffolk, who was chaplain to Speaker Arthur Onslow. After attending school at Lavenham, Arthur Young was in 1758 placed in a mercantile house at King's Lynn, but had no interest in commerce. At the age of seventeen, he published a pamphlet On the War in North America, and in 1761 went to London and started a periodical, entitled The Universal Museum, which was dropped on the advice of Samuel Johnson. He also wrote four novels, and Reflections on the Present State of Affairs at Home and Abroad in 1759. After his father's death in the same year, his mother placed him in charge of the family estate at Bradfield Hall; but the property was small and encumbered with debt. From 1763 to 1766 he devoted himself to farming on this property. In 1765 he married a Miss Allen; but the marriage was not happy, though he was a family man. Bradfield, Suffolk may refer to: Bradfield Combust in the county of Suffolk, England. ... Arthur Onslow (October 1, 1691 - February 17, 1768), English politician, elder son of Foot Onslow (d. ... Map sources for Lavenham at grid reference TL9149 The church of St. ... 1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Kings Lynn as viewed from across the River Great Ouse Kings Lynn is a town and port in the English county of Norfolk. ... 1761 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... For other persons named Samuel Johnson, see Samuel Johnson (disambiguation). ... 1759 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1765 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1767 he took over a farm in Essex, where he engaged in various experiments, describing the results in A Course of Experimental Agriculture (1770). Though Young's experiments were, in general, unsuccessful, he thus acquired a solid knowledge of agriculture. He had already begun a series of journeys through England and Wales, and gave an account of his observations in books which appeared from 1768 to 1770—A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales, A Six Months' Tour through the North of England and the Farmer's Tour through the East of England. He claimed that these books contained the only extant information relative to the rental, produce and stock of England that was founded on actual examination. They were very favourably received, being translated into most European languages by 1792. In all, Young produced around 25 books and pamphlets on agriculture and 15 books on political economy, as well as many articles. He was famous for the views he expressed, as an agricultural improver, political economist and social observer. In 1768 he published the Farmer's Letters to the People of England, in 1771 the Farmer's Calendar, which went through many editions, and in 1774 his Political Arithmetic, which was widely translated. Young also acted as parliamentary reporter for the Morning Post. He toured Ireland in 1776, publishing his Tour in Ireland in 1780. In 1784 he began the publication of the Annals of Agriculture, which was continued for 45 volumes: contributors included King George III, writing under the nom de plume of "Ralph Robinson." Young's first visit to France was in 1787. Travelling all over that country around the start of the French Revolution, he described the condition of the people and the conduct of public affairs at that critical juncture. The Travels in France appeared in two volumes in 1792. On his return home he was appointed secretary of the Board of Agriculture 1793 just formed under the presidency of Sir John Sinclair. In this capacity he gave most valuable assistance in the collection and preparation of agricultural surveys of the English counties. His sight, however, failed, and in 1811 he had an operation for cataract, which proved unsuccessful. On his death, he left an autobiography in manuscript, which was edited (1898) by Miss M. Betham-Edwards, and is the main authority for his life. He also left the materials for a great work on the Elements and practice of agriculture. 1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Battle of Chesma, by Ivan Aivazovsky. ... This article is about the country. ... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1771 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War. ... Year 1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738–29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain, and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. ... Year 1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... i heart kate young The French Revolution was a period of major political and social change in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to... 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food was a UK government department, first created in September 1793 (relaunched in 1889) and called the Board of Agriculture. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... John Sinclair a name of several notable individuals Sir John Sinclair (1734-1835) politician and writer on agriculture and finance. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... A cataract is an opacity that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope. ... 1898 (MDCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Matilda Betham-Edwards in 1911, aged 75. ...

More recently attention has moved to the small print of his writings and Young has been studied for his methods of investigation. Richard Stone (1997) presents him as a pioneer national income statistician, continuing the work of Gregory King who had lived a century before. Young produced three estimates of the national income of England, in his Tour through the North of England, Farmer's Tour through the East of England and in his Political Arithmetic. Brunt (2001) emphasises the way Young collected his information and presents him as a pioneer of sample surveys. Young influenced such contemporary observers of economic and social life as Frederick Morton Eden and Sinclair. Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (August 30, 1913 – December 6, 1991) was an eminent British economist who in 1984 received the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and... Gregory King (December 15, 1648 - August 29, 1712) English genealogist, civil servant and the first great economic statistician. ... Sir Frederick Morton Eden (June 18, 1766 - November 14, 1809) English writer on poverty and pioneering social investigator. ... Sir John Sinclair (May 10, 1754 - December 21, 1835) Scottish writer on finance and agriculture and statistician. ...

Arthur Young was the greatest of all English writers on agriculture; but it is as a social and political observer that he is best known, and his Tour in Ireland and Travels in France are still full of interest and instruction. He saw clearly and exposed unsparingly the causes which retarded the progress of Ireland. He strongly urged the repeal of the penal laws which pressed upon the Catholics; he condemned the restrictions imposed by Great Britain on the commerce of Ireland, and also the perpetual interference of the Irish parliament with industry by prohibitions and bounties. He favoured a legislative union of Ireland with Great Britain, though he did not regard such a measure as absolutely necessary, many of its advantages being otherwise attainable.

He thought the soil of France superior to that of England, but noted that agriculture was neither as well understood nor as highly regarded as in England. He blamed the upper classes for their neglect of it. "Banishment (from court) alone will force the French nobility to execute what the English do for pleasure—reside upon and adorn their estates." Young saw the commencement of violence in the rural districts, and his sympathies began to take the side of the classes suffering from the excesses of the Revolution. This change of attitude was shown by his publication in 1793 of a tract entitled The Example of France a Warning to England. Of the profounder significance of the French outbreak he seems to have had little idea, and thought the crisis would be met by a constitutional adjustment in accordance with the English type. He strongly condemned the metayer system, then widely prevalent in France, as "perpetuating poverty and excluding instruction"—as, in fact, the ruin of the country. Some of his phrases have been often quoted by the advocates of peasant proprietorship as favouring their view. The Metayage system (Fr. ...

• "The magic of property turns sand to gold."
• "Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden; give him a nine years' lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert."

But these sentences, in which the epigrammatic form exaggerates a truth, and which might seem to represent the possession of capital as of no importance in agriculture, must not be taken as conveying his approbation of the system of small properties in general. He approved it only when the subdivision was strictly limited, and even then with great reserves; and he remained to the end what John Stuart Mill calls him, "the apostle of la grande culture". John Stuart Mill (20th May 1806 – 8th May 1873), a British philosopher and political economist, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. ...

The Directory in 1801 ordered his writings on the art to be translated and published at Paris in 20 volumes under the title of Le Cultivateur anglais. His Travels in France were translated in 1793/1794 by Soules; a new version by M. Lesage, with an introduction by M. de Lavergne, appeared in 1856. An interesting review of the latter publication, under the title of Arthur Young et la France de 1789, will be found in M. Baudrillart's Publicistes modernes (Paris 1st ed., 1862). Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: following the Convention and preceding the Consulate. ... The Union Jack, flag of the newly formed United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ... 1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1794 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

Discussion

There is a chapter on Young as an economic statistician in

• Richard Stone Some British Empiricists in the Social Sciences 1650-1900, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

On Young as a survey statistician see

• L. Brunt The Advent of the Sample Survey in the Social Sciences, The Statistician, 50,(2001),171-190.

On Young as agronomist and agrarian traveler see

• Antonio Saltini, Storia delle scienze agrarie, t. II, I secoli della rivoluzione agraria, Edagricole, Bologna (1987), 285-236

Resources and external links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Author:Arthur Young

• Works by Arthur Young at Project Gutenberg
• Arthur Young's Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, 1789 from The Library of Economics and Liberty

• Travels in France and Italy During the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789 from Archive for the History of Economic Thought

The National Portrait Gallery has 5 portraits of Young Image File history File links Wikisource-logo. ... The original Wikisource logo. ... Project Gutenberg logo Project Gutenberg (often abbreviated as PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works via book scanning. ...

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