Artificial intelligence Portal

Honda's humanoid robot

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, manufactured) entity. AI is studied in overlapping fields of computer science, psychology and engineering, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines, generally assumed to be computers. Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x1280, 970 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: ASIMO ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (960x1280, 970 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: ASIMO ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Intelligence is the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. ... Look up artificial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. ... Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... For the Pet Shop Boys album of the same name see Behaviour Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. ... Learned redirects here. ... ADAPT - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article is about devices that perform tasks. ... A BlueGene supercomputer cabinet. ...

Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting, speech, and facial recognition. As such, the study of AI has also become an engineering discipline, focused on providing solutions to real life problems, software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Control theory. ... Automated planning and scheduling is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realisation of strategies or action sequences, typically for execution by intelligent agents, autonomous robots and unmanned vehicles. ... It has been suggested that on-line handwriting recognition be merged into this article or section. ... Speech recognition (in many contexts also known as automatic speech recognition, computer speech recognition or erroneously as Voice Recognition) is the process of converting a speech signal to a sequence of words, by means of an algorithm implemented as a computer program. ... A facial recognition system is a computer-driven application for automatically identifying a person from a digital image. ... Software, or program, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to the physical components of the system (hardware). ... 1990s Pressure-sensory Chess Computer with LCD screen The idea of creating a chess-playing machine dates back to the eighteenth century. ... This article is about computer and video games. ...

For topics relating specifically to full human-like intelligence, see Strong AI. In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ...

Schools of thought

AI divides roughly into two schools of thought: Conventional AI and Computational Intelligence (CI)^{[citation needed]}. Computational intelligence (CI) is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence. ...

Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified as machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, neat AI and Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI). (Also see semantics.) Methods include: As a broad subfield of artificial intelligence, Machine learning is concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that allow computers to learn. At a general level, there are two types of learning: inductive, and deductive. ... The term formalism describes an emphasis on form over content or meaning in the arts, literature, or philosophy. ... Statistics is the science and practice of developing knowledge through the use of empirical data expressed in quantitative form. ... In artificial intelligence, the labels neats and scruffies used to refer to one of the continuing holy wars in artificial intelligence research. ... GOFAI stands for Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence. ... Semantics (Greek semantikos, giving signs, significant, symptomatic, from sema, sign) refers to the aspects of meaning that are expressed in a language, code, or other form of representation. ...

• Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on them.
• Case based reasoning
• Bayesian networks
• Behavior based AI: a modular method building AI systems by hand.

Computational Intelligence involves iterative development or learning (e.g. parameter tuning e.g. in connectionist systems). Learning is based on empirical data and is associated with non-symbolic AI, scruffy AI and soft computing. Methods mainly include: An expert system also known as a knowledge based system, is a computer program that contains some of the subject-specific knowledge of one or more human experts. ... Case-based reasoning (CBR), broadly construed, is the process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems. ... A Bayesian network is a form of probabilistic graphical model, also known as Bayesian belief network or just belief network. ... Behavior Based Artificial Intelligence (BBAI) is a methodology for developing AI based on a modular decomposition of intelligence. ... Computational intelligence (CI) is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence. ... Iteration is the repetition of a process, typically within a computer program. ... Connectionism today generally refers to an approach in the fields of cognitive psychology, cognitive science and philosophy of mind which models mental or behavioral phenomena with neural networks, and is associated with a certain set of arguments for why this is a good idea. ... Empirical is an adjective often used in conjunction with science, both the natural and social sciences, which means an observation or experiment based upon experience that is capable of being verified or disproved. ... In artificial intelligence, the labels neats and scruffies used to refer to one of the continuing holy wars in artificial intelligence research. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...

• Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities.
• Fuzzy systems: techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, have been widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control systems.
• Evolutionary computation: applies biologically inspired concepts such as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest to generate increasingly better solutions to the problem. These methods most notably divide into evolutionary algorithms (e.g. genetic algorithms) and swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms).

With hybrid intelligent systems attempts are made to combine these two groups. Expert inference rules can be generated through neural network or production rules from statistical learning such as in ACT-R. It is thought that the human brain uses multiple techniques to both formulate and cross-check results. Thus, systems integration is seen as promising and perhaps necessary for true AI. An artificial neural network (ANN) or commonly just neural network (NN) is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical model or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. ... Pattern recognition is a field within the area of machine learning. ... ... In computer science evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence (more particularly computational intelligence) involving combinatorial optimization problems. ... In biology, mutations are changes to the genetic material (either DNA or RNA). ... Herbert Spencer coined the phrase survival of the fittest Survival of the fittest is a phrase which is a shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance. ... In artificial intelligence, an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is a subset of evolutionary computation, a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. ... A genetic algorithm (or short GA) is a search technique used in computing to find true or approximate solutions to optimization and search problems. ... Swarm intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of collective behavior in decentralized, self-organized systems. ... The ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO), introduced by Moyson and Manderick [MoMa88] and widely developped by Marco Dorigo [CMD91,Dor92,DoSt04], is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems which can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs. ... Intelligent systems redirects here. ... In computer science a formal grammar is an abstract structure that describes a formal language precisely, i. ... ACT-R (pronounced act-ARE: Adaptive Control of Thought--Rational) is a cognitive architecture mainly developed by John R. Anderson at Carnegie Mellon University. ... // Please note that this article was just recently created. ...

History

Main article: History of artificial intelligence

Early in the 17th century, René Descartes envisioned the bodies of animals as complex but reducible machines, thus formulating the mechanistic theory, also known as the "clockwork paradigm". Wilhelm Schickard created the first mechanical digital calculating machine in 1623, followed by machines of Blaise Pascal (1643) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1671), who also invented the binary system. In the 19th century, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace worked on programmable mechanical calculating machines. This is a sub-article of Artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on the development and History of artificial intelligence. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... René Descartes (March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Renatus Cartesius (latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. ... In philosophy, mechanism is a theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes. ... Wilhelm Schickard (born 1592 in Herrenberg - died 1635 in Tübingen) built the first automatic calculator in 1623. ... A calculating machine is a machine designed to come up with calculations (i. ... Blaise Pascal (pronounced []), (June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. ... Gottfried Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (July 1, 1646 in Leipzig - November 14, 1716 in Hannover) was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer of Sorb descent. ... Binary system may refer to one of the following. ... Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, mechanical engineer and (proto-) computer scientist who originated the idea of a programmable computer. ... Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (December 10, 1815 – November 27, 1852), born Augusta Ada Byron, is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbages early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. ...

Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead published Principia Mathematica in 1910-1913, which revolutionized formal logic. In 1931 Kurt Gödel showed that sufficiently powerful consistent formal systems contain true theorems unprovable by any theorem-proving AI that is systematically deriving all possible theorems from the axioms. In 1941 Konrad Zuse built the first working program-controlled computers. Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts published A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity (1943), laying the foundations for neural networks. Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (MIT Press, 1948) popularizes the term "cybernetics". Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970), was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician, working mostly in the 20th century. ... Alfred North Whitehead, OM (February 15, 1861 Ramsgate, Kent, England – December 30, 1947 Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) was an English-born mathematician who became a philosopher. ... The Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910-1913. ... Kurt Gödel (IPA: ) (April 28, 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – January 14, 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was an Austrian logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödels work has had immense impact upon scientific and philosophical... Konrad Zuse (1992) Statue in Bad Hersfeld Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910 – December 18, 1995) was a German engineer and computer pioneer. ... Warren McCulloch (November 16, 1899 - September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician. ... Walter Pitts (1923? - 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of cognitive psychology. ... Simplified view of an artificial neural network A neural network is a system of interconnecting neurons in a network working together to produce an output function. ... Norbert Wiener Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 - March 18, 1964) was a U.S. mathematician and applied mathematician, especially in the field of electronics engineering. ... MIT Press Books The MIT Press is a university publisher affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Cybernetics is the study of communication and control, typically involving regulatory feedback in living organisms, machines and organisations, as well as their combinations. ...

1950s

The 1950s were a period of active efforts in AI. In 1950, Alan Turing introduced the "Turing test" as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior. The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester: a draughts-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz. John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" at the first conference devoted to the subject, in 1956. He also invented the Lisp programming language. Joseph Weizenbaum built ELIZA, a chatterbot implementing Rogerian psychotherapy. The birthdate of AI is generally considered to be July 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference, where many of these people met and exchanged ideas. Alan Turing is often considered the father of modern computer science. ... The Turing Test is a proposal for a test of a machines capability to perform human-like conversation. ... The Ferranti Mark I was the second commercially available general-purpose computer (first being the Z4 computer), with the first machine delivered in February 1951, just beating the UNIVAC I. The machine was built by Ferranti of the United Kingdom. ... The University of Manchester is a large university located in Manchester, England. ... Christopher Strachey (1916–1975) was a British computer scientist. ... John McCarthy (born September 4, 1927, in Boston, Massachusetts, sometimes known affectionately as Uncle John McCarthy), is a prominent computer scientist who received the Turing Award in 1971 for his major contributions to the field of Artificial Intelligence. ... Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully-parenthesized syntax. ... Joseph Weizenbaum. ... Eliza is a common girls name in English. ... A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. ... Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 - February 4, 1987) was a psychologist who was instrumental in the development of non-directive psychotherapy (Rogerian psychotherapy, also known as Person centred psychotherapy). ... The Dartmouth Conference was the name of a conference organised by John McCarthy, in which he gathered together everyone who was interested in finding out about Artificial Intelligence (as it was then given its name). ...

At the same time, John von Neumann, who had been hired by the RAND Corporation, developed the game theory, which would prove invaluable in the progress of AI research. John von Neumann (Margittai Neumann János Lajos) (born December 28, 1903 in Budapest, Austria-Hungary; died February 8, 1957 in Washington D.C., United States) was a Hungarian-born mathematician and polymath who made contributions to quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, topology, economics, computer science, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics... Alternate meanings: See RAND (disambiguation) The RAND Corporation is an American think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the U.S. military. ... Game theory is most often described as a branch of applied mathematics and economics that studies situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ...

1960s-1970s

During the 1960s and 1970s, Joel Moses demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program, the first successful knowledge-based program in mathematics. Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A Pattern Recognition Program That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators" in 1963, which described one of the first machine learning programs that could adaptively acquire and modify features and thereby overcome the limitations of simple perceptrons of Rosenblatt. Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert published Perceptrons, which demonstrated the limits of simple neural nets. Alain Colmerauer developed the Prolog computer language. Ted Shortliffe demonstrated the power of rule-based systems for knowledge representation and inference in medical diagnosis and therapy in what is sometimes called the first expert system. Hans Moravec developed the first computer-controlled vehicle to autonomously negotiate cluttered obstacle courses. Professor Joel Moses received his undergraduate degree in Mathematics from Columbia University and a masters degree in Mathematics, also from Columbia. ... Symbolic mathematics, or symbolic math, relates to the use of computers to manipulate mathematical equations and expressions in symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the approximations of specific numerical quantities represented by those symbols. ... MACSYMA Reference Manual, MIT, 1977 Macsyma is a computer algebra system that was originally developed from 1967 to 1982 at MIT as part of Project MAC and later marketed commercially. ... Professor Leonard Uhr was an American computer scientist, and one of the early pioneers in computer vision, pattern recognition, machine learning, and cognitive science. ... Frank Rosenblatt (1928–1969) was a New York City born computer scientist who completed the Perceptron, or MARK 1, computer at Cornell University in 1960. ... Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927), sometimes affectionately known as Old Man Minsky, is an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), co-founder of MITs AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. ... Seymour Papert Seymour Papert (born March 1, 1928 Pretoria, South Africa) is an MIT mathematician, computer scientist, and prominent educator. ... Professor Alain Colmerauer is the creator of the logic programming language Prolog for computers. ... Prolog is a logic programming language. ... Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. ... Hans Moravec (born November 30, 1948 in Austria) is a permanent resident research professor at the Robotics Institute (Carnegie Mellon) of Carnegie Mellon University known for his work on robotics, artificial intelligence, and writings on the impact of technology. ... Autonomous robots are robots which can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. ...

1980s

In the 1980s, neural networks became widely used due to the backpropagation algorithm, first described by Paul Werbos in 1974. The team of Ernst Dickmanns built the first robot cars, driving up to 55 mph on empty streets. Backpropagation is a supervised learning technique used for training artificial neural networks. ... Paul Werbos is an scientist best known for his 1974 Harvard University Ph. ... Ernst Dickmanns, a former professor at Bundeswehr Universität München in Munich (since 1975), is the pioneer of autonomous cars or robot cars. ...

1990s & Turn of the Century

The 1990s marked major achievements in many areas of AI and demonstrations of various applications. In 1995, one of Dickmanns' robot cars drove more than 1000 miles in traffic at up to 110 mph. Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer, beat Garry Kasparov in a famous six-game match in 1997. DARPA stated that the costs saved by implementing AI methods for scheduling units in the first Persian Gulf War have repaid the US government's entire investment in AI research since the 1950s. Honda built the first prototypes of humanoid robots like the one depicted above. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Garry Kasparov Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: ; IPA: ) (born April 13, 1963, in Baku, Azerbaijan) is a chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion. ... The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technology for use by the military. ... Combatants Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Egypt Qatar France Canada UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Saddam Hussein Strength 660,000 360,000 Casualties 378 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991) was a... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

During the 1990s and 2000s AI has become very influenced by probability theory and statistics. Bayesian networks are the focus of this movement, providing links to more rigorous topics in statistics and engineering such as Markov models and Kalman filters, and bridging the divide between `neat' and `scruffy' approaches. The last few years have also seen a big interest in game theory applied to AI decision making. This new school of AI is sometimes called `machine learning'. After the September 11, 2001 attacks there has been much renewed interest and funding for threat-detection AI systems, including machine vision research and data-mining. However despite the hype, excitment about Bayesian AI is perhaps now fading again as successful Bayesian models have only appeared for tiny statistical tasks (such as finding principal components probabilistically) and appear to be intractable for general perception and decision making. A Bayesian network or Bayesian belief network is a directed acyclic graph of nodes representing variables and arcs representing dependence relations among the variables. ... In probability theory, a Markov process is a stochastic process characterized as follows: The state at time is one of a finite number in the range . ... The Kalman filter is an efficient recursive filter which estimates the state of a dynamic system from a series of incomplete and noisy measurements. ... Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives. ... A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11—pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... Machine vision (MV) is the application of computer vision to industry and manufacturing. ... Data mining (DM), also called Knowledge-Discovery in Databases (KDD) or Knowledge-Discovery and Data Mining, is the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns using tools such as classification, association rule mining, clustering, etc. ... In statistics, principal components analysis (PCA) is a technique that can be used to simplify a dataset; more formally it is a linear transformation that chooses a new coordinate system for the data set such that the greatest variance by any projection of the data set comes to lie on...

Challenge & Prize

The DARPA Grand Challenge is a race for a $2 million prize where cars drive themselves across several hundred miles of challenging desert terrain without any communication with humans, using GPS, computers and a sophisticated array of sensors. In 2005 the winning vehicles completed all 132 miles of the course in just under 7 hours. There will be no prize money awarded to the winners of the 2007 race due to a re-allocation of DARPA funds through a bill signed by George W. Bush in which Congress switched the authority from DARPA to its boss, the Director of Defense Engineering and Research. [1] 2007 Urban Challenge The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for driverless cars, sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the central research organization of the United States Department of Defense. ... Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ...

In the post-dot com boom era, some search engine websites have sprung using a simple form of AI to provide answers to questions entered by the visitor. Questions such as "What is the tallest building?" Can be entered into the search engine's input form and a list of answers will be returned.

AI in Philosophy

Mind and Brain Portal

Main article: Philosophy of artificial intelligence

The strong AI vs. weak AI debate ("can a man-made artifact be conscious?") is still a hot topic amongst AI philosophers. This involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem. Most notably Roger Penrose in his book The Emperor's New Mind and John Searle with his "Chinese room" thought experiment argue that true consciousness cannot be achieved by formal logic systems, while Douglas Hofstadter in Gödel, Escher, Bach and Daniel Dennett in Consciousness Explained argue in favour of functionalism. In many strong AI supporters’ opinion, artificial consciousness is considered as the holy grail of artificial intelligence. Edsger Dijkstra famously opined that the debate had little importance: "The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than the question of whether a submarine can swim." Image File history File links Portal. ... ... In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ... Weak AI is a term coined by John Searle and explained in his paper Minds, Brains, And Programs. ... A philosopher is a person who thinks deeply regarding people, society, the world, and/or the universe. ... A Phrenological mapping of the brain. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. ... The Emperors New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics is a 1989 book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose. ... John Rogers Searle (born July 31, 1932) is Mills Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, and is noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and consciousness, on the characteristics of socially constructed versus physical realities, and on practical reason. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In philosophy, physics, and other fields, a thought experiment (from the German Gedankenexperiment) is an attempt to solve a problem using the power of human imagination. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... Logic (from ancient Greek λόγος (logos), meaning reason) is the study of arguments. ... Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945) is an American academic. ... GEB cover Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid (commonly GEB) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Douglas Hofstadter, published in 1979 by Basic Books. ... Daniel Clement Dennett (b. ... Cover of Consciousness Explained Consciousness Explained (published 1991) is a book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett which attempts to explain how consciousness arises from interaction of physical and cognitive processes in the brain. ... Functionalism is a theory of the mind in contemporary philosophy, developed largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of mind and behaviorism. ... Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact. ... The legend of the Holy Grail is the basis of the modern usage of holy grail. ... Edsger Dijkstra Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (Rotterdam, May 11, 1930 – Nuenen, August 6, 2002; IPA: ) was a Dutch computer scientist. ...

Epistemology, the study of knowledge, also makes contact with AI, as engineers find themselves debating similar questions to philosophers about how best to represent and use knowledge and information. (e.g. semantic networks). This article does not cite its references or sources. ... A semantic network is often used as a form of knowledge representation. ...

AI in business

Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition (BBC News, 2001).^[1] A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and to provide medical information. Many practical applications are dependent on artificial neural networks — networks that pattern their organization in mimicry of a brain's neurons, which have been found to excel in pattern recognition. Financial institutions have long used such systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. Neural networks are also being widely deployed in homeland security, speech and text recognition, medical diagnosis (such as in Concept Processing technology in EMR software), data mining, and e-mail spam filtering. A Stock Trader or a Stock Investor is a financial markets professional or firm, who buys and sells financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds. ... The current BBC News logo BBC News and Current Affairs is a major arm of the BBC responsible for the corporations newsgathering and production of news programmes on BBC television, radio and online. ... A neural network is an interconnected group of neurons. ... In Financial economics, a financial institution acts as an agent that provides financial services for its clients. ... For the NBC TV Movie starring Tom Skeritt, see Homeland Security (TV Movie). ... Diagnosis (from the Greek words dia = by and gnosis = knowledge) is the process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptoms and results of various diagnostic procedures. ... Concept Processing is a type of technology used in some Electronic Medical Record (EMR) software applications, as an alternative to the more widespread template-based technology. ... EMR can stand for: Electromagnetic radiation Electronic medical record Emergency medical response Educational Media Resources, Inc. ... Data mining (DM), also called Knowledge-Discovery in Databases (KDD) or Knowledge-Discovery and Data Mining, is the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns using tools such as classification, association rule mining, clustering, etc. ... View of a modern spam email, containing an advertising image. ...

Robots have become common in many industries. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration, and other jobs which humans may find degrading. General Motors uses around 16,000 robots for tasks such as painting, welding, and assembly. Japan is the leader in using robots in the world. In 1995, 700,000 robots were in use worldwide; over 500,000 of which were from Japan (Encarta, 2006). For other uses, see Robot (disambiguation). ...

AI in fiction

In science fiction AI — almost always strong AI — is commonly portrayed as an upcoming power trying to overthrow human authority as in HAL 9000, Skynet, Colossus and The Matrix or as service humanoids like C-3PO, Marvin, Data, KITT and KARR, the Bicentennial Man, the Mechas in A.I., Cortana from the Halo series or Sonny in I, Robot. Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ... HAL 9000 (Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer) is a fictional computer/character in the Space Odyssey series, the first being the novel and film 2001 A Space Odyssey, written by Arthur C. Clarke in 1968. ... Skynet is a fictional computer network created by Cyberdyne Systems Corporation for Strategic Air Command-North American Aerospace Defense Command and the main unseen villain in the Terminator series. ... Colossus was a fictional computer featured in the 1969 apocalyptic science fiction movie, Colossus: The Forbin Project loosely based on the 1967 novel Colossus by Dennis Feltham Jones. ... The Matrix is a science fiction/action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Joe Pantoliano and Hugo Weaving. ... The term humanoid refers to any being whose body structure resembles that of a human. ... C-3PO (pronounced See-Threepio, often shortened to Threepio) is a character from the fictional Star Wars universe, created by Anakin Skywalker circa 32 BBY prior to the events of Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. ... In the BBC TV series, the marketing division of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation defines a robot [like Marvin] as Your plastic pal whos fun to be with. Marvin the Paranoid Android is a fictional character in The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy series by Douglas Adams. ... Data,[1] portrayed by Brent Spiner, is a character in the Star Trek fictional universe. ... KITT on display at Universal Studios. ... KARR from the episode KARR (the Knight Automated Roving Robot), is a villain from the cult television series Knight Rider. ... The Bicentennial Man is a novella by Isaac Asimov. ... Artificial Intelligence: AI (spelled A.I. Artificial Intelligence on posters and merchadising materials) is a science fiction film co-produced, written, and directed by Steven Spielberg and released in 2001. ... Cortana is a fictional artificial intelligence with female programming in the Halo series of video games. ... Master Chief emerges from smoke and rubble that litters an African plain in Halo 3. ... I, Robot is a science fiction film filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, but produced in the United States released on July 16, 2004, attributed to Isaac Asimovs Robot Series, especially a short-story collection of the same name. ...

A notable exception is Mike in Robert A. Heinlein's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress: a supercomputer that becomes aware and aids in a local revolution. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ... The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress cover The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein about a lunar penal colonys revolt against rule from Earth. ...

The inevitability of world domination by out-of-control AI is also argued by some fiction writers like Kevin Warwick. In works such as the Japanese manga Ghost in the Shell, the existence of intelligent machines questions the definition of life as organisms rather than a broader category of autonomous entities, establishing a notional concept of systemic intelligence. See list of fictional computers and list of fictional robots and androids. Kevin Warwick is a cybernetics professor at the University of Reading, England. ... 2nd English edition of InuYasha Vol. ... For other uses, see Ghost in the Shell (manga) (disambiguation). ... This page is intended to be a list of computers in fiction and science fiction. ... This list of fictional robots and androids is a chronological list, categorised by medium. ...

Some fiction writers, such as Vernor Vinge and Ray Kurzweil, have also speculated that the advent of strong AI is likely to cause abrupt and dramatic societal change. The period of abrupt change is sometimes referred to as "the Singularity". Vernor Steffen Vinge (IPA: ) (born February 10, 1944) is a mathematician, computer scientist and science fiction author who is best known for his Hugo award-winning novels A Fire Upon the Deep and A Deepness in the Sky, as well as for his 1993 essay The Technological Singularity, in which... Dr. Raymond Kurzweil (born February 12, 1948) is a pioneer in the fields of optical character recognition (OCR), text-to-speech synthesis, speech recognition technology, and electronic musical keyboards. ... In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ... When plotted on a logarithmic graph, 15 separate lists of paradigm shifts for key events in human history show an exponential trend. ...

Author Frank Herbert explored the idea of a time when mankind might ban clever machines entirely. His Dune series makes mention of a rebellion called the Butlerian Jihad in which mankind defeats the smart machines of the future and then imposes a death penalty against any who would again create thinking machines. Often quoted from the fictional Orange Catholic Bible, "Thou shalt not make a machine in the likeness of a human mind." Frank Patrick Herbert (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American science fiction author. ... In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware, but may or may not exhibit human-like thought processes. ... The fictional Dune universe, or Duniverse is the political, scientific, and social setting of author Frank Herberts six-book Dune series of science-fiction novels. ... The Butlerian Jihad is an epic turning point in the back-story of Frank Herberts fictional Dune universe. ... A fictional book from the Dune novels of Frank Herbert, the Orange Catholic Bible, also known as the Koranjiyana Zenchristian Scriptures or Zenchristian Navakoran, is one of the most important religious texts in the Dune universe. ...

See also

• American Association for Artificial Intelligence
• Artificial artificial intelligence
• AI effect
• AI winter
• A.I. Systems Integration
• Biosynthetic phylogeny
• Cognitive science
• Fifth generation computer
• German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence
• History of artificial intelligence
• Intelligent interface
• International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
• Loebner Prize
• Neuromancer
• PEAS
• Predictive analytics
• Robotics
• Simulated reality
• Three Laws of Robotics

The American Association for Artificial Intelligence or AAAI is a North American organization dedicated to advancing understanding of artificial intelligence (AI). ... Artificial artificial intelligence (AAI) it a term coined by Jeff Bezos. ... The AI effect is a term for the tendency for individuals to discount advances in artificial intelligence after the fact. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... // Please note that this article was just recently created. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Cognitive science is usually defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e. ... The PIM/m-1 machine. ... DFKI building in Saarbrücken Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz (DFKI), German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, is an important research center in Saarbrücken and Kaiserslautern. ... This is a sub-article of Artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on the development and History of artificial intelligence. ... The International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (or IJCAI) a meeting of researchers from the different areas of artificial intelligence (AI). ... The Loebner Prize is an annual competition that awards prizes to the Chatterbot considered the most humanlike for that year. ... Neuromancer by William Gibson is the most famous early cyberpunk novel and won the so-called science-fiction triple crown (the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Memorial Award, and the Hugo Award) after being published in 1984. ... Binomial name Pisum sativum A pea (Pisum sativum) is the small, edible round green seed which grows in a pod on a leguminous vine, hence why it is called a legume. ... Predictive analytics encompasses a variety of techniques from statistics and data mining that process current and historical data in order to make “predictions” about future events. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with robot. ... Simulated reality is the idea that reality could be simulated inside a computer to a degree indistinguishable from real reality. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ...

Applications

Typical problems to which AI methods are applied:

• Pattern recognition
  • Optical character recognition
  • Handwriting recognition
  • Speech recognition
  • Face recognition

• Artificial Creativity
• Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing
• Diagnosis
• Game theory and Strategic planning
• Game AI and Computer game bot
• Natural language processing, Translation and Chatterbots
• Non-linear control and Robotics

Other fields in which AI methods are implemented: Pattern recognition is a field within the area of machine learning. ... Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated to OCR, is computer software designed to translate images of handwritten or typewritten text (usually captured by a scanner) into machine-editable text, or to translate pictures of characters into a standard encoding scheme representing them (e. ... It has been suggested that on-line handwriting recognition be merged into this article or section. ... Speech recognition (in many contexts also known as automatic speech recognition, computer speech recognition or erroneously as Voice Recognition) is the process of converting a speech signal to a sequence of words, by means of an algorithm implemented as a computer program. ... A facial recognition system is a computer-driven application for automatically identifying a person from a digital image. ... Artificial Creativity is a branch of Artificial Intelligence based on trying to make computers creative or on trying to understand human creativity by doing research in making computers creative. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article is about the simulation technology. ... UPIICSA IPN - Binary image In the broadest sense, image processing is any form of information processing for which both the input and output are images, such as photographs or frames of video. ... As a subfield in artificial intelligence, Diagnosis is concerned with the development of algorithms and techniques that are able to determine whether the behaviour of a system is correct. ... Game theory is most often described as a branch of applied mathematics and economics that studies situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to maximize their returns. ... The current version of the article or section is written like an essay. ... Game AI refers to techniques used in computer and video games to produce the illusion of intelligence in the behavior of non-player characters (NPCs). ... A bot, most prominently in the first person shooter PC game types (FPS), is a roBOTic computer controlled entity that simulates an online or LAN multiplayer human deathmatch opponent, team deathmatch opponent or a cooperative human player. ... Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. ... Look up translate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. ... Non-linear control is a sub-division of control engineering which deals with the control of non-linear systems. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with robot. ...

• Artificial life
• Automated reasoning
• Automation
• Behavior-based robotics
• Bio-inspired computing
• Chatterbot
• Cognitive robotics
• Colloquis
• Concept Mining
• Cybernetics
• Data mining
• Developmental robotics
• Epigenetic robotics
• E-mail spam filtering
• Evolutionary robotics
• Hybrid intelligent system
• Intelligent agent
• Intelligent control
• Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge Acquisition
• Semantic web

Lists of researchers, projects & publications Artificial life, also known as alife or a-life, is the study of life, or more specifically the evolution of life, through the use of artificial models or artifacts. ... Automated reasoning is an area of Computer Science dedicated to creating software which allows to perform reasoning on computers completely or nearly completely automatically. ... For more information, visit Local Automation. ... Behavior-based robotics or behavioral robotics or behavioural robotics is the branch of robotics that does not use an internal model of the environment. ... Biologically-inspired computing (also bio-inspired computing) is a field of study that loosely knits together subfields related to the topics of connectionism, social behaviour and emergence. ... A chatterbot is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods. ... Cognitive robotics (CR) is concerned with endowing robots (which have to operate in complex, fast-changing environments) with high-level cognitive capabilities, such as anticipation, planning, reasoning about other agents, and reasoning about their own mental states. ... Colloquis, previously called ActiveBuddy, is a company that creates conversation-based interactive agents originally distributed via instant messaging platforms. ... It has been suggested that Taxonomic classification be merged into this article or section. ... Cybernetics is the study of communication and control, typically involving regulatory feedback in living organisms, machines and organisations, as well as their combinations. ... Data mining (DM), also called Knowledge-Discovery in Databases (KDD) or Knowledge-Discovery and Data Mining, is the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns using tools such as classification, association rule mining, clustering, etc. ... Developmental Robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a methodology that uses metaphors from developmental psychology to develop controllers for autonomous robots. ... Epigenetic Robotics is an interdiciplinary research area with the goal of understanding biological systems by the integration between neuroscience, developmental psychology and engineering sciences. ... View of a modern spam email, containing an advertising image. ... Evolutionary Robotics (ER) is a methodology that uses evolutionary computation to develop controllers for autonomous robots. ... Intelligent systems redirects here. ... Simple reflex agent Learning agent In computer science, an intelligent agent (IA) is a software agent that exhibits some form of artificial intelligence. ... All control techniques that use various soft computing approaches like neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms can be put into the class of intelligent control. ... Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. ... The Semantic Web is a project to create a universal medium for information exchange by putting documents with computer-processable meaning (semantics) on the World Wide Web. ...

• List of AI researchers
• List of AI projects
• List of important AI publications

The following is a list of current and past notable artificial intelligence projects. ... This is a list of important publications in computer science, organized by field. ...

References

August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ... This article is about the year 2001. ... 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ...

External links

Wikibooks has more about this subject:

Artificial Intelligence

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Artificial intelligence

• AI overview.
• Intelligent Interface.
• Podcast 'Talking Robots' - interviews with high-profile professionals in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
• Freeview Video 'Machines with Minds' by the Vega Science Trust and the BBC/OU
• John McCarthy's frequently asked questions about AI
• Ray Kurzweil's website dedicated to AI including prediction of future development in AI
• AI history & outlook by Jürgen Schmidhuber
• Future of Artificial Intelligence - possible applications based on AI
• Magazine article on the development of AI and Chatterbots
• Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing
• Heuristics and artificial intelligence in finance and investment
• Google Users Promised Artificial Intelligence
• 50th Anniversary Summit of Artificial Intelligence 9-14 July 2006 Monte Verita Switzerland
• Speak with A.L.I.C.E. : An award winning AI chat robot
• The AI newsgroup
• Documentary film with and about Joseph Weizenbaum and ELIZA. ( "Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work." )
• NASA Ames Research Center's Intelligent Systems Division
• Institute for Intelligent Systems
• "Hello, Are You Human?" Cocktail hour inversion of the Turing Test
• Mindmakers.org, an online organization for people building large scale A.I. systems.
• AI Topics
• Take a 5-minute online Turing Test
• Chat with George and Joan, winners of the last 2 Loebner Prizes
• Chatbot Hub is a community site with news, downloads, and links about Artificial Intelligence
• AI-Tools, the Open Source AI community homepage.