Artsakh (Armenian - Արցախ, Azeri - Ərsak Russian - Арцах) is a historical Armenian name of the province of ancient Greater Armenia, that covered what is now mostly Nagorno-Karabakh. The Azerbaijani language, also called Azeri, Azari, Azeri Turkish, or Azerbaijani Turkish, is the official language of Republic of Azerbaijan and the second language of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... // Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland... Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ or Yuxarı Qarabağ, literally mountainous black garden or upper black garden; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, translit. ...

Little is known of the ancient history of the region, primarily because of the scarcity of historical sources. Today the historical ownership of Artsakh, present-day Nagorno-Karabakh is hotly disputed between Azeris and Armenians, both of whom lay historical claims to this territory. Azerbaijanis or Azerbaijani Turks, are a Muslim people who number more than 25 million worldwide. ...

Archaeologists have identified material remains here by the name "Kura-Araxes culture", and early medieval Aghbanian (Caucasian Albanian) and Armenian traditions speak of a son of Japheth named Aran, whose descendants settled the Araks valley. Zoroastrian traditions would make the Aras valley the seat of the Zoroastrian faith, one of the possible birth places of Zoroaster, and according to some, the original location of the "First Created land" - Airyana Vaego. The Kura-Araxes culture was a important Chalcolithic (copper-stone age) and bronze age culture that flourished in the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia and northwestern Iran from about 4000 B.C. to 2200 B.C. after which they were presumably overrun and absorbed by the Hurrians, who swept down from the... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Japheth (יֶפֶת / יָפֶת enlarge, Standard Hebrew Yéfet / Yáfet, Tiberian Hebrew / ) is one of the sons of Noah in the Bible. ... The placename Aran may refer to: The Aran Islands or the largest island in that group Aran, a historical region that is a part of modern Republic of Azerbaijan (Caucasia) The Isle of Arran in Scotland. ... Aras, Araks, Arax, Araxes, or Araz (Persian: ارس, Azerbaijani: Araz), is a river rising in Anatolia in Turkey, flowing along the Turkey-Armenia border, then along the Iran border, entering Azerbaijan, and falling into Kura river as a right tributary. ... Zoroastrianism was adapted from an earlier, polytheistic faith by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) in Persia very roughly around 1000 BC (although, in the absence of written records, some scholars estimates are as late as 600 BC). ... Zoroaster, in a popular Parsi Zoroastrian depiction. ...

Artsakh first appeared under the name "Urtehke" or "Urtehini" in Urartian cuneiform writings. Archaeological evidence reflects the competing influence from around 800 BC of the neighboring rival states Urartu, Assyria, and Mannai; and from 616 BC to the 4th century BC, the area, as well as most of the region south of the Kura, was ruled first by the Medes, then by Persian Achaemenids. Following Alexander's conquests, the Medes' former holdings in the area became known as the satrapy of Atropatene. Urartian is the conventional name for the language spoken by the inhabitants of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in Northeast Anatolia (present Turkey), in the region of Lake Van. ... Centuries: 10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC Decades: 850s BC 840s BC 830s BC 820s BC 810s BC - 800s BC - 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC 750s BC Events and Trends 804 BC - Hadad-nirari IV of Assyria conquers Damascus. ... Relief from Assyrian capital of Dur Sharrukin, showing transport of Lebanese cedar (8th c. ... The Mannaeans were an ancient people of Asia Minor, occupying the region East of Assyria and South-East of Urartu, in present-day North-West Iran. ... Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 660s BC 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC - 610s BC - 600s BC 590s BC 580s BC 570s BC 560s BC Events and Trends 619 BC - Alyattes becomes king of Lydia 619 BC _ Death of Zhou xiang... (5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) // Events Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Battle of the Allia and subsequent Gaulish sack of Rome 383 BCE Second Buddhist Councel at Vesali. ... The river Kura which flows NE through Transcaucasia, drains into the Caspian sea, was named after Cyrus the Great. ... The Medes(ancient Kurdistan) were an Iranian people, who lived in the north, western, and northwestern portions of present-day Iran, and roughly the areas of present day Tehran, Hamedan, Azarbaijan, north of Esfahan, Zanjan, and Kurdistan. ... Achaemenid empire at its greatest extent The Achaemenid Dynasty (Hakamanishiya in the Old Persian (Avestan ??) language - transliterated Hakamanshee in Modern Persian) - was a dynasty in the ancient Persian Empire. ...

In the 2nd-1st centuries BC, the area of Artsakh was a part of the Greater Armenia. Strabo mentions Orhistene as one of three Armenian provinces in his "Geography" (the other two being Phavneni and Kombiseni.) Armenia, according to him, had originally been "a small country" on the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but was expanded by the kings Artaksi (Artashes) and Zariadrij (2nd century BC) who created an empire, often mentioned by ancient historians as Greater Armenia. (Strabo XI, 14, 5) // Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland... Strabo (squinty) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. ... Tigris River in Mosul, Iraq The Tigris (Kurdish: Tîj / Tûj / Tîr , Old Persian: Tigrā-, Pahlavi: Tigr, Syriac: ܕܩܠܬ; Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة; Dijla, Turkish: Dicle, Hebrew: חדקל; ḥiddeqel) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of... The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, Kurdish: Fırat, Arabic: الفرات; Al-Furat, Old Persian: Ufrat, Syriac: ܦܪܘܬ/ܦܪܬ; Prâth/Frot, Turkish: Fırat, Assyrian Akkadian: Pu-rat-tu, Hebrew: פְּרָת) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Beth Nahrain in Syriac), the other being the... (3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) // Events 175 BCE - Antiochus IV Epiphanes, took possession of the Syrian throne, at the murder of his brother Seleucus IV Philopator, which rightly belonged to his nephew Demetrius I Soter. ... // Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland...

Strabo, Clavdius Ptolemeus and Plinius Secundos all write that at this time, the border between Iberia (Albania) and the Greater Armenian empire was along the river Kir or Kura. Strabo (squinty) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. ... Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: ; ca. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19c portrait. ... Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of South west Europe; That part of it once inhabited by the Iberians, who spoke the Iberian language. ... // Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland... Kura (Georgian Mtkvari, Azerbaijani Kür) is a river in the Caucasus Mountains. ...

In 66 BC, following the defeat of the Armenian king Tigranes II at the hand of the Romans, the Armenian empire lost many of its native territories. At this time, the Albanians regained control over the territory. According to the ancient Armenian historian, Movses Kalankaytuk, author of "History of Aghvank", at this time the southern border of Caucasian Albania was along the Araxes river. Thus, referring to the events in 1st century AD, he mentions "…someone from the family of Sisakan, one of the descendants of Yafet-Aran who inherited the plains and mountains of Albania beginning from the river Yeraskh (Araxes/Araks) up to the castle of Hunarakert." (II, 21). Aran was a legendary ancestor and the eponym of the Albanians. The 5th century Armenian historian Moses of Chorene or Movses Khorensky, who is considered in Armenian historiography as "the father of Armenian history", also confirmed that Caucasian Albania's border was along the Kura in the 1st century AD. Events Roman Republic Consuls: Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcacius Tullus Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla. ... Tigranes II (140 BC - 55 BC; also spelt Tigran and Dikran) was a king of Armenia. ... Roman or Romans has several meanings, primarily related to the Roman citizens, but also applicable to typography, math, and a commune. ... Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Caucasian Albania (or Aghbania) was an ancient kingdom that covered what is now southern Dagestan and most of todays Azerbaijan of the Caucasus. ... The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 AD to 100 AD. // Events 8-23: Wang Mang overthrew Han dynasty of China 28-75 Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China Masoretes adds vowel pointings to the text of the Tanakh Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write... The placename Aran may refer to: The Aran Islands or the largest island in that group Aran, a historical region that is a part of modern Republic of Azerbaijan (Caucasia) The Isle of Arran in Scotland. ... // Overview Events Romulus Augustus, Last Western Roman Emperor 410: Rome sacked by Visigoths 452: Pope Leo I allegedly meets personally with Attila the Hun and convinces him not to sack Rome 439: Vandals conquer Carthage At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Kura (Georgian Mtkvari, Azerbaijani Kür) is a river in the Caucasus Mountains. ...

Little is known about the history of Artsakh or of Aghbania in 1st-4th centuries. It is generally agreed that Albanians and Armenians alternated control over the territory until the early 4th century AD. According to Moses, it was in Artsakh that young Grigorius (grandson of Gregory the Illuminator) was buried, after he was killed on the field of Vatnyan (see Moses of Chorene, "History of Armenia", III, chapter 3). As a means of recording the passage of time, the 4th century was that century which lasted from 301 to 400. ... Saint Gregory the Illuminator (alternate: Gregory the Wonderworker, Armenian: Gregor Lusarovitch, Greek: Gregarios Phoster or Photistes), the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church, was born about 257 AD. Saint Gregory He belonged to the royal line of the Arsacid Dynasty, being the son of a certain Prince... This article needs to be wikified. ...

At this time, Albania had a close relationship with Sassanid Iran. In 371 AD, Roman and Sassanid armies clashed in the Dzirav field. In this battle, Albanians supported Sassanids, and Armenians supported Romans. According to the 5th century Armenian historian Favstos Buzand, following the defeat of the Sassanid and Albanian armies, the Armenian king Musheg Mamikonian conquered the right bank of the Kura, including the provinces of Artsakh and Uti, and again made the Kura the border between Armenia and Aghbania. Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Events Martin of Tours becomes Bishop of Tours _ year approximate Baekje forces storm the Goguryeo capital in Pyongyang Births Valentinian II - titular Roman emperor - year approximate Deaths August 1 - St Eusebius of Vercelli St Hilarion - year approximate Lucifer of Cagliari - bishop King Gogugwon of Goguryeo Categories: 371 ... Roman or Romans has several meanings, primarily related to the Roman citizens, but also applicable to typography, math, and a commune. ...

However, war between the Sassanid Persians and Romans continued, and in 387 AD, according to the peace treaty between the two powers, the Armenian kingdom was partitioned between them. Aghbania, as an ally of the Sassanids, gained all the right bank of the river Kura up to the Araxes, including Artsakh. Events The widowed Roman Emperor Theodosius I marries Galla, sister of his colleague Valentinian II Births Deaths Flaccilla, wife of the Roman Emperor Theodosius I. Categories: 387 ...

In a battle that took place in 451 AD in the Avarayr field, the forces of the Armenia, devoted to Christianity, suffered defeat at the hands of the Sassanid army. Many of the defeated Armenian nobles took refuge in the impassable mountains and forests of the Caucasus, particularly in Artsakh, that became a center for resistance against Sassanid Iran. (see Egishe, "The Word about the Armenian War", sec 6.) Events April 7 - The Huns sack Metz June 20 - Attila, king of the Huns is defeated at Troyes by Aëtius in the Battle of Chalons. ... Battle of Vartanantz (May 26, 451) is remembered by Armenians as probably the greatest battle in their history. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as Jesus Christ, as recounted in the New Testament. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...

In "The Armenian Geography" (7th century AD), Artsakh was mentioned as the 9th out of 15 provinces of Greater Armenia. // Overview Events The Roman-Persian Wars end. ... // Prehistory Archaeologists refer to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, including modern Armenia, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to roughly 6000 - 4000 BC. However, a recently discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highland...

In the 8th century, Artsakh, along with the whole of the Caucasus, was conquered by the Arabs. The Arabs put an end to Aghbania's sovereignty. This historical event played a crucial role in the gradual dissolution of Albanians as a distinct ethnicity. Albanians living in the lowlands converted to Islam, and were eventually absorbed by other nations; those living in mountainous areas, especially Armenians in Artsakh, preserved Christianity. (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( (help· info)), submission (to the will of God) is a monotheistic faith and the worlds second-largest religion. ...

The name for the area in later periods (10th century onward) was called Khachin or Khachen, named after the Khachin principality; the Byzantine emperor Constantine Bagrjanorodny addressed letters "to prince of Hachen - to Armenia", being the residence of the Armenian prince Sahla Smbatjan. As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Khachin principality was an feudal semi-independent state that emerged in the territory of present-day Nagorno-Karabakh in late IX-early X cc. ...

The name Karabakh for the first time is mentioned since XIV century in the Georgian chronicle of XIV century "Karlis Tshovreba". This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ...

See also

• Caucasian Albania
• Nagorno-Karabakh