A master's degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate or graduate course of one to three years in duration. In the United Kingdom it is sometimes awarded for an undergraduate student whose final year consists of higher-level courses and a major research project. The ancient universities of Scotland (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St Andrews) award an MA (Master of Arts) as their normal undergraduate degree after four years of study in Arts, Humanities or Social Sciences. In the recently standardized European system of higher education diplomas, it corresponds to a two-year graduate program to be entered after three years of undergraduate studies and in preparation for either high-qualification employment or for doctoral studies. A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... Quaternary education or postgraduate education is the fourth-stage educational level which follows the completion of an undergraduate degree at a college or university. ... Having a degree conferred is a requirement of (post)graduate school. ... A year is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... In some educational systems, an undergraduate is a post-secondary student pursuing a Bachelors degree. ... The Ancient universities in Scotland comprise The University of St Andrews (founded 1413) The University of Glasgow (1451) The University of Aberdeen (1495) The University of Edinburgh (1583) The University of Dundee (founded 1967, with a history dating back to 1881) shares several organizational features with these four and a... A Master of Arts in Scotland is an undergraduate academic degree in humanities and social sciences awarded by the five ancient universities. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... A diploma (from Greek diploma) is a certificate or deed issued by an educational institution, such as a university, that testifies that the recipient has successfully completed a particular course of study, or confers an academic degree. ... Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ...

Master's degrees are often prefixed with magister, which is Latin for master, teacher. In some languages, magister or its cognate is the word used for person who has the degree. Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

North America

World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...

MA, MS, MSc, MSE, AM, SM

The Master of Arts (Magister Artium) and Master of Science (Magister Scientiæ) degrees are the basic type in most subjects and may be entirely course-based, entirely research-based or (more typically) a mixture. A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ...

Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding a bachelor's degree, and progressing to a doctoral program usually requires a master's degree. In the United Kingdom however this is not always the case, access to Masters level courses can be granted if the applicant has work based experience that displays technical knowledge or relevance to the field (i.e. social workers often become accepted for Masters Degree's in Sociology). This trend is becoming accepted internationally with USA universities among others beginning to accept non academically backed applicants. In some fields or graduate programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelors degree (in the UK this is known as a '1+3' and requires a pass level Masters degree) . Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's degree after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, and due to the flexibility of Latin word order, Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM) may be used at some schools. For example, MIT uses the degree abbreviations A.M. and S.M. for its master's degrees. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Latin differs from languages like English in that it uses many noun cases which are declined in such a way that they are nearly all different from each other, and even proper nouns such as names are declined. ...

MAief

The Master of Arts in international economics and finance is a one year degree in the field of economics. Economics (from the Greek οίκος [oikos], family, household, estate, and νομος [nomos], custom, law, hence household management and management of the state) is a social science that studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. ...

MAA

The Master of Applied Anthropology (MAA) is a two-year program focused on training non-academic anthropologists. The University of Maryland, College Park developed this program to encourage entrepreneurial approaches to careers outside academia, where most new anthropologists are likely to seek and find employment. For this reason, it is considered a professional degree rather than a liberal arts degree.

MASc, MEng

The Master of Engineering degree is awarded to students who have done graduate work at the masters level in the field of engineering. While in the United States, candidates in engineering are typically awarded MS degrees, in the U.K. and Canada, they are generally given MSc, MASc or MEng degrees. (An example of an MEng-awarding U.S. university is the University of California, Berkeley, of which the Civil & Environmental Engineering department offers both MS and MEng degrees.) A Master of Engineering (M.Eng. ... Engineering applies scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. ... University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (also known as California, Cal, UCB, UC Berkeley, The University of California, or simply Berkeley) is a public, coeducational university situated east of the San Francisco Bay in Berkeley, California, overlooking the Golden Gate. ...

In Canada, the Master of Applied Science (MASc) is awarded to masters students with a research focus (having completed work leading to a thesis), while an MEng is awarded to masters students with a coursework focus and the completion of a research paper. The distinction between MASc and MEng is not definite since some universities grant only an MEng and some universities grant only an MASc, either research or coursework-focused. A thesis (literally: position from the Greek θέσις) is an intellectual proposition. ...

MAT

Coursework and practica leading to a Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) degree is intended to prepare individuals for a teaching career in a specific subject of middle and/or secondary-level curricula (i.e., middle or high school). The MAT differs from the MEd degree in that the course requirements are dominated by classes in the subject area to be taught (e.g., foreign language, math, science, etc.) rather than educational theory. Work toward most MAT degrees will, however, necessarily include classes on educational theory in order to meet program and state requirements. Work toward the MAT degree may also include practica (i.e., student teaching).

MBA, MBOL, MHA, MPP, MPA, MAL

Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Business and Organizational Leadership (MBOL), Master of Health Administration (MHA), Master of Public Policy (MPP), and Master of Public Administration (MPA) are professional degrees focusing on management for the private and public sector. Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a tertiary degree in business management. ... The Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) historically has been a professional Masters degree that provides training in public policy, project and program implementation - that is, public management. ... Professional Masters degrees are awarded by a university and require that a candidate already has been awarded a first degree, normally a bachelors degree to matriculate into the program. ...

LLM

Master of Laws (LLM) is an advanced professional degree in law. The course typically lasts one year and is usually in a specific area of law. Despite the name, a Master of Laws is a higher degree than a Juris Doctor. The Master of Laws is an advanced law degree that allows someone to specialize in a particular area of law. ... A professional degree is an academic degree that is regulated under common laws of the Swedish government and examined and awarded by prescribed schools and universities, and intended for those wishing to follow a given profession. ... Juris Doctor (J.D., Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence) is a professional law degree typically awarded by an accredited law school in the United States to a student who has successfully completed three years of study in law. ...

MAcc, MAc or MPAcc

Master of Accountancy (MAcc, MAc or alternatively MPAcc for Master of Professional Accounting) is typically a one-year, non-thesis graduate program designed to prepare graduates for public accounting and to provide them with the 150 credit hours required by most states before taking the CPA exam. For other meanings of CPA see CPA (disambiguation) Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) are accounting professionals of the United States who have passed the Uniform CPA exam, which was developed and is maintained by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), and have subsequently met additional state requirements for licensure...

MALS, MLA, MALA, MLS

The Master of Arts in Liberal Studies (M.A.L.S.), Master of Liberal Arts (MLA), Master of Arts in Liberal Arts (M.A.L.A.) and Master of Liberal Studies (MLS) are interdisciplinary master's degrees. Occasionally, they are awarded in specific academic subjects. Regardless of the title, these degrees are essentially similar, often requiring the completion of a liberal arts curriculum and a master's thesis or capstone project. In 1952, Wesleyan University initiated the first master's program of this sort, to further the educations of local secondary school teachers. Currently, these degrees are often undertaken for personal enrichment, or to explore an interdisciplinary subject that does not conform to the scope of traditional master's degree programs. Wesleyan University founded in 1831, is a private, liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut. ...

MArch

The two- or three-year Master of Architecture (MArch) is a professional degree in the study of architecture. The Master of Architecture (MArch) is a professional Masters degree required for licensure as an architect. ... A professional degree is an academic degree that is regulated under common laws of the Swedish government and examined and awarded by prescribed schools and universities, and intended for those wishing to follow a given profession. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728 The following article focuses on built environment, the architecture of spaces designed for human habitation. ...

MCJ

The Master of Criminal Justice is a professional degree in the study of criminal justice. The program is designed as a terminal degree for professionals in the field of criminal justice or as preparation for doctoral programs.

MDiv, MTh, STM

The Master of Divinity (M.Div.) is the first professional degree in ministry (in the US and Canada) and is a common academic degree among theological seminaries. It is typically three years in length. Other theology degree titles used are Master of Theology (M.Th.) and Master of Sacred Theology (S.T.M.). Master of Divinity is a common degree among theological seminaries and is considered the minimum academic requirement for ordination into pastoral ministry. ... A professional degree is an academic degree that is regulated under common laws of the Swedish government and examined and awarded by prescribed schools and universities, and intended for those wishing to follow a given profession. ... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing a program of study. ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... A seminary is a specialized university-like institution for the purpose of instructing students in religion, often in order to prepare them to become members of the clergy. ... The Master of Sacred Theology (S.T.M.) is a second level professional degree conferred by seminaries and theological colleges. ...

MEd

Master of Education degrees are similar to MA, MS, and MSc where the subject studied is education. The Master of Education (M.Ed or M.A.E.) is a degree conferred by American institutions for educators moving on in their field. ...

In the United States some states license teachers with a bachelor's degree but require a master's within a set number of years as continuing education. A teachers room in a Japanese middle school, 2005. ...

Other Education related master's degrees conferred in the United States are Master in Teaching (M.I.T.), Master of Science in Education (M.S.Ed. or M.S.E.), Master of Arts in Education (M.A.Ed.), and Master of Adult Education (M.Ad.Ed.).

MID

Master of Industrial Design is a two or three year program in the field of industrial design.

MFA

The Master of Fine Arts (MFA) is a two to three year terminal degree in a creative field of study such as theatre arts, creative writing, filmmaking or studio art. Alternate uses: see MFA (disambiguation) Master of Fine Arts (MFA) is a graduate degree in an area of applied or performing arts typically requiring two to three years of study beyond the Bachelors level. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Creative writing is a term used to distinguish certain imaginative or different types of writing from generic writing. ... Filmmaking is the process of making a film. ... Studio art, when considered as an academic discipline, is the making of visual art (such as painting, drawing or sculpture), contrasted to the study of art history, for instance. ...

MFS

The Master of Forensic Sciences (MFS) is a specialized professional degree designed for law enforcement, lab personnel, attorneys, investigators and other professionals.

MHS

The Master of Health Science is awared to students who have completed a post-graduate course of study in health sciences or health policy fields, usually associated with the Public Health field. The MHS is often a more focused program for public health professionals, often with non-health professional backgrounds. Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...

MLS, MLIS, MSIS

A Master of Library Science (MLS) degree is the culmination of an interdisciplinary program encompassing information science, information management, librarianship, and/or related topics. Modern variants include Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS), Master of Science in Information Studies (MSIS), Master of Librarianship, et al. While some universities use standard degree titles such as Master of Arts (University of Iowa) and Master of Science (University of Illinois) for their Library Science master's degrees. Library and information science (LIS) is the study of issues related to libraries and the information fields. ... Information science or informatics is the science of information. ... Information management is the handling of information acquired by one or many disparate sources in a way that optimizes access by all who have a share in that information or a right to that information. ... The Librarian, a 1556 painting by Giuseppe Arcimboldo A librarian is a person who develops procedures for organizing information and provides services which assist and instruct people in the most efficient and effective ways to identify, locate, access, and use information and resources (articles, books, magazines, etc. ... The Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) is the masters degree required for most professional librarian positions. ... A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... The University of Iowa is a major national research university located on a 1,900-acre campus in Iowa City, Iowa, USA, on the Iowa River in East Central Iowa. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... The University of Illinois is the set of three public universities in Illinois. ...

MMus

Master of Music is a two to four year applied degree in the field of music. The Master of Music (M.M. or M.Mus. ...

MOT

The Master of Occupational Therapy is awared to students who have completed a post-graduate course of study, and is now the entry-level degree for this profession. Occupational therapy (OT) is skilled treatment that helps individuals achieve independence in all facets of their lives. ...

MPH, MSPH

The Master of Public Health and Master of Science in Public Health degrees are awarded to students who have completed a post-graduate course of study in Public Health.

MPhil

In the United States and Canada, a Master of Philosophy or Magister Philosophiae (MPhil) degree is sometimes awarded to ABD (all but dissertation) doctoral candidates who have completed all coursework, passed their written and oral examinations, and met any other special requirements before beginning work on the doctoral dissertation. In the usage of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and some other countries, the Master of Philosphy is a research degree, requiring the completion of a thesis. ... This article is about the thesis in dialectics and academia. ...

Assuming all requirements are met, the MPhil degree is generally awarded after about one year of full time study towards a doctorate. The MPhil is considered equivalent to the former French DEA (Diplôme d'études approfondies). DEA is an abbreviation of the following, among others: Drug Enforcement Administration (USA) TheDEA.org, a harm reduction web site. ...

MPM

The Master of Project Management is a terminal professional degree awared to students who have completed a post-graduate course of study, and is usually associated with construction management, urban planning, or architecture and engineering design management. Project Management is the discipline of defining and achieving targets while optimizing the use of resources (time, money, people, materials, energy, space, etc) over the course of a project (a set of activities of finite duration). ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Urban, city, or town planning, deals with the physical, social and economic development of metropolitan regions, municipalities and neighborhoods. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728 The following article focuses on built environment, the architecture of spaces designed for human habitation. ... Engineering applies scientific and technical knowledge to solve human problems. ... The term design management [] offers to an organization an approach to make design-relevant decisions in a market and customer-oriented way as well as optimizing design-relevant (enterprise-)processes. ...

MPS

The Masters of Professional Studies is a terminal interdisciplinary degree and is sometimes used by programs that do not fit into any traditional categories. In some cases it is used as replacement for an MFA for programs with heavy technology focuses like NYU's Interactive Telecommunications Program. Other programs use it for Organizational Studies or interdisciplinary Social Science programs. The Interactive Telecommunications Program in the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University is a pioneering graduate department focused on the study and design of new media, computational media and embedded computing under the umbrella of interactivity. ...

MSN, M.Nur.

The Master of Science in Nursing is the most common title for a graduate professional degree in nursing. A few schools also use the titles Master of Nursing or Master of Arts.

MSW

The Master of Social Work (MSW) is a professional graduate degree preparing students to become professional social workers. MSW programs require students to complete an extensive field practicum, under mentorship of a senior social worker. MSW programs in the United States are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education. The Master of Social Work (MSW) is a type of masters degree which is received from a graduate school that has been approved by the Council on Social Work Education. ... A social worker is a person employed in the administration of charity, social service, welfare, and poverty agencies, advocacy, or religious outreach programs. ...

The degree title MSW is not used in the US by all social work schools. The University of Chicago uses A.M. and Columbia University uses M.S. to name a few of the exceptions.

MUP, MRP

The Master of Urban Planning (MUP) and Master of City and Regional Planning (MRP) are professional degrees in the study of urban planning. The Master in Urban Planning (MUP) or the Master of Urban Planning is a two-year academic/professional Masters degree that qualifies graduates to work as urban planners. ... The Master in Urban Planning (MUP) is a two-year academic/professional Masters degree that qualifies graduates to work as urban planners. ... Urban, city, or town planning, deals with the physical, social and economic development of metropolitan regions, municipalities and neighborhoods. ...

United Kingdom

Undergraduate Masters

(MSci, MBiochem, MChem, MComp, MEng, MMath, MPhys, etc.) This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... A Master of Mathematics (or MMath) degree is a specific masters degree for courses in the the field of mathematics. ...

In the UK, many universities now have four-year undergraduate programmes in the science or in the humanities with a project in the final year the Dissertation. The awards for these are named after the subject, so a course in mathematics would earn a Master in Mathematics degree, (abbreviated to MMath), or have a general title such as MSci (Master in Science at most universities but Master of Natural Sciences at Cambridge). In some educational systems, an undergraduate is a post-secondary student pursuing a Bachelors degree. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... This article is about the thesis in dialectics and academia. ... Euclid, detail from The School of Athens by Raphael. ... The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

Although these degrees reflect a higher level of achievement than the traditional bachelor's degree, they are generally considered less prestigious than postgraduate masters degrees such as MSc and MA. In content the first three years are generally identical to those of the equivalent bachelor's degree while the fourth year is a combination of higher-level taught courses and a research project. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ...

Postgraduate Masters

Postgraduate masters in the United Kingdom can either be "taught" degrees, involving lectures, examination and a short dissertation, or "research" degrees (though the latter have largely been replaced by MPhil and MRes programmes, see below). Taught masters programmes involve 1 or 2 years of full-time study. The programmes are often very intensive and demanding, and concentrate on one very specialised area of knowledge. Some universities also offer a Masters by Learning Contract scheme, where a candidate can specify his or her own learning objectives; these are submitted to supervising academics for approval, and are assessed by means of written reports, practical demonstrations and presentations.

Taught Postgraduate Masters

(MSc, MA, LL.M., MLitt, MSSc, MSt etc.) MSC can stand for: Marine Stewardship Council Masters of Science (usually MSc or M.Sc. ... MA may stand for: Master of Arts, a post-graduate academic degree Master of Arts, an undergraduate degree in Scotland MA (complexity), a complexity class, comprising the languages decidable by interactive proof systems of the Merlin-Arthur type Madagascar (FIPS 10-4 country code) Main Assist: in MMORPGs (massively multiplayer... The Master of Laws is an advanced law degree that allows someone to specialize in a particular area of law. ... A Master of Letters (M.Litt. ... A Master of Social Science (MSSc) is a taught Masters degree in the United Kingdom. ...

The most common types of postgraduate taught Masters degrees are the Master of Arts (MA) awarded in Arts, Humanities, Theology and Social Sciences and the Master of Science (MSc) awarded in pure and applied Science. A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... A precise definition of the arts can be contentious, but the following areas of activity are usually included: Art / Visual arts Architecture Crafts Dance Drawing Film Literature Music Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Theater Unlike art, design focuses less on the aesthetics of a thing and more on the functionality of... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεος, theos, God, + λογος, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ... The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... Pure science is the exact science of the development of scientific theories, without consideration of their application. ... Applied science is the exact science of applying knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to practical problems. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ...

However, some universities - particularly those in Scotland - award the Master of Letters (MLitt) to students in the Arts, Humanities, Divinity and Social Sciences. [It should be noted that the MLitt is a research degree at the University of Cambridge, where the Master of Philosphy (MPhil) is the standard one-year taught degree.] Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... A Master of Letters (M.Litt. ... A precise definition of the arts can be contentious, but the following areas of activity are usually included: Art / Visual arts Architecture Crafts Dance Drawing Film Literature Music Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Theater Unlike art, design focuses less on the aesthetics of a thing and more on the functionality of... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... Divinity is the academic study of Christian theology and religious ministry at school, university and seminary. ... The social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ... The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ...

In Law the standard taught degree is the Master of Laws, but certain courses may lead to the award of MA or MLitt. Law (from the late Old English lagu of probable North Germanic origin) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide... The Master of Laws is an advanced law degree that allows someone to specialize in a particular area of law. ...

Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate masters degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honours degree). Nowadays however, masters degrees are normally classified into the categories of Pass or Distinction, which tend to require marks of 50% and 70% respectively. A bachelors degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts three or four years. ...

Research Postgraduate Masters

(MPhil and MRes) A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... In the U.K., the Master of Research degree is an advanced postgraduate degree available in a range of academic diciplines. ...

The Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is a research degree awarded for the completion of a thesis. It is a shorter version of the Ph.D. and some universities routinely enter potential PhD students into the MPhil programme and allow them to upgrade to the full PhD programme a year or two into the course. A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ... Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph. ...

The Master of Research (MRes) degree is a more structured and organised version of the MPhil, usually designed to prepare a student for a career in research. For example, an MRes may combine individual research with periods of work placement in research establisments. In the U.K., the Master of Research degree is an advanced postgraduate degree available in a range of academic diciplines. ...

Like the PhD, the MPhil and MRes degrees are awarded without class or grade.

MAs in Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin

The universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin award masters degrees to BAs without further examination, where seven years after matriculation have passed, and (in some but not all cases) upon payment of a nominal fee. It is commonplace for recipients of the degree to have graduated several years previously and to have had little official contact with the university or academic life since then. The only real significance of these degrees is that they historically conferred voting rights in University elections, it was seen as the point at which one became eligible to teach at the University and certain other privileges e.g. the right to dine at the holder's college's high table. They still do confer some restricted and rarely used voting rights. The MAs awarded by Oxford and Cambridge are colloquially known as the Oxbridge MA, and that from Dublin as the Trinity MA, and would be usually distinguished respectively: MA (Oxon.), MA (Cantab.) and MA (Dubl.). The Universities of Cambridge and Dublin also offer an MA to certain senior staff - both academic and non-academic - after a number of years' employment with the university. The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. ... The University of Dublin was founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I. Unlike the world-famous Oxford and Cambridge universities, both of whom boast several constituent colleges, there is just one Dublin college; namely, Trinity College, Dublin. ... The matriculation ceremony at Oxford Matriculation refers to the formal process of entering a university, or of becoming eligible to enter by acquiring the required prior qualifications. ... The degree of Master of Arts degree is an undergraduate degree awarded by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge as well as by the University of Dublin. ...

Until the advent of the modern research university in the mid 19th century, several other British and American universities also gave such degrees "in course".

Scottish MA

Main article: Master of Arts (Scotland)

In Scotland the first degree in Arts, Fine Art, Humanities and Social Sciences awarded by the ancient universities of Scotland is the Master of Arts It should be noted the Science and Law faculties of Scottish universities award the BSc and LLB degrees respectively and the New Universities generally award the BA. The Scottish MA is roughly equivalent to a BA from a University elsewhere in the United Kingdom. A Master of Arts in Scotland is an undergraduate academic degree in humanities and social sciences awarded by the five ancient universities. ... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the United Kingdom Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... The term fine art was first attested in 1767, as a translation from the French term beaux arts. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ... Terms like SOSE (Studies of Society & the Environment) not only refer to social sciences but also studies of the environment. ... The Ancient universities in Scotland comprise The University of St Andrews (founded 1413) The University of Glasgow (1451) The University of Aberdeen (1495) The University of Edinburgh (1583) The University of Dundee (founded 1967, with a history dating back to 1881) shares several organizational features with these four and a... A Master of Arts in Scotland is an undergraduate academic degree in humanities and social sciences awarded by the five ancient universities. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... Law (from the late Old English lagu of probable North Germanic origin) in politics and jurisprudence, is a set of rules or norms of conduct which mandate, proscribe or permit specified relationships among people and organizations, intended to provide methods for ensuring the impartial treatment of such people, and provide... BSC is an abbreviation for: Bachelor of Science - ususally written BSc (academic degree) Barcelona Supercomputing Center Base Station Controller (part of a GSM mobile phone network) BSC-protocol - standard for computer communication developed by IBM The British Society of Cinematographers Birmingham-Southern College - Birmingham-Southern College basic - represents theoretical exact... The degree of Bachelor of Laws is the principal academic degree in law in most common law countries. ... In the United Kingdom, the term New University has two meanings regarding British universities. ...

European Union

In order to facilitate the movement of students between European Union countries, a standardized schedule of higher education diplomas, also known as the Bologna process, was proposed: a 3-year undergraduate degree called licence or bachelors degree, then a two-year diploma called master, then a doctorate, meant to be obtained in 3 years. Because of these indicated schedules, the reform is also referred to as 3-5-8. The purpose of the Bologna process is to create the European higher education area by harmonising academic degree standards and quality assurance standards throughout Europe for each faculty and its development. ...

Austria

The traditional Austrian equivalent to the Master degree is the Diplomstudium, (At an university, only.) leading to the title Diplom-Ingenieur (female title: Diplom-Ingenieurin) in engineering or Magister (female: Magistra) in almost every other discipline. This is a first degree after 5 years of study. (The fields of Medicine, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine pose an exception. The first degree in these disciplines is a professional doctorate.) A professional does an activity to receive payment for an act (as a profession), which usually requires expertise and carries with it socially significant mores and folkways. ...

Due the Bologna process these first degrees are replaced by postgraduate degrees (2 years) leading to the same titles . The admission to these new degrees require a Bakkalaureus degree (female: Bakkalaura - the Austrian title for a Bachelor degree after 3 years of study) in the same or a related field or an equivalent Bachelor from other countries. The continuing use of the traditional titles for the new degrees reflects the relatively high social prestige of these titles in the Austrian society. The traditional degrees at an Austrian Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science), the Magister(FH)/Magistra(FH) and the Diplom-Ingenieur(FH)/Diplom-Ingenieurin(FH) (first degrees after 4 years of study, and not equivalent to the Master degree) are also replaced by undergraduate Bakkalaureus(FH)/Bakkalaura(FH) degrees (3 years) and postgraduate degrees (2 years, and equivalent to a Master degree) with the traditional titels. The purpose of the Bologna process is to create the European higher education area by harmonising academic degree standards and quality assurance standards throughout Europe for each faculty and its development. ... A Fachhochschule (plural: Fachhochschulen) or University of Applied Sciences in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland is comparable to a polytechnic. ...

However, in some disciplines existing also postgraduate degrees with the English title Master. (e.g. the MBA in business administration or the Master of Advanced Studies, the Master of Arts, and the Master of Science in various fields of study) The admission to these new degrees also require an undergraduate degree, but not always in the same or a related discipline. Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a tertiary degree in business management. ... A Master of Arts is a postgraduate academic masters degree awarded by universities in North America and the United Kingdom (excluding the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge. ... A masters degree is an academic degree usually awarded for completion of a postgraduate course of one or two years in duration. ...

Belgium

In Belgium, owning a masters degree means that you have completed a higher education (usually university) programme of 4 or 5 years. Before the Bologna process most university degrees required 4 years of studies (leading to a licence), but some programmes required 5 years of study. An example in the field of education in business/management was the 5-year programme of "Ingénieur de Gestion" (Dutch "Handelsingenieur" - English' "Management Engineer") with an important amount of mathematics and sciences, and which corresponds to a M.Sc. in Management. This degree co-existed with an undergraduate degree in business (4 years) named "Licence en sciences économiques appliquées (Dutch. "Licentiaat in toegepaste economische wetenschappen" - English. "Licence in applied economics"). The purpose of the Bologna process is to create the European higher education area by harmonising academic degree standards and quality assurance standards throughout Europe for each faculty and its development. ...

Germany

In Germany the Magister or Diplom (first degree after 5 years, from either an University or a Technische Hochschule and not from a Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science)) has traditionally been the equivalent to the Master degree.

Due to the Bologna process these academic titles are mostly being replaced by the Bachelor and (postgraduate) Master degree. The traditional degree at a German Fachhochschule (University of Applied Science), the Diplom (FH) (first degree after 4 years of study) is also being replaced by undergraduate Bachelor's degrees (3 years) and postgraduate Master's (2 years). The purpose of the Bologna process is to create the European higher education area by harmonising academic degree standards and quality assurance standards throughout Europe for each faculty and its development. ... A Fachhochschule (plural: Fachhochschulen) or University of Applied Sciences in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland is comparable to a polytechnic. ...

Finland

In Finland, the introduction of Bologna Process has standardized most of the degrees into the European model. The higher degree is called Master (of respective field) in all fields of study and takes two yeas after the Bachelor's degree. Medicine-related fields of Medicine, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine pose an exception. In medical fields, the licenciate (In Finnish, lisensiaatti) is an equivalent degree, the completion of which takes five (dentistry) or six years (medicine and veterinary), while the Bachelor degree is gained after second year of studies. In fields other than medicine, the licentiate degree is a post-graduate degree higher than Master's but lower than doctor's. In Engineering, the higher degree is either diplomi-insinööri (literally: "Engineer with diploma") or arkkitehti (Architect) although in international use MSc is used. In Pharmacy, the degree is proviisori. All such degrees retaining their historical name are classified as Masters. Some other Masters degrees give the right to use the traditional title of the degree-holder. E.g. the Masters of Science in Agriculture and Forestry may use the titles of metsänhoitaja or agronomi depending on their field of study. Bowl of Hygeia Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the profession charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. ...

France

In France, a traditional diploma was the maîtrise (which translates literally as "master's qualification") after 4 years of studies. This diploma becomes the first year of the Masters program, often referred to as M1. Because of this change, legal texts specifying a maîtrise (for instance, those defining the conditions for the external agrégation) had to be amended. The Masters programs subsume the former DEA (research-oriented 1-year degree), and DESS (industry-oriented 1-year degree), which become the second year of the Master (M2). In France, the agrégation is a civil service competitive examination for some positions in the public education system. ... In France, a DEA (full name: diplôme détudes approfondies, or diploma of advanced studies) is a (now former) postgraduate degree. ...

Italy

The old University System (Vecchio Ordinamento) consisted in a unique four-five year course, followed by a variable period (6-12 months usually) for the thesis work. At the end of the thesis work, students got the Master's Degree, simply called Laurea. Because of Bologna process, in 1999/2000 this system was reformed and now in the University System (Nuovo Ordinamento) there are two kinds of courses: a three year course leading to a degree called Laurea di Primo Livello o Laurea Breve (bachelor's degree; e.g.: Laurea di Primo Livello in Ingegneria Elettronica, Bachelor of Science in Electronic Engineering) and a two year course of specialisation, leading to a degree called Laurea di Secondo Livello, Laurea Magistrale or Laurea Specialistica (master's degree; e.g.: Laurea Specialistica in Ingegneria Elettronica, Master of Science in Electronic Engineering), both having a final study work. A student could and can apply for a PhD course (Dottorato) only after getting the Master of Science. Medicine universities have not changed the system, and consist in six year of study followed, eventually, by the specialisation (3-6 years more).

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the traditional acadamic degrees were doctorandus (drs.) (after 4 years; 5 years for some natural sciences, 6 years for medicine), ingenieur (ir.) (after 5 years) and for Law meester in de rechten (mr.) (after 4 years). Even though universities have adopted the masters and bachelors degree system, the old titles drs., ir. and mr. are still used (and the use of them is protected by law). The doctorandus (literally meaning "he who has to become doctor") degree is comparable with the MA degree (sometimes MSc). The ingenieur (engineer) degree is comparable with an M.Eng. or MSc degree. Finally, the mr. degree is comparable with the LL.M degree. In the Netherlands a suffix degree (MA / MSc / MEng / LL.M) can be used for holders of a prefix degree (drs., ir., mr.) instead of the prefix degree (e.g. 'ir. Jansen' or 'Jansen MSc'). A pre- and postfix can not be used at the same time (e.g. 'drs. Jansen MSc').

Poland

Currently there are two models of higher education in Poland.

In the traditional model, a masters degree is awarded after completion of a university curriculum—a 5 year programme in science courses at a university or other similar institution, with a project in the final year called magisterium (it can be translated as a Master of Arts or a Master of Science thesis) that often requires carrying out research in a given field. An MA degree is called a magister (abbreviated mgr) except for medical education where it is called a lekarz medycyny (this gives the holder the right to use the title of physician) or a lekarz weterynarii in the veterinary field. Technical universities usually give the title of magister inżynier (abbreviated mgr inż.) corrseponding to an MSc Eng degree.

More and more institutions introduce another model, which as of 2005 is still less popular. In this model, following the Bologna process directives, higher education is split into a 3-year bachelor programme ending with a title of licencjat (non-technical) or inżynier (technical fields), and a 2-year programme (uzupełniające studia magisterskie) giving the title of magister or magister inżynier. Nevertheless, even in these institutions, it is often possible to bridge the bachelor education directly into the master programme, without formally obtaining the licencjat degree, thus shortening the time needed for completing the education slightly. The purpose of the Bologna process is to create the European higher education area by harmonising academic degree standards and quality assurance standards throughout Europe for each faculty and its development. ...

Depending on field and school, the timing may be slightly different.

Norway

One of the degrees offered by the Norwegian University of Life Sciences and Norwegian University of Science and Technology is a Master of Technology degree. (More can be said: Due to the "Kvalitetsreformen", the old "hovedfag" has been replaced with the "mastergrad" or "Master degree", lying inbetween the Bachelor degree and the Ph.D) The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap, UMB) is a university in Norway, established as agricultural school in 1859. ... The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, known by its Norwegian acronym NTNU (from Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet), is located in Trondheim and is attended by about 20,000 students. ...

Hong Kong

MA, MSc, MSocSc, MSW, MEng, LLM

Hong Kong requires two years of full-time coursework to achieve a masters degree.

For part-time study, three years of study are normally required to achieve a postgraduate degree.

MPhil

As in the United Kingdom, MPhil or Master of Philosophy is a research degree awarded for the completion of a thesis, and is a shorter version of the PhD.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, bachelor degrees are basically four years (with honors). There is an entrance examination required for people who want to study in Master and PhD degrees. The course offered for Master and PhD normally is research-based.

See also

• Bachelor's degree
• Professional Master's degree
• Master of Business Administration
• Master of Engineering
• Master of Fine Arts
• Master of Theology
• Licentiate
• Engineer's degree
• Doctorate

• British degree abbreviations
• Degrees of Oxford University
• Degrees of Cambridge University

The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Professional Masters degrees are awarded by a university and require that a candidate already has been awarded a first degree, normally a bachelors degree to matriculate into the program. ... Master of Business Administration (MBA) is a tertiary degree in business management. ... A Master of Engineering (M.Eng. ... Alternate uses: see MFA (disambiguation) Master of Fine Arts (MFA) is a graduate degree in an area of applied or performing arts typically requiring two to three years of study beyond the Bachelors level. ... A Masters degree which is typically earned after one has already completed a Master of Divinity or a Master of Theological Studies. ... Licentiate is the title of a person who holds an academic degree called a license. ... An engineers degree can be a postgraduate academic degree which is intermediate in rank between a masters degree and a doctorate (US engineers degree), or its a postgraduate or first degree, equivalent to a masters degree. ... Abbreviations are normally used to specify a degree, rather than spelling out the name in full, such as in reference books like Whos Who or on business cards. ... This article concerns the Degrees of Oxford University. ...

External links

• The Masters Degree
• College Art Association Visual Arts MFA Guidelines