Flag of the Ashanti people

The Ashanti (also Asante) are a major ethnic group in Ghana. The Ashanti speak Twi, a language similar to Fante. Ashanti may mean: Ashanti Kingdom, West African empire of the Ashanti People developed out of a confederacy between 1400-1900 Ashanti (region), a region of Ghana HMS Ashanti, the name of two Royal Navy warships Ashanti Gold, a gold mining company, now owned by AngloGold Ashanti Gold FC, a football... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ashanti. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Ashanti. ... Twi (pronounced chwee ) is a language spoken in Ghana by about 7 million people. ... Fante is one of the languages spoken in Ghana. ...

Prior to European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa. Around the 13th century CE, Akan peoples migrated into the forest belt of present-day Ghana and established small states in the hilly country around present-day Kumasi. During the height of the Mali Empire the Ashantis, and Akan people in general, became wealthy through the trading of gold mined from their territory.  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... The Akan people are an ethnic group of West Africa. ... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti region of Ghana. ... The Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a medieval West African state of the Mandinka from 1235 to 1645. ... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ...

The Ashantis later developed the powerful Ashanti Confederacy and became the dominant presence in the region. Ashanti was one of the few African states able to offer serious resistance to European colonizers. Between 1826 and 1896, Britain fought four wars against the Ashanti kings (the Anglo-Ashanti Wars). In 1900, the British finally defeated the kingdom and renamed it the Gold Coast colony. The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar). ... The Anglo-Ashanti Wars were a series of four notable wars between the British and the Ashanti kings between 1826 and 1896. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... Flag of Gold Coast Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony. ...

Origins

The Ashanti, Adansi, Akyem, Assin, and Denkyira peoples of Ghana, like the Baule of Ivory Coast, are subgroups of the West African Akan nation said to have migrated from the vicinity of the north-western Niger River after the fall of the Ghana Empire in the 1200s. ^[1] Evidence of this is seen in royal courts of the Fante Kings reflected by that of the Ashanti kings whose processions and ceremonies show remnants of ancient Ghana ceremonies. Ethnolinguists have substantiated the migration by tracing word usage and speech patterns along West Africa. ^[2] Thus, although the Ghana Empire was geographically different from present-day Ghana, some of its people, specifically the Fante, moved to what is today Ghana, hence the namesake. ^[3] Akan political organization centred on various clans, each headed by a paramount chief or Amanhene. ^[4] One of these clans, the Oyoko, settled Ghana’s sub-tropical forest region, establishing a centre at Kumasi. ^[5] During the mid-1600s, under Chief Oti Akenten, the Oyoko started consolidating other Ashanti clans into a loose confederation that occurred without destroying the authority of each paramount chief over his clan.^[6] This was done in part by military assault, but largely by uniting them against the Denkyira, who had previously dominated the region. Flag of the Ashanti people The Ashanti (also Asante) are a major ethnic group from Africa who speak a dialect of Akan. ... Adansi is the name of two sub-national districts in Ghana - Adansi East and Adansi West. ... Denkyira was a nation of Akan people that existed in southern present-day Ghana from 1620. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Akan may be: Akan people, an ethnic group from western Africa Akan States, any of several states organized in the 16th or 17th century by the Akan people Akan languages, a stock of dialects spoken by the Akan people Akan District, Hokkaido Akan, Hokkaido, a town in Akan District, Hokkaido... Map of Niger River with Niger River basin in green. ... The Ghana Empire in Africa The Empire of Ghana (existed c. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s - 1200s - 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s Years: 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 Events and Trends 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade - diverted to... The Fante are an ethnic group from southern Ghana with some also in the Côte dIvoire. ... Ethnolinguistics is a field of linguistic anthropology which studies the language of a particular ethnic group. ... The Fante are an ethnic group from southern Ghana with some also in the Côte dIvoire. ... Motto: Freedom and Justice Anthem: God Bless Our Homeland Ghana Capital Accra Official languages English Government Constitutional republic  - President of Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor  - Vice President Aliu Mahama Independence from the UK   - Declared 6 March 1957   - Republic 1 July 1960   - Constitution 28 April 1992  Area  - Total 238,534 km² (81st... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti region of Ghana. ... November 5, 1605 â€” The Gunpowder Plot to blow up the British Parliament. ... A confederation is an association of sovereign states or communities, usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution. ... Denkyira was a nation of Akan people that existed in southern present-day Ghana from 1620. ...

Geography

Map of the Ashanti Region within Ghana

The Ashantis settled in the central part of present-day Ghana, about three hundred kilometres from the coast. The territory is densely forested and contains rich soil and mineral wealth, notably gold. ^[7]. The Ashanti Region is now an administrative state within Ghana and is where a majority of Ashantis reside. Kumasi, the capital of the current Ashanti region, was also the historic capital of the Ashanti Kingdom. Currently, the Ashanti region of Ghana has a population of 3,612,950, making it Ghana's most populous region. Download high resolution version (1076x1632, 314 KB) The Gold Coast and Ashanti Confederacy in 1896. ... Download high resolution version (1076x1632, 314 KB) The Gold Coast and Ashanti Confederacy in 1896. ... Ashanti may refer to: The Ashanti people, an ethnic group Ashanti, a region of Ghana Ashanti Shaquoya Douglas, a singer HMS Ashanti, two Royal Navy warships This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti region of Ghana. ...

History and Culture

Ashanti Kingdom

The Ashantis went from being a tributary state, to a confederation of states, and ultimately a centralized hierarchical kingdom. Beginning as a tributary state of Denkyera, the foremost Akan power during the 16th century, the Ashanti Kingdom or Asante grew out of a confederation of Akan-speaking states led by Osei Tutu, the first Asantehene. Using Kumasi as the central base and an alliance with the lower coastal Akan states for trade, Osei Tutu challenged and eventually defeated the Denkyera in 1701. Osei Kofi Tutu I was the founder of the Ashanti Confederacy, a loosely knit group of city states. ...

Realizing the weakness of a loose confederation of Akan states, Osei Tutu strengthened centralization of the surrounding Akan groups and expanded the powers judiciary system within the centralized government. Thus, this loose confederation of small city-states grew into a kingdom or empire looking to expand its borders. Newly conquered areas had the option of joining the empire or becoming tributary states. ^[8]

The Golden Stool

Synonymous with the Ashanti is the legend of the 'Golden Stool' (sika 'dwa), the legend actually tells of the birth of the Ashanti kingdom itself. In the seventeenth century in order for the Ashanti to win their independence from Denkyira, then another powerful Akan state, a meeting of all the clan heads of each of the Ashanti settlements was called, in this meeting the Golden Stool was commanded down from the heavens by Okomfo Anokye, the fetish Priest, or sage, to the very first Asantehene (Ashanti king); Osei Tutu I, the Golden stool floated down, from the heavens straight into the lap of Osei Tutu I.Okomfo Anokye declared the stool to be the symbol of the new Ashanti union ('Asanteman'), and allegiance was sworn to the Golden Stool and to Osei Tutu as the Asantehene, the newly founded Ashanti union went to war with Denkyira, defeating them in the process. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... Denkyira was a nation of Akan people that existed in southern present-day Ghana from 1620. ... Akan may be: Akan people, an ethnic group from western Africa Akan States, any of several states organized in the 16th or 17th century by the Akan people Akan languages, a stock of dialects spoken by the Akan people Akan District, Hokkaido Akan, Hokkaido, a town in Akan District, Hokkaido...

The Golden Stool is sacred to the Ashanti, as it is believed that the Golden Stool contains the 'Sunsum' — spirit or soul of the Ashanti people. Just as man cannot live without a soul, so the Ashanti would cease to exist if the Golden Stool were to be taken from them. The Golden Stool is not just sacred; it is a symbol of nationhood, a symbol that binds or unifies all Ashanti.

In 1900 an attempt by the British Gold Coast governor-general, Frederick Hodgson, to capture the Golden Stool, led to an uprising known as the War of the Golden Stool, spearheaded by Yaa Asantewaa, which took several months to put down. 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. ... The Republic of Ghana is a nation of Africa, specifically West Africa within Côte dIvoire to the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo to the east, and borders the Gulf of Guinea to its south. ... Combatants Great Britain Ashanti Kingdom Commanders Frederick Mitchell Hodgson Major James Willcocks Yaa Asantewaa Casualties 1,007 casualties Unknown, several thousands The War of the Golden Stool, also known as the Third Ashanti Expedition, the Ashanti Uprising or variations thereof, was the final war in a series of conflicts between... Yaa Asantewaa (c. ...

Geography

The confederacy was one of a series of kingdoms along the coast including Dahomey, Benin, and Yoruba. All of these states were based on trade, especially gold, ivory, and slaves, which were sold to first Portuguese and later Dutch and British traders. The region also had dense populations and large agricultural surpluses, allowing the creation of substantial urban centres. Dahomey was a kingdom in Africa, situated in what is now the nation of Benin. ... The Yoruba (Yorùbá in Yoruba orthography) are a large ethno-linguistic group or ethnic nation in Africa; the majority of them speak the Yoruba language (ede Yorùbá). The Yoruba constitute approximately 21 percent of Nigerias total population,[1] and around 30 million individuals throughout the region of... General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...

Osei Tutu and his successors oversaw a policy of political and cultural unification and the union had reached its full extent by 1750. It remained an alliance of several large towns which acknowledged the sovereignty of the ruler of Kumasi, known as the Asantehene. Events March 2 - Small earthquake in London, England April 4 - Small earthquake in Warrington, England August 23 - Small earthquake in Spalding, England September 30 - Small earthquake in Northampton, England November 16 – Westminster Bridge officially opened Jonas Hanway is the first Englishman to use an umbrella James Gray reveals her sex... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti region of Ghana. ... The Asantehene is the ruler of the Ashanti people. ...

The new home of the Ashanti was also rich in river-gold and kola nuts, and they were soon trading with the Songhay Empire, the Hausa states and by 1482 with the Portuguese at the coastal fort Sao Jorge da Mina, later Elmina. Species See text Kola nut (Cola) is a genus of about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa, classified in the family Malvaceae, subfamily Sterculioideae (or treated in the separate family Sterculiaceae). ... From the early 15th to the late 16th century, the Songhai Empire was one of the largest African empires in history. ... The Hausa are a people of northern Nigeria and south-eastern Niger. ... Events Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast Tizoc rules the Aztecs Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo. ... Elmina is a town on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, lying west of Cape Coast. ...

Government

At the top of Ashanti's power structure sat the Asantehene, the King of Ashanti. Each Asantahene was crowned on the sacred Golden Stool, the Sika 'dwa, an object which came to symbolise the very power of the King. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

As King, the Asantehene held immense power in Ashanti, but did not enjoy absolute royal rule, and was obliged to share considerable legislative and executive powers with Asante's sophisticated bureaucracy. The Asantahene was the only person in Ashanti permitted to invoke the death sentence. During wartime, the King acted as Supreme Commander of the army, although during the nineteenth century, actual fighting was increasingly handled by the Ministry of War in Kumasi. Each member of the confederacy was also obliged to send annual tribute to Kumasi. This does not cite its references or sources. ... Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti region of Ghana. ...

The Ashanti government was built upon a sophisticated bureaucracy in Kumasi, with separate Ministries to handle the state's affairs. Of particular note was Ashanti's Foreign Office based in Kumasi; despite its small size, the Ashanti Foreign Office allowed the state to pursue complex arrangements with foreign powers, and the Office itself contained separate departments for handling relations with the British, French, Dutch, and Arabs individually. Scholars of Ashanti history, such as Larry Yarak and Ivor Wilkes, disagree over the actual power of this sophisticated bureaucracy in comparison to the Asantahene, but agree that its very existence pointed to a highly developed government with a complex system of checks and balances. The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science referring to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules are socially organized. ... Kumasi is the capital city of the Ashanti region of Ghana. ... The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for promoting the interests of the United Kingdom abroad. ... Languages Arabic other languages (Arab minorities) Religions Predominantly Muslim Some adherents of Druze, Judaism, Samaritan, Christianity Related ethnic groups Mizrachi Jews, Sephardi Jews[], Ashkenazi Jews, Canaanites, other Semitic-speaking groups An Arab (Arabic: ‎; transliteration: ) is a member of a Semitic-speaking people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories... Dr. Larry W. Yarak, Ph. ... The doctrine and practice of dispersing political power and creating mutual accountability between political entities such as the courts, the president or prime minister, the legislature, and the citizens. ...

Below the Asantahene, local power was invested in the obirempon of each locale. The obirempon (literally "big man") was personally selected by the Asantahene and was generally of loyal, noble lineage, frequently related to the Asantahene. Obirempons had a fair amount of legislative power in their regions, more than the local nobles of Dahomey but less than the regional governors of the Oyo Empire. In addition to handling the region's administrative and economic matters, the obirempon also acted as the Supreme Judge of the region, presiding over court cases. Dahomey was a kingdom in Africa, situated in what is now the nation of Benin. ... Oyo (Ọyọ in Yoruba orthography, pronounced ) is the name of a Yoruba city in modern-day Nigeria and also of the loose empire which that city controlled in the 17th and 18th centuries. ...

European Colonization

The history of the confederacy was one of slow centralisation. In the early nineteenth century the Asantehene used the annual tribute to set up a permanent standing army armed with rifles, which allowed much closer control of the confederacy. Despite still being called a confederacy it was one of the most centralised states in sub-Saharan Africa. Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Ashanti strongly resisted attempts by Europeans, mainly the British, to subjugate them. The Ashanti aligned themselves with the Dutch to limit British influence in the region. But Britain still annexed neighbouring areas, including the Fante. In 1807 disputes with the Fante led to the Ashanti-Fante War, in which the Ashanti were victorious under Asantehene Osei Bonsu ("Osei the whale"). In the 1811 Ga-Fante War the Ashanti were less successful, but still captured a British fort. In 1814 the Ashanti launched an invasion of the Gold Coast, with mixed results, they were able to defeat some of the Fante tribes along the coast. World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth; the term continent here referring to a cultural and political distinction, rather than a physiographic one, thus leading to various perspectives about Europes precise borders. ... The Fante are an ethnic group from southern Ghana with some also in the Côte dIvoire. ... Year 1807 (MDCCCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Fante are an ethnic group from southern Ghana with some also in the Côte dIvoire. ... The Ashanti-Fante War (1806 - 1807) was fought between the Ashanti Confederacy and the Fante Confederacy of present-day Ghana. ... 1811 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Ga-Fante war in 1811 was a tribal war in African Ashanti Confederacy situated roughly in present day Ghana. ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Ashanti Invasion of the Gold Coast in 1814-16, also called Ashanti-Akim-Akwapim War was the expansion of West African Kingdom of Ashanti against alliance of Akim and Akwapim tribes. ... The Fante are an ethnic group from southern Ghana with some also in the Côte dIvoire. ...

In 1821, the British Crown took over control of the coastal trading posts from the Africa Company. In 1823, Asantehene Osei Tutu Kwame died, and was replaced by Osei Yaw Akoto. After this, the Ashanti led an attack on the British coastal outposts. The Ashanti fought against a force comprised of Africans and British led by Sir Charles McCarthy in January 1824. The Ashanti won the battle, in which McCarthy was killed. (His head was cut off and kept as a trophy for many years.) The coronation banquet for George IV 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The British monarch or Sovereign is the monarch and head of state of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and is the source of all executive, judicial and (as the Queen_in_Parliament) legislative power. ... 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second_largest continent in both area and population, after Asia. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1826 the Ashanti fought against the British and their coastal tribal allies. The Ashanti lost the campaign. In 1831, a treaty by the two sides led to thirty years of peace. The Ashanti borders were acknowledged by the British, but the Ashanti were forced to acknowledge British control of most of the coast. The decided border was the Pra river. The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826 1826 (MDCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Pra River (Пра in Russian) is a river in the Ryazan Oblast in Russia, a left tributary of the Oka River. ...

The Ashanti crossed the Pra in 1853 and 1854 during skirmishes with tribes that were British allies. In 1863 a large Ashanti delegation crossed the Pra in pursuit of a fugitive, Kwesi Gyani. The British governor panicked and requested troops from England to invade the Ashanti Confederacy, but the request was refused. The British sent West Indian troops to protect the British territory, but due to sickness caused by the wet season, they were withdrawn months later.

In 1874 the British took the offensive and invaded the Ashanti homeland. A column led by Sir Garnet Wolseley, which comprised 2500 British troops as well as several thousand West Indian and African troops sacked Kumasi, which they then burned. The British formally declared the coastal regions to be the Gold Coast colony. Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1882 caricature from Punch Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley of Cairo, (June 4, 1833 - March 26, 1913) was a British field marshal. ... Flag of Gold Coast Map from 1896 of the British Gold Coast Colony. ...

In 1891, the Ashanti turned down an unofficial offer to become a British protectorate. From 1894 to 1895, the Ashanti negotiated with England about becoming a British protectorate, and accepting a British Resident in Kumasi, who would be consulted on major decisions made by the Kumasi. In December of 1895, Sir Francis Scott left Cape Coast with an expedition force. It arrived in Kumasi in January 1896. The Asantehene directed the Ashanti to not resist. Shortly thereafter, Governor William Maxwell arrived in Kumasi as well. Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh was deposed and arrested. A British Resident was permanently placed in the city, and soon after a British fort. Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... Francis Reginald Scott (Frank Scott, F.R. Scott) (August 1, 1899 - January 30, 1985) was a Canadian poet, intellectual and constitutional expert. ...

The Ashanti kingdom, cut off from traditional trade routes slowly fell apart. In March 1900, the governor of the Gold Coast, Sir Frederick Hodgson, travelled to Kumasi and demanded the Ashanti's Golden Stool. This caused the Ashanti to rise up, and soon Hodgson fled to the local fort and found himself under siege. Eventually, the fort was relieved and by September, the Ashanti had been put down. Sporadic fighting by Ashanti partisans continued for a number of years as the Asantehene was forced into exile.

Independence

Relations improved, however, and in 1926 the Asantehene was given ceremonial control over Kumasi. In 1935 the full role of leader of the Ashanti people was restored, but limited to purely ceremonial functions.

See also

• Denkyira
• Fante Confederacy
• Ghana
• Ivory Coast
• Kusi Obodom
• Rulers of the Akan state of Asante
• Opoku Ware I
• Osei Kwame Panyin
• Salaga
• Asante Royal Thrones
• Slavery
• Togoland
• West Africa
• Ashanti people

Denkyira was a nation of Akan people that existed in southern present-day Ghana from 1620. ... The Fante Confederacy can refer either to the loose alliance of the Fante states in existence at least since the eighteenth century, or it can refer to the briefly lived Confederation formed in 1868 and dissolved in 1874. ... Côte dIvoire (often called Ivory Coast in English; see below about the name) is a country in West Africa. ... Kusi Obodom was the ruler of the Ashanti Confederacy (located in present-day Ghana) from 1750 to 1764, during the Oyoko Abohyen dynasty. ... List of Rulers of the Akan (Bron) state of Asante (Asanteman) (Ashanti) Territory comprised part of present-day southern Ghana (Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) See also Akan Ghana Gold Coast Lists of Incumbents ... Opoku Ware I (born 1700 - died ?) was an Asantehene - the ruler of the Ashanti - in the now-disbanded Ashanti Confederacy which occupied parts of what is now Ghana. ... Osei Kwame Panyin was the ruler of the Ashanti Confederacy (located in present-day Ghana) from 1777 to 1803, holding the title of Asantehene. ... Salaga is a city in Ghanas Northern Region and the capital of its East Gonja district. ... The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ... Togoland was a German protectorate in West Africa. ...  Western Africa (UN subregion)  Maghreb[1] West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of the African continent. ... Flag of the Ashanti people The Ashanti (also Asante) are a major ethnic group from Africa who speak a dialect of Akan. ...

Literature

• Robert B. Edgerton, 1995, The Fall of the Asante Empire. The Hundred-Year War for Africa's Gold Coast. New York, ISBN 0-02-908926-3
• N. Kyeremateng, K. Nkansa, 1996, The Akans of Ghana: their history & culture, Accra, Sebewie Publishers
• Ernest E. Obeng, 1986, Ancient Ashanti Chieftaincy, Ghana Publishing Corporation, ISBN 9964-1-0329-8
• A. Quarcoo, The Language of Adinkra Symbols
• D. Warren, The Akan of Ghana

1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

1. ^ http://acona-usacanada.org/asantehistory1.html
2. ^ http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/history/
3. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Ashanti.html
4. ^ http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_5e360041.html
5. ^ http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html
6. ^ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5197.html
7. ^ http://www.ashanti.com.au/pb/wp_8078438f.html?0.7460217669704267
8. ^ Giblert, Erik Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present 2004

http://www.archimedes.free-online.co.uk/ghana.htm

External links

• Ashanti People and History Profiles history and other aspects of the Ashanti.
• Ashanti Page at the Ethnographic Atlas, maintained at Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury
• Ashanti Kingdom at the Wonders of the African World, at PBS
• Ashanti Culture contains a selected list of Internet sources on the topic, especially sites that serve as comprehensive lists or gateways
• Africa Guide contains information about the culture of the Ashanti[[1]]