Ascites
Severe ascites in a boy with schistosomiasis, leading to portal hypertension. Source: CDC | | ICD-10 | R18 | | ICD-O: | {{{ICDO}}} | | ICD-9 | 789.5 | | OMIM | {{{OMIM}}} | | MedlinePlus | {{{MedlinePlus}}} | | eMedicine | {{{eMedicineSubj}}}/{{{eMedicineTopic}}} | | DiseasesDB | {{{DiseasesDB}}} | In medicine (gastroenterology), ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Although unpleasant, it is not intrinsically harmful. Nevertheless, its causes and complications are both significant medical problems. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (700x1053, 51 KB)A boy infected with Schistosoma japonicum shows severe ascites, or a distended abdomen. ...
The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
// R00-R99 - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R09) Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00) Abnormalities of heart beat (R000) Tachycardia, unspecified (R001) Bradycardia, unspecified (R002) Palpitations (R008) Other and unspecified abnormalities of heart beat (R01) Cardiac murmurs and other...
The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) is a domain specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems for tumor diseases. ...
The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ...
The Mendelian Inheritance in Man project is a database that catalogues all the known diseases with a genetic component, and - when possible - links them to the relevant genes in the human genome. ...
MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ...
eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ...
The Diseases Database is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ...
Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ...
Gastroenterology or gastrology is the medical specialty concerned with the field of digestive diseases. ...
In higher vertebrates, the peritoneum is the membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity - it covers most of the intra-abdominal organs. ...
Signs and symptoms
Mild ascites is hard to notice, but severe ascites leads to abdominal distension. In patients with ascites, a doctor will attempt to identify causes, such as a history of liver disease, other signs of portal hypertension or signs of tuberculosis or nephrotic syndrome. Abdominal distension (or Distended abdomen) can be a sign of many other conditions, including: diverticulitis lactose intolerance obstructed bowel premenstrual syndrome pregnancy weight gain See also Gastric distension Bloating External links University of Maryland MedlinePlus/NIH Category: ...
The liver is an organ in vertebrates including humans. ...
In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ...
Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ...
A proportion of chronic ascites patients also develop hepatic hydrothrorax, e.g. unilateral pleural effusion (mainly right-sided) due to liver disease, and many have para-umbilical herniations of the abdominal wall. Pleural effusion is a medical condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity which surrounds the lungs, making it hard to breathe. ...
Diagnosis Several blood tests are commonly performed for ascites, including full blood count, electrolytes and renal function, liver enzymes, and glucose. If the cause is not apparent, serology for viruses known to cause hepatitis and ferritin may contribute to the analysis. A full blood count (FBC) or complete blood count (CBC) is a test requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patients blood. ...
An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. ...
In medicine (nephrology) renal function is an indication of the state of the kidney and its role in physiology. ...
Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs), are groups of clinical biochemistry laboratory blood assays designed to give a doctor or other health professional information about the state of a patients liver. ...
Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide, is one of the most important carbohydrates. ...
Serology is a medical blood test to detect the presence of antibodies against a microorganism, such as antibodies produced against the envelope antigen of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). ...
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) A virus is a submicroscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. ...
Hepatitis is a gastroenterological disease, featuring inflammation of the liver. ...
Ferritin is a globular protein found mainly in the liver, which can store about 4500 iron ions in a hollow shell made of 24 identical subunits. ...
Ultrasound investigation with doppler studies can be an important help, and may identify such problems as Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal vein thrombosis and cirrhosis. Additionally, the sonographer can make an estimation of the amount of ascitic fluid. Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize internal organs, their size, structure and any pathological lesions. ...
In medicine (gastroenterology and hepatology), Budd-Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein. ...
Cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver in which liver tissue is replaced by fibrosis tissu, resulting in the loss of liver function. ...
Studies of the fluid removed by paracentesis (see below) may aid in the diagnosis. It can also help diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, a serious complication of ascites. Paracentesis is a medical procedure used for a number of reasons: to relieve abdominal pressure from ascites to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other infections (e. ...
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a form of peritonitis that occurs in patients with cirrhosis. ...
Classification Ascites exists in three grades: - Grade 1: mild, only visible on ultrasound
- Grade 2: detectable with flank bulging and shifting dullness on physical examination
- Grade 3: directly visible, confirmed with fluid thrill (or fluid wave)
In medicine, the physical examination or clinical examination is the process by which the physician investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease. ...
Pathophysiology Ascitic fluid can accumulate as a transudate or an exudate. Amounts of up to 25 litres are fully possible. An exudate is any thick fluid that is actively secreted by cells as a result of disease or injury. ...
An exudate is any thick fluid that is actively secreted by cells as a result of disease. ...
Roughly, transudates are a result of increased pressure in the portal vein (>8 mmHg), e.g. due to cirrhosis, while exudates are actively secreted fluid due to inflammation or malignancy. As a result, exudates are high in protein, high in lactate dehydrogenase, have a low pH (<7.30), a low glucose level, and more white blood cells. Transudates have low protein (<30g/L), low LDH, high pH, normal glucose, and fewer than 1 white cell per 1000 mm3. Clinically, the most useful measure is the difference between ascitic and serum albumin concentrations. A difference of less than 1 g/dl (10 g/L) implies an exudate. The portal vein is a major vein in the human body draining blood from the digestive system and its associated glands. ...
Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ...
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme (EC 1. ...
The correct title of this article is pH. The initial letter is capitalized due to technical restrictions. ...
Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide, is one of the most important carbohydrates. ...
White blood cells (also called leukocytes or immune cells) are a component of blood. ...
You may be looking for albumen, or egg white. ...
Regardless of the cause, sequestration of fluid within the abdomen leads to additional fluid retention by the kidneys due to stimulatory effect on blood pressure hormones, notably aldosterone. The sympathetic nervous system is also activated, and renin production is increased due to decreased perfusion of the kidney. Extreme disruption of the renal blood flow can lead to the feared hepatorenal syndrome. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. ...
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one half of the autonomic nervous system; the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is the other. ...
Renin, also known as angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme (EC 3. ...
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is liver failure that results in concomitant renal failure. ...
Other complications of ascites include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), due to decreased antibacterial factors in the ascitic fluid such as complement. Many acutely ill ascitic patients have SBP and require antibiotic treatment. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a form of peritonitis that occurs in patients with cirrhosis. ...
An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ...
If portal hypertension is the cause, complications can be fulminant, such as bleeding esophageal varices. In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ...
In medicine (gastroenterology), esophageal varices are extreme dilations of sub mucosal veins in the mucosa of the esophagus in diseases featuring portal hypertension, secondary to cirrhosis primarily. ...
Causes Causes for transsudates are: - Cirrhosis - 81%
- alcoholic - 65%
- viral - 10%
- cryptogenic - 6%
- Heart failure - 3%
- Budd-Chiari syndrome or veno-occlusive disease
- Constrictive pericarditis
Exudates are caused by: When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by apoptosis. ...
Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. ...
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. ...
Treatment Primary treatment for ascites is with diuretics, which is safer than ascitic drainage. Spironolactone, in particular, appears to be the diuretic of choice. Furosemide, another diuretic agent, is often added. If it remains refractory on diuretics, frequent paracentesis may be necessary. The ascites thus gained should be analysed in the medical laboratory for the abovementioned causes. As last resort, a TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) procedure can be performed by radiologists. Liver transplantation is done in selected patients. A diuretic is any drug that elevates the rate of bodily urine excretion (diuresis). ...
Spironolactone (marketed as Aldactone or Spiritone) is a synthetic 17-lactone steroid which is a renal competitive aldosterone antagonist in a class of pharmaceuticals called potassium-sparing diuretics, used primarily to treat low-renin hypertension, hypokalemia, and Conns syndrome. ...
Furosemide (INN) or frusemide (former BAN) is a loop diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and oedema. ...
A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on biological specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient. ...
This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...
Cultural significance It has been suggested that ascites was seen as a punishment especially for oath-breakers among the Proto-Indo-Europeans (Oettinger, StBoT 22:71). This proposal builds on the Hittite military oath as well as various Vedic hymns (RV 7.89, AVS 4.16.7). A similar curse dates to the Kassite dynasty (12th century BC), threatening oath-breakers: "May Marduk, king of heaven and earth, fill his body with dropsy, which has a grip that can never be loosened". Comparable is also Numeri 5:11ff. An oath (from Saxon eoth) is either a promise or a statement of fact calling upon something or someone that the oath maker considers sacred, usually a god, as a witness to the binding nature of the promise or the truth of the statement of fact. ...
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, a prehistoric people of the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. ...
Studien zu den Bogazkoy Texten (abbreviated StBoT) edited by the German Akademie der Wissenschaften und Literatur, Mainz, since 1965, is a series of editions of Hittite texts and monographs on topics of the Anatolian languages. ...
The Hittite military oath is a Hittite of two cuneiform tablets. ...
The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ...
The Rigveda (Sanskrit: , a tatpurusha compound of praise, verse and knowledge) is a collection of hymns (, plural ) counted among the four Hindu religious texts known as the s, and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language. ...
The Atharva Veda is a sacred text of Hinduism, part of the four books of the Vedas. ...
The Kassites were a mountain tribe of obscure origins speaking an Indo-European language who conquered Mesopotamia, bringing the Old Babylonian era to an end and for the first time welding together the network of independent, feuding city-states into a territory that can be called Babylonia. ...
(13th century BC - 12th century BC - 11th century BC - other centuries) (1200s BC - 1190s BC - 1180s BC - 1170s BC - 1160s BC - 1150s BC - 1140s BC - 1130s BC - 1120s BC - 1110s BC - 1100s BC - other decades) (3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC) Events 1200 BC - Ancient Pueblo Peoples...
Marduk [märdook] (Sumerian spelling in Akkadian AMAR.UTU solar calf; Biblical Merodach) was the name of a late generation god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon, who, when Babylon permanently became the political center of the Euphrates valley in the time of Hammurabi...
The Book of Numbers is the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch, called in the Hebrew ba-midbar במדבר, i. ...
Source - Oxford textbook of medicine
- Gines P, Cardenas A, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Management of cirrhosis and ascites. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1646-54. PMID 15084697.
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. ...
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