NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Arts and entertainment in India

Arts and entertainment in India have a rich and ancient history. Right from ancient times there has been a synthesis of indigenous and foreign influences that have shaped the course of the arts of India, and consequently, the rest of Asia. Arts refer to paintings, architecture, literature, music, dance, languages and cinema. In early India, most of the arts were derived Vedic influences. After the birth of contemporary Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, arts flourished under the patronage of kings and emperors. The coming of Islam spawned a whole new era of Indian architecture and art. Finally the British brought their own Gothic and Roman influences and fused it with the Indian style. A miniature, Kishengarh, Jaipur, Rajasthan The vast scope of the art of India intertwines with the cultural history, religions and philosophies which place art production and patronage in social and cultural contexts. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. ... Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Purandaradasa Aradhane â€“ Kanakadasa Aradhane â€“ Hampi Sangeetotsava â€“ Sangeet Natak Akademi â€“ Thyagaraja Aradhana â€“ Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram... Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit: , , also known as , ) is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent. ... Jaina redirects here. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, Pali: à¤¬à¥à¤¦à¥à¤§ à¤§à¤®à¥à¤®, the teachings of the awakened one) is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of applied psychology. ... Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…), believe God (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ...

Image File history File links Indian_dance_5_. ... Image File history File links Indian_dance_5_. ...

Architecture

Main article: Indian architecture This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Indian architecture is that vast tapestry of production of the Indian Subcontinent that encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to the sub-continent, sometimes destroying, but most of the time absorbing. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that none the less retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ...

The earliest production in the Indus Valley Civilization was characterised by well planned cities and houses where religion did not seem to play an active role. The Buddhist period is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the Vihara (monastery) and the Stupa (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory) - exemplified by the awesome caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa. The Jaina temples are characterised by a richness of detail that can be seen in the Dilwara Temples in Mt.Abu. Early beginnings of Hindu temple architecture have been traced to the remains at Aihole and Pattadakal in present day Karnataka, and have Vedic altars and late Vedic temples as described by Pāṇini as models. Later, as more differentiation took place, the Dravidian/ Southern style and or the Indo-Aryan/ Northern/ Nagara style of temple architecture emerged as dominant modes, epitomised in productions such as the magnificent Brihadeeswara Temple, Thanjavur, and the Sun Temple, Konark. Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Vihara is Sanskrit or Pali for (Buddhist) monastery. ... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ... Ajanta takes the name after the village AjinÅ£hÄ in Aurangabad district in the state of Maharashtra(N. lat. ... Jain cave in Ellora Ellora is an ancient village 30 km (18. ... Sanchi is a small village of India, located 46 km north east of Bhopal, in the central part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. ... Stupa at Samye Ling Monastery, Scotland A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent, Asia and increasingly in the Western World. ... Jaina Solo (b. ... The Jain Dilwara temples of India are located about 2Â½ kilometers from Mount Abu, Rajasthans only hill station. ... Mount Abu is the highest peak in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan state, in western India. ... Aihole (Kannada à²à²¹à³Šà²³à³†)is in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. ... Pattadakal is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka famous for its group of monuments that comprise of initial experiments in Hindu temple architecture. ... KarnÄtakÄ (Kannada: à²•à²¨à²¾à³¯à²Ÿà²•) (IPA: ) is one of the four southern states of India. ... Vedic altars are the precursors to the later Hindu temple. ... Indian postage stamp depicting (2004), with the implication that he used (à¤ªà¤¾à¤£à¤¿à¤¨à¤¿; IPA ) was an ancient Indian grammarian from Gandhara (traditionally 520â€“460 BC, but estimates range from the 7th to 4th centuries BC). ... The Brihadisvara temple is an ancient Hindu temple located at Thanjavur in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. ... Thanjavur (à®¤à®žà¯à®šà®¾à®µà¯‚à®°à¯ in Tamil), formerly known as Tanjore, is a city in Tamil Nadu, in southeastern India. ... Konark Egyptian Sun Temples of the 5th Dynasty ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

With the advent of Islam, the arch and dome began to be used and the mosque or masjid too began to form part of the landscape, adding to a new experience in form and space. The most famous Islamic building type in India is the tomb or the mausoleum which evolved from the basic cube and hemisphere vocabulary of the early phase into a more elaborate form during the Mughal period where multiple chambers are present and tombs were set in a garden known as the char-bagh. Well known examples are the Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur and the Taj Mahal, Agra, the latter renowned for its beauty in white marble, its minarets and its setting. With colonisation, a new chapter began. Though the Dutch, Portuguese and the French made substantial forays, it was the English who had a lasting impact. The architecture of the colonial period varied from the beginning attempts at creating authority through classical prototypes to the later approach of producing a supposedly more responsive image through what is now termed Indo-Saracenic architecture- a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements. Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…), believe God (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... The Masjid al-Haram in Mecca as it exists today A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ... Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627-57). ... Bijapur (Kannada: à²µà²¿à²œà²¾à²ªà³à²°) is a district headquarters of the Bijapur district in the state of Karnataka. ... Taj Mahal The TÄj Mahal (Hindi: ; Persian/Urdu: ØªØ§Ø¬ Ù…ØØ§Ù„) is a monument located in Agra, India, at 27Â° 1028. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Motto: (French for God and my right) Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital London Largest city London Official language(s) English (de facto) Unification - by Athelstan AD 927 Area - Total 130,395 kmÂ² (1st in UK) 50,346 sq mi Population - 2005 est. ... Indo-Saracenic was a style of architecture used by British architects in the late 19th century in India. ...

With the introduction of Modern Architecture into India and later with Independence, the quest was more towards progress as a paradigm fuelled by Nehruvian visions. The planning of Chandigarh- a city most architects hate/love- by Le Corbusier was considered a step towards this. Later as modernism exhausted itself in the West and new directions were sought for, in India too there was a search for a more meaningful architecture rooted in the Indian context. This direction called Critical Regionalism is exemplified in the works of architects such as B.V. Doshi, Charles Correa, etc. Apart from this, the advent of globalisation and economic development since the 90s, has spawned an impressive collection of modern IT campuses and skyscrapers, and as economic reform accelerates, metropolitan areas are gaining futuristic skylines. Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलाल नेहरू) (November 14, 1889 - May 27, 1964), also called Pandit (Teacher) Nehru, was the leader of the (moderately) socialist wing of the Indian National Congress during and after Indias struggle for independence from the British... Chandigarh (Punjabi: , Hindi: , pronunciation: ) also called The City Beautiful, is a city in India that serves as the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, widely known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887â€“August 27, 1965), was a Swiss architect famous for his contributions to what is now called modernism, or the International Style. ... Critical Regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... Charles Correa is an Indian architect, Planner, activist, theoretician and a fundamental figure in the world-wide panorama of the contemporary architecture. ...

Literature

Main article: Indian literature Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. ...

Indian literature is generally acknowledged, but not wholly established, as the oldest in the world. India has 22 officially recognized languages, and a huge variety of literature has been produced in these languages over the years. In Indian literature, oral and written forms are both important. Hindu literary traditions dominate a large part of Indian culture. Apart from the Vedas which are a sacred form of knowledge, there are other works such as the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, treatises such as Vaastu Shastra in architecture and town planning, and Arthashastra in political science. Devotional Hindu drama, poetry and songs span the subcontinent. Among the best known are the works of Kalidasa (writer of the famed Sanskrit play Shakuntala) and Tulsidas (who wrote an epic Hindi poem based on the Ramayana, called Raamcharitmaanas). Image File history File links Tagore3. ... Image File history File links Tagore3. ... Rabindranath Tagore in Kolkata, c. ... Nobel Prize medal. ... Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Vedas (Sanskrit: à¤µà¥‡à¤¦)are the main scriptural texts of Hinduism, also known as the Sanatana Dharma, and are a large corpus of texts originating in Ancient India. ... The (DevanÄgarÄ«: ) is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon (smá¹›ti). ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... Vaastu Shastra (Vaastu- physical environment and Shastra- knowledge/ text/ principles. ... The Arthashastra (more precisely ArthaÅ›Ästra) is a treatise on statecraft and economic policy which identifies its author by the names Kauá¹ilya[1] and Viá¹£á¹‡ugupta,[2] who are traditionally identified with the Mauryan minister CÄá¹‡akya. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Recognition of Sakuntala is a play in Sanskrit written by Kalidasa. ... GosvÄmÄ« TulsÄ«dÄs (1532-1623; DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤¤à¥à¤²à¤¸à¥€à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸) was an Awadhi poet and philosopher. ... ÅšrÄ« RÄmcharitmÄnas (Hindi à¤°à¤¾à¤®à¤šà¤°à¤¿à¤¤à¤®à¤¾à¤¨à¤¸) is an epic poem composed by the great 16th-century Indian poet, Goswami Tulsidas (c. ...

Tamil literature has been in existence for more than 2500 years. Tolkaappiyam has been credited as its oldest work, whereas the exact origins of Thirukkural is unknown. The golden age of Tamil literature was during the Sangam period, roughly 1800 years ago. The classic works of this period are Cilappatikaram, Manimekalai, and Sivakasinthamani. Tamil literature is known for its secular traditions, although its authors had strong religious beliefs. Thirukkural is considered to be the greatest of Tamil works. Kannada literature is probably the third oldest in Indian literature next to Sanskrit literature and Tamil literature. The earliest reported work in Kannada literature dates back to the fifth century. The first available literary in Kannada is Kavirajamarga, written in the eighth century by Amoghavarsha Nrpatunga. Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij. The most famous figures from this period are Kabir and Tulsidas. In modern times, the Khadi dialect became more prominent and a variety of literature was produced in Sanskrit. Tamil (à®¤à®®à®¿à®´à¯ ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ... Tolkāppiyam (தொல்காப்பியம் in Tamil) is a book on the grammar of the Tamil language. ... Tiruvalluvar statue at Kanyakumari Tirukkural (திருக்குறள் in Tamil) is an important work of Tamil literature by Tiruvalluvar written in the form of couplets expounding various aspects of life. ... now. ... Cilappatikaram (Tamil: à®šà®¿à®²à®ªà¯à®ªà®¤à®¿à®•à®¾à®°à®®à¯ IPA tÊƒÉªlÊŒppÊŒÎ¸ÉªkÉ‘ËÉ¹ÊŒm),[1] is one of the five great epics of ancient Tamil Literature. ... Manimekalai is one of the masterpieces of Tamil literature and belongs to The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature. ... Tiruvalluvar statue at Kanyakumari Tirukkural (திருக்குறள் in Tamil) is an important work of Tamil literature by Tiruvalluvar written in the form of couplets expounding various aspects of life. ... Kannada - aptly described as sirigannada (known to few as Kanarese) is one of the oldest Dravidian languages and is spoken in its various dialects by roughly 45 million people. ... Literature in Sanskrit, one of Indias two oldest languages, and the basis of several modern languages in India. ... Tamil literature is literature in the Tamil language which most prominently includes the contributions of the Tamil country (or Tamizhagam) history, a large part of which constitutes the modern state of Tamil Nadu and Kerala as well as some parts of Karnataka and Andra pradesh. ... Sri Vijaya, the court poet of Amoghavarsha Nripathunga, the Rashtrakuta ruler, composed it in the 9 Th centuries A.D. It is considered that Sri Vijaya did the first literary works in 9th Century A.D. This work is generally held to be the earliest literary work in Kannada. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Awadhi is a dialect of Hindi, spoken in the Awadh (Oudh) region of Uttar Pradesh. ... Brij or Braj or Brajbhoomi is a region in Uttar Pradesh of India. ... Depiction of saint Kabir on the cover of a Hindi magazine named Shree Kabir Gyanamrit KabÄ«r (also KabÄ«ra) (Hindi: à¤•à¤¬à¥€à¤°, GurmukhÄ«: à¨•à¨¬à©€à¨°, Urdu: â€Ž) (1398â€”1518)(dubious; discuss) was an Indian mystic; a Bhakti saint, a contemporary of Guru Nanak Dev, who sang the ideals of seeing all of humanity as... GosvÄmÄ« TulsÄ«dÄs (1532-1623; DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤¤à¥à¤²à¤¸à¥€à¤¦à¤¾à¤¸) was an Awadhi poet and philosopher. ... The Sanskrit language (Skt. ...

The most renowned Bengali writer is Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature. In the last century, several Indian writers have distinguished themselves not only in traditional Indian languages but also in English. India's only native-born Nobel laureate in literature was the Bengali writer Rabindranath Tagore, but VS Naipaul, a diaspora Indian novelist born in Trinidad, also won the Nobel in 2001. Other major writers who are either Indian or of Indian origin and derive much inspiration from Indian themes are R. K. Narayan, Vikram Seth, Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Raja Rao, Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Chandra, Mukul Kesavan, Shashi Tharoor, Nayantara Sehgal, Anita Desai, Ashok Banker, Shashi Deshpande, Jhumpa Lahiri, and Bharati Mukherjee. Rabindranath Tagore in Kolkata, c. ... The Nobel Prize in literature is awarded annually to an author from any country who has produced the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency. The work in this case generally refers to an authors work as a whole, not to any individual work, though individual works are sometimes... The article describes the languages spoken in the Republic of India. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Bengal, known as BÃ´ngo (Bengali: à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—), Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾), BÃ´ngodesh (à¦¬à¦™à§à¦—à¦¦à§‡à¦¶), or Bangladesh (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾à¦¦à§‡à¦¶) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia. ... Rabindranath Tagore in Kolkata, c. ... R. K. Narayan (October 10, 1906 - May 13, 2001), born Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Narayanaswami,[1] is among the well known and most widely read Indian novelists writing in English. ... Vikram Seth (pronounced ), born June 20, 1952 is an Indian poet, novelist, travel writer, librettist, childrens writer, biographer and memoirist. ... Salman Rushdie (born Ahmed Salman Rushdie, Urdu: â€Ž, on June 19, 1947, in Bombay, India) is a British-Indian essayist and author of fiction, most of which is set on the Indian subcontinent. ... Suzanna Arundhati Roy[1] (Malayalam: à´…à´°àµà´¨àµà´§à´¤à´¿ à´±àµ‹à´¯àµ, Bengali: à¦…à¦°à§à¦¨à§à¦§à¦¤à§€ à¦°à¦¾à¦¯à¦¼ Orundhoti Rae, Hindi: à¤…à¤°à¥à¤‚à¤§à¤¤à¥€ à¤°à¤¾à¤¯ ArundhatÄ« RÄy) (born November 24, 1961) is an Indian novelist, activist. ... Raja Rao (November 8, 1908 â€“ July 8, 2006) was an Indian writer of English language novels and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in Brahminism and Hinduism. ... Amitav Ghosh (born 1956 in Calcutta), is an Indian author, known for his work in the English language. ... Vikram Chandra, is an emerging Indian writer who has won awards and critical acclaim for his novel, Red Earth and Pouring Rain, and a collection of short stories, Love & Longing in Bombay. ... Young Shashi Tharoor Shashi Tharoor (Malayalam: à´¶à´¶à´¿ à´¤à´°àµ‚à´°àµâ€; Born 9 March 1956 in London) is the United Nations Under-Secretary General for Communications and Public Information. ... Nayantara Sehgal is the youngest daughter of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit and a well-regarded novelist in English. ... Anita Desai (b. ... Ashok Kumar Banker (born 1964) is a novelist and short story writer born and living in Mumbai, India. ... Shashi Deshpande (b. ... Jhumpa Lahiri Vourvoulias (born Nilanjana Sudeshna in 1967) (Bengali: à¦à§à¦®à§à¦ªà¦¾ à¦²à¦¾à¦¹à¦¿à¦¡à¦¼à§€ Jhumpa LahiÅ—i) is a contemporary Indian American (Bengali) author based in New York City. ... Bharati Mukherjee (born July 27, 1940) is an Indian-American fiction writer and university professor currently teaching at the English Department of the University of California, Berkeley. ...

Music

Indian music includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, and classical music. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of religious inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen ethnic groups, speaking their own languages and dialects. Alongside distinctly subcontinental forms there are major influences from Persian, Arab and British music. Indian genres like filmi and bhangra have become popular throughout the United Kingdom, South and East Asia, and around the world. Timeline and Samples Genres Classical (Carnatic and Hindustani) - Rock - Pop - Hip hop Awards Bollywood Music Awards - Punjabi Music Awards Charts Festivals Purandaradasa Aradhane â€“ Kanakadasa Aradhane â€“ Hampi Sangeetotsava â€“ Sangeet Natak Akademi â€“ Thyagaraja Aradhana â€“ Cleveland Thyagaraja Aradhana Media Sruti, The Music Magazine National anthem Jana Gana Mana, also national song Vande Mataram... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x130, 61 KB) Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x130, 61 KB) Licensing Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and for the common people. ... Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more of the mass media. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The origins of Indian classical music, the classical music of India, can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the Hindu tradition, the Vedas. ... Carnatic music is a style of Indian classical music. ... Hindustani (हिन्‍दुस्‍थानी) classical music is an Indian classical music tradition originating in the North of the Indian subcontinent circa the 13th and 14th centuries CE. Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary... A dialect (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬Î»ÎµÎºÏ„Î¿Ï‚, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... Satellite image of the Indian subcontinent Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ... Moosiqi Asil or Persian music is the traditional and indigenous music of Persia and Persian-speaking countries: musiqi, the science and art of music, and moosiqi, the sound and performance of music (Sakata 1983). ... Arab music is the music of Arabic-speaking people or countries, especially those centered around the Arabian Peninsula. ... Music from the United Kingdom has achieved great international popularity since the 1960s, when the British Invasion peaked. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Bhangra (Punjabi: , , ) is a lively dance originating from the region of Punjab, now divided between North India and Pakistan. ... Map of South Asia (see note on Kashmir) South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. ... East Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms. ...

Indian pop stars now sell records in many countries, while world music fans listen to the roots music of India's diverse nations. American soul, rock and hip hop music have also made a large impact, primarily on Indian pop and filmi music. Other highly popular forms are ghazal, qawwali, thumri, dhrupad, dadra, bhajan, kirtan, shabad, and gurbani. Filmi music is often said to have begun in 1931, with the release of Ardeshir M. Irani's Alam Ara and its popular soundtrack. In the earliest years of the Indian cinema, filming was generally Indian (classical and folk) in inspiration, with some Western elements. Over the years, the Western elements have increased, but without completely destroying the Indian flavour. Most of the Indian movies are musicals and feature elaborate song and dance numbers. There is constant work for pop music composers — or music directors, to use the Indian term. Movie soundtracks are released as tapes and CDs, sometimes even before the movie is released. World music is, most generally, all the music in the world. ... For other uses, see Soul music (disambiguation). ... Rock and roll (also spelled Rock n Roll, especially in its first decade), also called rock, is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, are common in some styles. ... Hip hop music, also referred to as rap or rap music, is a style of popular music which came into existence in the United States during the mid-1970s, and became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s. ... In poetry (and as the lyrics in songs), the ghazal (Persian/Arabic/Urdu: ØºØ²Ù„; Turkish gazel) is a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain. ... Qawwali (Arabic: Ù‚ÙˆÙŒØ§Ù„ÛŒ ) is the devotional music of the Sufis. ... Thumri is a common genre of semiclassical Indian music from the North. ... â€” This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a Union Territory in western India. ... A bhajan or kirtan is basically a Hindu or Sikh devotional song, often of ancient origin. ... Also see Bhajan for interpretation purely in connection with Hinduism Kirtan is one of the pillars of Sikhism and in that context refers to the singing of the sacred hymns from the Guru Granth Sahib to set music normally in classical Raags format. ... Shabad: Word Shabad is the term used by Sikhs to refer to a hymn or paragraph or sections of the Holy Text that appears in their several Holy Books. ... Sikh Holy Texts Bani is the term used by Sikhs to refer to various sections of the Holy Text that appears in their several Holy Books The important Banis are listed below: Japji Sahib 1. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ... Alam Ara, (English Translation: The Light of the World) a 1931 film directed by Ardeshir Irani, was the first Indian film with sound. ...

Dance

Main article: Indian classical dance, Indian folk dances Image File history File linksMetadata Kathakali2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Kathakali2. ... Kochi (Malayalam: à´•àµŠà´šàµà´šà´¿ []), formerly known as Cochin, is the largest city in the state of Kerala, India, and one of the principal seaports in the country. ... Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. ... Indian folk and tribal dances are simple dances, and are performed to express joy. ...

Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. Its theory can be traced back to the Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni (400 BC). Its various currents forms include Bharatanatyam, Odissi, Manipuri, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Mohiniaattam, Kathak and Sattriya. The Natya Shastra or NÄtyaÅ›Ästra is the principal work of dramatic theory in the Sanskrit drama of classical India. ... Bharata Muni was an ancient Indian writer whose life has been dated differently from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century Ad. ... Bharatanatyam dancer Bharatanatyam (also spelled Bharathanatyam, Bharatnatyam or Bharata Natyam) ( Sanskrit: à¤à¤¾à¤°à¤¤à¤¨à¤¾à¤Ÿà¥à¤¯à¤® bÊ°ÄratanÄá¹yam, Tamil:à®ªà®°à®¤à®¨à®¾à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®¿à®¯à®®à¯ ) is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu, a state in Southern India. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Stamp issued in honour of the Manipuri dance Full Manipuri dance costume for Radha Manipuri dance is one of the major Indian classical dance forms. ... Kathakali Kathakali is a form of Indian dance-drama. ... Kuchipudi (à°•à±à°šà°¿à°ªà±à°¡à°¿) is a classical dance form from Andhra Pradesh, a state of South India. ... Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam performers Mohiniaattam (à´®àµ†à´¾à´¹à´¿à´¨à´¿à´¯à´¾à´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´‚) (also spelled as mohiniattam or mohiniyattam) is a traditional South Indian dance form from Kerala, India. ... Stamp issued in honour of Kathak Kathak is one of the classical dance forms of India (originally from North India), and the national dance of Pakistan. ... image of Sattriya dance Sattriya dance or Sattriya Nritya is one among the eight principal classical dance traditions of India. ...

Bharatanatyam is thought to have been created by Bharata Muni, a sage from Tamil nadu, , who wrote the Natya Shastra, the most important ancient treatise on classical Indian dance. It is also called the fifth Veda in reference to the foundation of Hindu religion and philosophy, from which sprang the related South Indian musical tradition of Carnatic music. Image File history File links Indian_dance_4. ... Image File history File links Indian_dance_4. ... The Natya Shastra or NÄtyaÅ›Ästra is the principal work of dramatic theory in the Sanskrit drama of classical India. ... Mohiniaattam Indian classical dance is performed in different styles. ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... Carnatic music is a style of Indian classical music. ...

Odissi is one of the oldest surviving forms of dance, with depictions of Odissi dancing dating back as far as the 1st century BC. Like other forms of Indian classical dance, the Odissi style traces its origins back to antiquity. Dancers are found depicted in bas-relief in the hills of Udaygiri (near Bhubaneswar) dating back to the 1st century BC. The Natya Shastra speaks of the dance from this region and refers to it as Odra-Magadhi. (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 1st century BC started on January 1, 100 BC and ended on December 31, 1 BC. An alternative name for this century is the last century BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a year zero. ... Konark Horse in Roundabout Bhubaneswar population 10 lakhs (Hindi: à¤à¥à¤µà¤¨à¥‡à¤¶à¥à¤µà¤° - in Sanskrit and Oriya/oDiA, The Lord of the Universe) or The temple city of India is a city located on the eastern coast of India. ... The Natya Shastra or NÄtyaÅ›Ästra is the principal work of dramatic theory in the Sanskrit drama of classical India. ...

Kathakali (katha for story, kali for performance or play) is a form of dance-drama. It originated in the South Indian state of Kerala over 500 years ago. It is a spectacular combination of drama, dance, music and ritual. Characters with vividly painted faces and elaborate costumes re-enact stories from the Hindu epics, Mahabharata and Ramayana. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ... Kerala ( ; â€” ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra The (Devanagari: ), is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the . ... The (DevanÄgarÄ«: ) is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon (smá¹›ti). ...

Kuchipudi is a classical dance form from Andhra Pradesh, a state of South India. Kuchipudi is the name of a small village in the Divi Taluq of Krishna district that borders the Bay of Bengal and with resident Brahmins practising this traditional dance form, it acquired the present name. Mohiniaattam is a traditional dance from the South Indian state of Kerala. Mohini is an Apsaras in the Hindu mythology and aattam in Malayalam means dance. So Mohiniaattam essentially means "dance of the enchantress". The theme of Mohiniaattam is love and devotion to god. The costume worn by the dancers are typically white coloured kasavu saree with golden borders. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Andhra Pradesh : (Telugu: à°†à°‚à°§à±à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¦à±‡à°¶à±, Urdu: Ø¢Ù†Ø¯Ú¾Ø±Ø§ Ù¾Ø±Ø¯ÛŒØ´, IPA: ), is a state in South India. ... South India is a linguistic-cultural region of India that comprises the four Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Pondicherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians. ... A village is a human residential settlement commonly found in rural areas. ... Map showing krishna district Krishna District is a district of Indias Andhra Pradesh state. ... A map showing the location of the Bay of Bengal. ... A Brahmin (anglicised from the Sanskrit word IAST ; Devanagari ), also known as Vipra, Dvija, Dvijottama (best of the Dvijas), (god on Earth) is a member of an upper caste within Hindu society. ... Mohini is one of the 25 avatar of Vishnu found in the Puranas. ... For other uses, see Apsara (disambiguation). ... Malayalam (à´®à´²à´¯à´¾à´³à´‚ ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Sari has two meanings: name of an Indian garment worn by women. ...

The Kathak dance form arose from the Vaishnava devotees dancing to the episodes from Krishna's life. Originally a Northern Indian temple dance, it was transformed to a court dance in the Mughal era. The new Muslim influence brought with it certain changes to the dance form: what had been a largely devotional practice now became more a courtly entertainment. Vaishnavism is the branch of Hinduism in which Vishnu or one of his avatars (i. ... Krishna with Radharani, 18th C Rajasthani painting Krishna (à¤•à¥ƒà¤·à¥à¤£ in Devanagari, in IAST ), according to various Hindu traditions, is the eighth avatar of Vishnu. ... The Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul, which is the origin of the word Mogul) of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. ...

The Sattriya dance is believed to be a creation of the great Vaishnavite (bhakti) guru Srimanta Sankardeva considered the lead architect of Assamese literature and culture. He created this magnificent Sattriya dance to accompany the Ankiya Naat (a form of Assamese one-act play, another creation of Sankardeva) which was usually performed in Satras (Assamese monasteries). Since the dance developed and grew within the Satras, it is named after these religious institutions. Maha-Vishnu depicted as resting on the causal ocean, with countless universes emanating from his skin pores. ... Bhakti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva (1449-1568) is a colossal figure in the cultural and religious history of Assam, India. ... Old book bindings at the Merton College library. ... Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning to cultivate), generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. ...

Folk dances are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, a wedding and festivals. The dances are extremely simple with minimum of steps or movement. The dances burst with verve and vitality. Men and women perform some dances exclusively, while in some performances men and women dance together. On most occasions, the dancers sing themselves, while being accompanied by artists on the instruments. Each form of dance has a specific costume. Most costumes are flamboyant with extensive jewels.

Sculpture

The first sculptures in India date back to the Indus Valley civilization, where stone and bronze carvings have been discovered. This is one of the earliest instances of sculpture in the world. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism developed further, India produced some of the most intricate bronzes in the world, as well as unriveled temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at Ellora were not actually constructed using blocks, but instead carved out of solid rock, making them perhaps the largest and most intricate sculptures in the world. Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit: , , also known as , ) is a religion that originated on the Indian subcontinent. ... Buddhism (also known as Buddha Dharma, Pali: à¤¬à¥à¤¦à¥à¤§ à¤§à¤®à¥à¤®, the teachings of the awakened one) is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a way of life, a practical philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of applied psychology. ... Jaina redirects here. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated...

During the 2nd to 1st century BCE in far northern India, in what is now southern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha’s life and teachings. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich iconography, the Buddha was never represented in human form before this time, but only through some of his symbols. This may be because Gandharan Buddhist sculpture in modern Afghanistan displays Greek and Persian artistic influence. Artistically, the Gandharan school of sculpture is said to have contributed wavy hair, drapery covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, acanthus leaf decorations, etc. GandhÄra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra, Chandahara, and Persian Gandara) is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in eastern Afghanistan and the north-western province of Pakistan. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved during the Gupta period (4th to 6th century) to reach a very high fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling. Newer sculptures in Afghanistan, in stucco, schist or clay, display very strong blending of Indian post-Gupta mannerism and Classical influence, Hellenistic or possibly even Greco-Roman. Meanwhile, elsewhere in India, less anatomically accurate styles of human representation evolved, leading to the classical art that the world is now familiar with, and contributing to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Asia. Download high resolution version (973x1600, 463 KB) Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Bronzes-Chola-2. ... Download high resolution version (667x990, 173 KB)Vajra Mudra. ... Image File history File links Bronzes-Chola-1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1944x2592, 1754 KB) Description: Statue of Shivaji Source: photo taken by User:Deepak Date: 26th December 2006 Permission: User:Deepak released it on 27th December 2005 under CC-BY-SA-2. ... Download high resolution version (1083x1784, 1891 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (616x960, 126 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Sculpture Arts and entertainment in India ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2576x1952, 799 KB) Summary A Shiva panel from the Kailash temple (Cave 16), Ellora. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (750x1590, 234 KB) Sculpture of Bhudevi, Mother Earth in Hinduism. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1607x1378, 1862 KB) Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1792x1200, 239 KB) Sumario Khajuraho Temple, India Templo de Khajuraho, India. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x853, 353 KB) Description: Ellora caves. ...

Painting

The earliest Indian paintings were the rock paintings of pre-historic times, the petroglyphs as found in places like Bhimbetka, and some of them are older than 5500 BC. Such works continued and after several millennia, in the 7th century, carved pillars of Ellora, Maharashtra state present a fine example of Indian paintings, and the colors, mostly various shades of red and orange, were derived from minerals. Thereafter, frescoes of Ajanta and Ellora caves appeared. India’s Buddhist literature is replete with examples of texts which describe that palaces of kings and aristocratic class were embellished with paintings, but they have not survived. But, it is believed that some form of art painting was practiced in that time. A miniature, Kishengarh, Jaipur, Rajasthan The vast scope of the art of India intertwines with the cultural history, religions and philosophies which place art production and patronage in social and cultural contexts. ... Prehistory (Greek words προ = before and ιστορία = history) is the period of human history prior to the advent of writing (which marks the beginning of recorded history). ... Petroglyphs on Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA Petroglyphs are images incised in rock, usually by prehistoric, especially Neolithic, peoples. ... Bhimbetka is a place in Madhya Pradesh where the earliest known traces of human life in India were found. ... (7th millennium BC – 6th millennium BC – 5th millennium BC – other millennia) Events c. ... The 7th century is the period from 601 - 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... Kailasanatha Temple Ellora is an ancient village 30 km from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra famous for its magnificent rock cut architecture comprising of Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina cave temples and monasteries built between the 6th and 10th century A.D. These structures were excavated... Maharashtra (Marathi: à¤®à¤¹à¤¾à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¥à¤Ÿà¥à¤° mahÄrÄá¹£á¹ra, literally: Great Nation; IPA: )( ) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... India is subdivided into twenty-eight states and seven union territories; the states and territories are themselves further subdivided. ... Ajanta takes the name after the village AjinÅ£hÄ in Aurangabad district in the state of Maharashtra(N. lat. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, SiddhÄrtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by...

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x1485, 156 KB) Description: Title: de: Das HirtenmÃ¤dchen Radha Technique: de: Deckfarben, Papier Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Indien Current location (city): de: Berlin Current location (gallery): de: Kupferstichkabinett Other notes: de: Buchmalerei, Meister der Mogul-Schule Source: The Yorck... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1256x1134, 147 KB) Description: Title: de: RasikapriyÃ¢-Manuskript, Szene: Krishna, RÃ¢dhÃ¢ und ihre Vertraute en: RasikapriyÃ¢ manuscript, scene: Krishna, RÃ¢dhÃ¢ and their trusted friend Technique: de: Papier en: Paper Dimensions: de: 13,2 Ã— 11,5 cm Country of origin... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x2154, 373 KB) Description: Title: de: RÃ¢gmÃ¢lÃ¢-Serie, Szene: Liebespaar Technique: de: Papier Dimensions: de: 23,6 Ã— 17,6 cm Country of origin: de: Indien Current location (city): de: Bombay Current location (gallery): de: Sammlung C. D. GujarÃ¢ti... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1651, 1636 KB) Description: Title: de: Liebespaar Technique: de: Wandmalerei Dimensions: Country of origin: de: Indien Current location (city): de: AjantÃ¢ (Nord-Dekhan, Indien) Current location (gallery): de: HÃ¶hlentempel Other notes: Source: The Yorck Project: DVD-ROM, 2002. ...

Cinema

India is a major regional center for cinema. The Indian film industry is the largest in the world (1200 movies released in the year 2002). Each of the larger languages supports its own film industry: Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam. The Hindi/Urdu film industry, based in Mumbai, formerly Bombay, is called Bollywood (a melding of Hollywood and Bombay). Similar neologisms have been coined for the Kannada (Karnataka State) film industry (Sandalwood) based on Karnataka being known for Sandalwood, Tamil film industry (Kollywood, from the Kodambakkam district of Chennai) and the Telugu film industry (Tollywood). Tollygunge is a metonym for the Bengali film industry, long centered in the Tollygunge district of Kolkata. The Bengali language industry is notable as having nurtured the director Satyajit Ray, an internationally renowned filmmaker and a winner of many awards, among them the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award), the Légion d'honneur (France), and the Lifetime achievement Academy Award. The Bollywood industry is usually the largest in terms of films produced and box office receipts, just as Urdu/Hindi speakers outnumber speakers of other Indian languages within India. (Tollywood is close on Bollywood's heels, and sometimes will turn out more films in a year.) The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of number of films (877 feature films and 1177 short films made in India were released in the year 2003 alone);[1] compared with 473 films released in the US in 2003. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Hindi (à¤¹à¤¿à¤¨à¥à¤¦à¥€ or à¤¹à¤¿à¤‚à¤¦à¥€ in Devanagari; pronunciation: ), an Indo-European language spoken mainly in northern and central India, is the official language of the Union government of India [1][2]. It is part of a dialect continuum of the Indic family, bounded on the northwest and west by Punjabi, Sindhi, Urdu, and... Bengali or Bangla (à¦¬à¦¾à¦‚à¦²à¦¾, IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of East South Asia, evolved from Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit. ... Kannada (à²•à²¨à³à²¨à²¡ ) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India. ... Tamil (à®¤à®®à®¿à®´à¯ ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ... Look up telugu in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Malayalam (à´®à´²à´¯à´¾à´³à´‚ ) is the language spoken predominantly in the state of Kerala, in southern India. ... Mumbai (IPA: ,Marathi: à¤®à¥à¤‚à¤¬à¤ˆ), formerly known as Bombay, is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, and the most populous city of India, with an estimated population of about 13 million (as of 2006)[1]. Mumbai is located on Salsette Island, off the west coast of Maharashtra. ... Movie poster for one of Bollywoods most popular filmsâ€”Sholay (1975) Bollywood is the informal name given to the popular Mumbai-based Hindi language film industry in India. ... ... The branches of a young sandalwood tree found in Hawaii Sandalwood is the wood of trees of the genus Santalum. ... Kollywood (Tamil : à®•à¯‹à®²à®¿à®µà¯‚à®Ÿà¯) is a name often applied to Tamil Cinema, based in Chennai (formerly Madras) in the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. ... Chennai (Tamil: ), formerly known as Madras , is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is Indias fourth largest metropolitan city. ... This article is about the Telugu film industry. ... In rhetoric and cognitive linguistics, metonymy (in Greek meta = after/later and onoma = name) is the use of a single characteristic to identify a more complex entity. ... (IPA: [] Bengali: à¦•à¦²à¦•à¦¾à¦¤à¦¾) (formerly ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. ... (Bangla:à¦¸à¦¤à§à¦¯à¦œà¦¿à§Ž à¦°à¦¾à¦¯à¦¼) (May 2, 1921 - April 23, 1992) was an Indian film director, regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of twentieth century cinema for his subtle, austere and lyrical style of film-making. ... Bharat Ratna is Indias highest civilian award, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. ... Chiang Kai-sheks LÃ©gion dhonneur. ... The references in this article would be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. ...

In addition to commercial cinema, there is also high-minded Indian art cinema, known to film critics as "New Indian Cinema" or sometimes "the Indian New Wave". Most people in India simply call such films "art films" as opposed to mainstream commercial cinema. From the 1960s through the 1980s, the art film was usually government-supported cinema. Aspiring directors could get federal or state government grants to produce non-commercial films on Indian themes. Many of these directors were graduates of the government film school (FTII or Film and Television Institute of India). Their films were showcased at government film festivals and on the government-run TV station, Doordarshan. These films also had limited runs in art house theatres in India and overseas. Also, India has outnumbered any other country in film production. nikatdarshan () is a Public broadcast Terrestrial television channel run by Prasar Bharati, a board nominated by the Government of India. ...

Radio

Radio broadcasting was, until recently a government monopoly under the Directorate General of All India Radio--established in 1936 and since 1957 also known as Akashvani--a government-owned, semicommercial operation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. From only six stations at the time of independence, All India Radio's network had expanded by the mid-1990s to 146 AM stations plus a National Channel, the Integrated North-East Service (aimed at tribal groups in northeast India), and the External Service. There are five regional headquarters for All India Radio: the North Zone in New Delhi; the North-East Zone in Guwahati, Assam; the East Zone in Calcutta; the West Zone in Bombay; and the South Zone in Madras. All India Radio covers 99.37% of India's populace. // All India Radio (AIR for short), officially known as Akashwani (Devanagari: à¤†à¤•à¤¾à¤¶à¤µà¤¾à¤£à¥€, ÄkÄshvÄnÄ«) is the radio broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. ... // Overview All India Radio (AIR for short) is the radio broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. ...

The government-owned network provides both national and local programs in Hindi, English, and sixteen regional languages. Commercial services, which were inaugurated in 1967, are provided by Vividh Bharati Service, headquartered in Mumbai. Vividh Bharati, which accepts advertisements, broadcasts from thirty-one AM and FM stations in the mid-1990s. // Overview All India Radio (AIR for short), officially known as Akashwani (Devanagari: à¤†à¤•à¤¾à¤¶à¤µà¤¾à¤£à¥€, ÄkÄshvÄnÄ«) is the radio broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India), an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. ...

India has an extensive network of medium wave and shortwave stations. In 1994 there were eighty-five FM stations and seventy-three shortwave stations that covered the entire country. The broadcasting equipment is mostly Indian made and reaches special audiences, such as farmers needing agroclimatic, plant protection, and other agriculture-related information. The number of radio receivers increased almost fivefold between 1970 and 1994, from around 14 million to nearly 65 million. Most radios are also produced within India.

The foreign broadcast service is a function of the External Services Division of All India Radio. In 1994 seventy hours of news, features, and entertainment programs were broadcast daily in twenty-five languages using thirty-two shortwave transmitters. The principal target audiences are listeners in neighbouring countries and the large overseas Indian community.

Satellite Radio was introduced to the Indian market in 2000 by WorldSpace, a Washington-DC based company. Currently WorldSpace beams 30 channels comprising music, news, and regional channels, a subscriber in India pays Rs 1,200 per annum. In addition, some premium channels are available at an extra cost. This service requires special receivers which are often subsidized by world space. WorldSpaces AfriStar control center in Washington, D.C. WorldSpace is the worlds first digital satellite radio network. ...

Recently The Department of Space (DoS) indicated it is exploring the possibility of setting up a multi-media satellite platform that would include satellite radio, video and data channels.

Television

Television service is available throughout the country. Doordarshan is a government-owned broadcaster established in 1959 and a part of All India Radio until 1976. It operates of one national network and seven regional networks. In 1992 there were sixty-three high-power television transmitters, 369 medium-power transmitters, seventy-six low-power transmitters, and twenty-three transposers. Regular satellite transmissions began in 1982 (the same year colour transmission began). A huge industry by itself, the Indian silver screen has thousands of programmes in all the states of India. ... nikatdarshan () is a Public broadcast Terrestrial television channel run by Prasar Bharati, a board nominated by the Government of India. ...

By 1994 some 6 million people were receiving television broadcasts via satellite, and the number was expected to increase rapidly throughout the rest of the decade. Cable television was even more prolific, with an estimated 12 to 15 million subscribers in 1994. Besides Doordarshan, Zee TV -- an independent station broadcasting from Mumbai since 1992--uses satellite transmissions. In fact, because Doordarshan is the only network that is permitted to broadcast television signals domestically, Zee TV and other entrepreneurs broadcast their Indian-made videotapes via foreign transmitters. Other networks joining the fray are Cable News Network (1990); Asia Television Network (1991); Hong Kong-based Star TV (1991); Jain TV, near Bombay (1994); EL TV, a spin-off of Zee TV in Bombay (1994); HTV, an affiliate of the Hindustan Times in New Delhi (1994); and Sun TV, a Tamil language service in Chennai (1994). In a communications breakthrough in July 1995, Doordarshan agreed, for a US$1.5 million annual fee and 50 percent of advertising revenue when it exceeds US$1.5 million, to allow CNN to broadcast twenty-four hours a day via an Indian satellite. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1100x413, 146 KB) Licensing This is a logo of a corporation, sports team, or other organization, and is protected by copyright and/or trademark. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1100x413, 146 KB) Licensing This is a logo of a corporation, sports team, or other organization, and is protected by copyright and/or trademark. ... Zee TV is an India-based satellite television channel in the Zee Network umbrella, which carries broadcasts in Hindi and Urdu. ... CNN or Cable News Network is a cable television network that was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner & Reese Schonfeld [1]. It is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System, owned by Time Warner. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Hindustan Times is a leading newspaper in India. ... SUN-TV (æ ªå¼ä¼šç¤¾ã‚µãƒ³ãƒ†ãƒ¬ãƒ“ã‚¸ãƒ§ãƒ³, Kabushiki-Gaisha San Terebijon) is a TV station headquarted in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. ... Tamil (à®¤à®®à®¿à®´à¯ ) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian language family. ...

Doordarshan offers national, regional, and local service. The number of television sets increased from around 500,000 in 1976 to 9 million in early 1987 and to around 47 million in 1994; increases are expected to continue at around 6 million sets per year. More than 75 percent of television sets were black and white models in 1992, but the proportion of colour sets is increasing annually. Most television sets are produced in India.

Major events

Professional events

Neha Dhupia, Miss India 2002 Femina Miss India is an annual, national beauty pageant held in India and organized by Femina, a womens magazine published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. ...

Amateur events

References

The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ... The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

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Categories: Country Studies | Indian culture | Arts in India | Entertainment in India The Great Hall interior. ... Motto: Satyameva Jayate (Sanskrit) DevanÄgarÄ«: à¤¸à¤¤à¥à¤¯à¤®à¥‡à¤µ à¤œà¤¯à¤¤à¥‡ (Truth Alone Triumphs) Anthem: Jana Mana Capital New Delhi Largest city Mumbai (Bombay) Hindi, English + 21 other official languages Government Federal republic - President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam - Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Independence from the UK - Declared 15 August 1947 - Republic 26 January 1950... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The Cuisine of India is very diverse and is a result of Indias diverse population. ... Taj Mahal, a popular icon of India The culture of India was moulded throughout various eras of history, all the while absorbing customs, traditions and ideas from both invaders and immigrants. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Population of India. ... Indian National Flag Flag ratio: 2:3 The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a few days before Indias independence from the British on the 15 August, 1947. ... The Republic of India, the second most populous country and one of the fastest growing economies in the world, is considered as a major power and a potential superpower. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The history of India begins with the archaeological record of Homo sapiens ca. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with :Indian festivals. ... Indian Law is largely derived from the British Common Law. ... Literacy is an indispensable means for effective social and economic participation, contributing to human development and poverty reduction, says UNESCO. [3] The Right to Education is a fundamental human right. ... Politics of India takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of India is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ...

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