Artificial Flowers and imitations of natural flowers are sometimes made for scientific purposes (as the collection of glass flowers at Harvard University, which illustrates the flora of the United States), but more often as articles of decoration and ornament. Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Flora may refer to: Flora (plants), a collective term for plant life; as distinct from Fauna (animals) Flora (goddess), a goddess in Roman mythology 8 Flora, an asteroid A brand of margarine made by Unilever. ...

A large variety of materials have been used in their manufacture by different peoples at different timespainted linen and shavings of stained horn by the Egyptians, gold and silver by the Romans, rice-paper by the Chinese, silkworm cocoons in Italy, the plumage of highly colored birds in South America, wax, small tinted shells. More recent production methods use carved or formed soap, nylon netting stretched over wire frames, ground clay and mass produced injection plastic mouldings. Roman or Romans has several meanings, primarily related to the Roman citizens, but also applicable to typography, math, and a commune. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Amongst other things, a shell is: An animal shell, the hard, rigid outer covering of an animal such as a mollusk or gastropod or tortoise or turtle. ...

Early History

At the beginning of the 18th century the French, who originally learned the art from the Italians, made great advances in the accuracy of their reproductions, and towards the end of that century the Paris manufacturers enjoyed a world-wide reputation. About the same time the art was introduced into England by French refugees, and soon afterwards it spread also to America.

Production

The industry is now a highly specialized one with several different manufacturing processes used.

Cloth and Paper Flowers

Four main processes may be distinguished:

• The first consists of cutting up the various fabrics and materials employed into shapes suitable for forming the leaves, petals, etc.; this may be done by Scissors, but more often stamps are employed which will cut through a dozen or more thicknesses at one blow.
• The veins of the leaves are next impressed by means of a die, and the petals are given their natural rounded forms by goffering irons of various shapes.
• The next step is to assemble the petals and other parts of the flower, which is built up from the center outwards;
• The fourth is to mount the flower on a stalk formed of brass or iron wire wrapped round with suitably colored material, and to fasten on the leaves required to complete the spray.

Soap Flowers

Two methods are used:

• A bar with layered colored soap is mounted in a lathe and a chisel is used to create circular grooves. This is the carved formed of soap flowers, the finished flower is very symetric and regular, but the flowers are not identicala and thus hand made.
• An oil-less soap is milled to a powder, water is added and the paste is used as a modelling material. Stamps and rollers are used to emboss leaf and petal textures onto the soap. This is a more expensive, labour intensive process.

With both methods, wire, wood and other mountings are later used to finish the products. This article is about a lathe as a tool. ...

Clay Flowers

Clay is dried and ground to a powder, water is added and coloring and the finished paste used as a modeling paste. A skilled crafts person then models the flowers.

Plastic Flowers

Mass manufactured injection moulding is used, the plastic is injected into a preformed metal die resulting is identical flowers in high volumes. Injection moulding (United States Injection Molding) is a manufacturing technique for making parts from plastic material. ...

External links

• Soap flowers

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in the public domain. Supporters contend that the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) represents the sum of human knowledge at the beginning of the 20th century; indeed, it was advertised as such. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...