Ruby shooting Oswald (Sunday, November 24) Warren Commission Exhibit #2636 Scanned from 1964 printing of the Warren Commission (from Government printing office) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history...

Ruby shooting Oswald (Sunday, November 24) Warren Commission Exhibit #2636 Scanned from 1964 printing of the Warren Commission (from Government printing office) This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history...

Jack Ruby shooting Lee Harvey Oswald Jacob Leon Rubenstein, who later changed his name and was known as Jack Leon Ruby (March 25?, 1911 - January 3, 1967), a Dallas nightclub owner, shot and killed Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963, two days after Oswald was arrested for the assassination... Jack Ruby murdered the assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, according to the conclusions of two government investigations into the assassination. Critics of the official accounts have claimed that Oswald did not act alone or was... Lee Harvey Oswald, in a very public manner.

In its most common use, assassination has come to mean the Murder is both a legal and a moral term, that are not always coincident. It may be legal to kill, but still murder in the moral sense. Opponents of the death penalty argue that it is simply murder by the state. Opponents of abortion argue that it is legalized murder... murder of an important person, although the term really refers to murder via stealth.

An assassin — one who carries out the assassination — is usually motivated by An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a science of ideas. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common... ideological or Politics is the process and method of decision-making for groups of human beings. Although it is generally applied to governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions including corporate, academic, and religious. Political science is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of... political reasons. Other motivations may be Moneys is an agreement within a community, to use something as a medium of exchange, which acts as an intermediary market good. It can be traded and exchanged for other goods. The agreement can either be explicit or implicit, freely chosen, or coerced. Money is an abstract form of power... money in the case of a A hitman (alternately, hit man) is a hired assassin, often by organized crime. Hitmen are often hired for an extended period of time, rather than per job. Hit Man is also the name of several books: Hit Man, by Lawrence Block, ISBN 038072541X Hit Man, a Technical Manual for Independent... hitman; opposition to a person's Belief is assent to a proposition. Belief in the psychological sense, is a representational mental state that takes the form of a propositional attitude. In the religious sense, belief refers to a part of a wider spiritual or moral foundation, generally called faith. Belief is considered propositional in that it... beliefs or belief systems in the case of a For an alternate meaning, see Fan (implement). Fans of Janet Jackson, at Music Music The term fan refers to someone who has an intense, occasionally overwhelming liking of a person, group of persons, work of art, idea, or trend. The word is an Americanism of around 1889, a shortened version... fanatic; orders from a A government is an organization that has the power to make and enforce laws for a certain territory. There are several definitions on what exactly constitutes a government. In its broadest sense, govern means the power to administrate, whether over an area of land, a set group of people, or... government that are often carried about by a subversive agent such as a Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. It is usually thought of as part of an organized effort (i.e., governmental or corporate... spy); or Loyalty, one can surmise, began with fellow-feeling for ones family, gene-group and friends. Loyalty comes most naturally amongst small groups or tribes where the prospect of the whole casting out the individual seems like the ultimate, unthinkable rejection. In a feudal society, centered on personal bonds of... loyalty to a competing leader or group.

Assassination, like companion terms such as The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Terrorism General Definition Conventions Counterterrorism Criticisms Lists Groups Incidents Types Nationalist Religious Left-wing Right-wing State Islamist Ethnic Narcoterrorism Domestic Anarchist Political Eco-terrorism Christian Tactics Hijacking Assassination Car bombing Suicide bombing Kidnapping... terrorism and Freedom fighter is a relativistic local term for those engaged in rebellion against an established government that is held to be oppressive and illegitimate. The terms freedom and rebellion are often controversial, as often both sides in armed conflict claim to represent the popular cause of freedom. While outside (perhaps... freedom fighter, is often considered to be a A language construct, such as a word or a question, is said to be loaded if it carries meaning or implications beyond its strict definition (its denotation). Loaded words are words or phrases which have strong emotional overtones or connotations and which evoke strongly positive (or negative) reactions far beyond... loaded term. The definition of assassination is generally much clearer than the others. Most assassins appear comfortable enough with their deed to describe it as such publicly, whereas few call themselves terrorists.

Etymology

The term originally referred to a Heresy, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is a theological or religious opinion or doctrine maintained in opposition, or held to be contrary, to the ‘catholic’ or orthodox doctrine of the Christian Church, or, by extension, to that of any church, creed, or religious system, considered as orthodox... heretical This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) Major Figures Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam · The Mahdi Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Events Mecca ·... Islamic A religious order is an organization of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with religious devotion. The members of such orders, termed religious as a group, are usually distinct from both the laity and the clergy. They are often termed monks, friars or brothers... order known as the The Hashshashin (also Hashishim), or Assassins were a religious group (some would say, a cult) of Ismaili Muslims (from the Nizari sub-sect) with a militant basis, thought to be active in the 8th to 14th (?) centuries as a group of brigands on the medieval Silk Road. Their own name... Hashshashin. The word means "those who use hashish (cannabis resin)" in Arabic because, according to Crusader histories, that group used to ingest hashish before carrying out military or assassination operations, in order to be fearless. The group, known as the Nizari This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) People Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Mecca · Medina · Jerusalem Najaf · Karbala · Kufa Kazimain · Mashhad · Samarra Events... Ismailis, was a Shia order who believed in the notion of the hidden This article forms part of the seriesIslam Vocabulary of Islam Five Pillars Profession of faith Prayer · Alms · Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad (See Sixth pillar of Islam) People Muhammad Prophets of Islam Caliph · Shia Imam Companions of Muhammad Holy Cities Mecca · Medina · Jerusalem Najaf · Karbala · Kufa Kazimain · Mashhad · Samarra Events... imam and was organized as a secret underground political order, which infiltrated areas under the control of The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of... Seljuk Turks. In 1090 the sect captured a castle called Alamut was once a mountain fortress in the arid hills south of the Caspian Sea, near Qazvin, about 100 km from present-day Tehran in Iran. Only ruins remain of this fortress today. In 1090 the fortress was invaded and occupied by the powerful Hashshashin (Assassins), and was then fabled... Alamut in the mountains of Northern Iran ( Persia: ایران) is a Middle Eastern country located in southwestern Asia that until 1935 was referred to in the West as Persia. The name Iran is a modern cognate of Aryan meaning Land of the Aryans. Iran borders Pakistan (909km of border) and Afghanistan (936km... Iran. This sect was said to carry out assassinations of the enemies of the order, or Muslim rulers they believed to be Piety is a desire and willingness to perform religious duties. It is a traditional virtue because religion is the only known way to win the favor or forgiveness of deities, that is, to propitiate them. See also: Virtue, filial piety Categories: Religion stubs ... impious. The earliest known record of the word in The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. It is the third most common first language (native speakers), with around 402 million people in 2002. English has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence... English (dating from the early (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. During this period, the power of England and the United Provinces increased; while that of Spain and Portugal declined. Similarly, the power... 17th century) refers to this sect rather than its more general modern sense. Similar words had earlier appeared in French (Français) Spoken in: France and 53 other countries Region: Europe Total speakers: 77 million (128 million with second language speakers) Ranking: 11 Genetic classification: Indo-European   Italic    Romance    Italo-Western     Western      Gallo... French and Italian (Italiano) Spoken in: Italy and 29 other countries Region: Southern Europe Total speakers: 70 million Ranking: 21 Genetic classification: Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Italo-Dalmatian      Italian Official status Official language of: Italy... Italian.

Benjamin of Tudela was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer. His vivid descriptions of Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by one hundred years, covering an even greater distance. With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela was a major figure in the history... Benjamin of Tudela provided the first western account of the sect. Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 - January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who, together with his father and uncle, was one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which he called Cathay) and visited Great Khan of Mongol Empire, Kubilai Khan (grandson of Genghis... Marco Polo's ellaborate account is probably fictionalized in part. He said that recruits were promised The heavens are the sky, the celestial sphere, or outer space. Indeed, sky is the original meaning of the word Heaven. Michelangelos interpretation of Heaven Heaven is an afterlife concept found in many world religions or spiritual philosophies. Those who believe in heaven generally hold that it (or Hell... Paradise in return for dying in action. They were drugged, often with materials such as A piece of Morrocan hashish compared to a popcorn Hashish (also known as hash or dope) is a psychoactive drug derived from the cannabis plant. It is usually smoked in pipes but can also be added to cookies or other food. It can cause psychological dependence. It has mind-altering... hashish (although some suggest Opium is a narcotic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym paeoniflorum). According to the United Nations, Afghanistan currently accounts for 87 percent of the worlds opium supply. Opium smokers in an opium den in the East... opium and This article is about the beverage. See WINE for an article about the software of the same name. Wine is an alcoholic beverage resulting from the fermentation of grapes or grape juice. The word comes from Greek Fοινος through Latin vinum, (both wine and the... wine instead, all being, nonetheless, condemned by Islamic religious authorities and interpretations of the time) then spirited away to a garden stocked with attractive and compliant women and fountains of wine. At this time, they were awakened and it was explained to them that such was their reward for the deed, convincing them that their leader, Hasan ibn Sabbah (circa 1034 - 1124), or The Old Man of the Mountain, was an Iranian Ismaili missionary who converted a community in the late 11th century in the heart of the Elburz Mountains of northern Iran. The place was called Alamut and was attributed to an ancient king of... Hassan-i-Sabah, could open the gates to Paradise. The name assassin is derived from either hasishin for the supposed influence of their attacks and disregard for their own lives in the process, or hassansin for their leader. All this history, however, is tenous, as it relies entirely on crusader-authored histories which have been traditionally very unreliable for information about native cultures.

Nowadays is known that "hashishinnya" was an offensive term used to depict this cult by his muslim and mongolian detractor; the extreme zeal of Nizarites and the very cold preparation to murder makes very unlikely they ever used drugs, while there is evidence that one of the first Hassan's son was sentenced to death by his father only for drinking some drop of wine. Moreover, despite many unlikely legend, they usually died along with their target (a tale tells of a mother being sad knowing his son survived a "mission"), as far as it is known they only used dagger (no other weapons, poison or whatever fictional records make them use) and it seems like they killed only five occidental people during the Crusade time.

picture of assassination attempt upon Pope John Paul II This image may not have information on its source. It may be usable under fair use but this has yet to be verified. It might be public domain or under a licence compatible with the GNU FDL. To the uploader: Please...

picture of assassination attempt upon Pope John Paul II This image may not have information on its source. It may be usable under fair use but this has yet to be verified. It might be public domain or under a licence compatible with the GNU FDL. To the uploader: Please...

An attempt was made to assassinate Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected on October 16, 1978... Pope John Paul II in 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday. Years: 1978 1979 1980 - 1981 - 1982 1983 1984 Decades: 1950s 1960s 1970s - 1980s - 1990s 2000s 2010s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1981 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music - Television Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science Other topics... 1981. He was shot and injured, and thereafter appeared in public in a custom-built " The popemobile is an informal term for the specially designed vehicle used by the pope during public appearances. It is a modified Mercedes-Benz with a small windowed room in the back where the Pope stands. Since the pope would naturally be a potential target for assassination attempts while on... Popemobile" featuring Bulletproof glass is usually transparent material, such as polycarbonate thermoplastic (i.e. Lexan but also called Tuffak and Cyrolon), that provides the appearance and light-transmitting behavior of standard glass but offers varying degrees of protection from small arms fire. Bulletproof glass usually consists of a polycarbonate layer sandwiched between... bulletproof glass.

Definition problems

Unlike some topics, notably terrorism, wherein there is a substantial A grey area is a term for a border in-between two or more things that is unclearly defined, a border that is hard to define or even impossible to define, or a definition where the distinction border tends to move. There are several flavors of grey areas: A grey... grey area and often bitter controversy between which specific instances qualify or even what standards should be used, the " Common Sense by Thomas Paine Common Sense was a pamphlet first published on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War by Thomas Paine. Its pages contained a denouncement of British rule. Arguments against British rule in Common Sense: It was ridiculous for an island to rule a continent America... common sense" classification of assassination stated at the outset of this article seems to stand with few objections. However, this does open larger issues concerning interpretation, notably regarding attempted killings by those with other motives — is it an assassination simply if the person is a major leader or public figure espousing a cause, or only if the assassin's reason for the attack is due to that person's status as a figurehead for a particular issue?

Notable instances in which this definitive problem might come into effect include the assassination attempt against For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. Seal of the President of the United States, official impression The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of... United States President Ronald Reagan Order: 40th President Term of Office: January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989 Preceded by: Jimmy Carter Succeeded by: George H.W. Bush Date of birth: February 6, 1911 Place of birth: Tampico, Illinois Date of death: June 5, 2004 Place of death: Los Angeles, California First Lady... Ronald Reagan by John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. (born May 29, 1955) attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981. Biography John Hinckley was born in Ardmore, Oklahoma, and grew up in Texas and Colorado. An off-and-on student at Texas Tech University from 1973 to 1980, in 1976... John Hinckley, who was determined subsequently to have serious psychological problems and publicly stated his intent was to get the attention of actress Jodie Foster in Panic Room Alicia Christian Jodie Foster (born November 19, 1962) is an American actress and director. Contents // 1 Life and career 2 Selected filmography 3 Awards 4 External links Life and career Foster was born in Los Angeles, California where she attended the exclusive prep school, the... Jodie Foster rather than make any political statement. The killing of former The Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 as part of their first tour of the United States, promoting their first hit single there, I Want To Hold Your Hand. The Beatles were the most influential music group of the rock era. They affected the post-war baby... Beatle This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. John Lennon John Winston Ono Lennon, (October 9, 1940–December 8, 1980), is best known as a singer, songwriter, and guitarist for The Beatles. His creative career also included the roles of... John Lennon would raise the same problem — despite his outspokenness on many liberal political issues, the killer does not seem to have been more than an unstable For an alternate meaning, see Fan (implement). Fans of Janet Jackson, at Music Music The term fan refers to someone who has an intense, occasionally overwhelming liking of a person, group of persons, work of art, idea, or trend. The word is an Americanism of around 1889, a shortened version... fan (although it may be of note that the word is derived from For an alternate meaning, see Fan (implement). Fans of Janet Jackson, at Music Music The term fan refers to someone who has an intense, occasionally overwhelming liking of a person, group of persons, work of art, idea, or trend. The word is an Americanism of around 1889, a shortened version... fanatic). The use of the term "assassination" to describe Lennon's murder is a matter of some additional debate, since Lennon was primarily an entertainment, not a political figure, and it could be argued that describing his killing as an assassination is no more appropriate than, for example, using the term to describe the murders of singers Selena Selena Quintanilla Perez (April 16, 1971 - March 31, 1995) was a Mexican-American singer who is regarded as one of the biggest stars of the Tejano genre of music. Selena was born in Lake Jackson, Texas and grew up in Corpus Christi, Texas, where she began her musical career... Selena Quintanilla or Marvin Gaye (April 2, 1939 - April 1, 1984) was an African American pop, soul and R&B singer who gained international fame during the 1960s and 1970s. His best records are still highly regarded, and he is often cited as one of the finest singers of his era. Contents... Marvin Gaye. In another example, although This proposed logo for a US government agency was dropped due to fears that its masonic symbolism would provoke conspiracy theories A conspiracy theory is a theory that claims an event or series of events is the result of secret manipulations by two or more individuals or an organization, rather... conspiracy theorists suggest the apparent suicide of Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe (June 1, 1926 – August 5, 1962) was an American actress of the 20th century. Her sizzling screen presence and premature death would make her a perennial sex symbol and later a pop icon. Contents // 1 Early life 2 Start of career 3 Fame 4 Marriages... Marilyn Monroe might have been a politically motivated murder, the term "assassination" is rarely, if ever, used in this context. The attempt on the life of President Gerald Ford White House Portrait Order: 38th President Term of Office: August 9, 1974–January 20, 1977 Predecessor: Richard M. Nixon Successor: James E. Carter Date of Birth: Monday, July 14, 1913 Place of Birth: Omaha, Nebraska First Lady: Elizabeth Ann Betty (Bloomer) Ford Profession: Lawyer Political Party: Republican... Gerald Ford by a member of Charles Milles Manson (born November 12th, 1934) was convicted of murder in what became known as the Tate/La Bianca case. Although Manson himself has never killed anyone, his murder conviction stems from a group of young women and young men he recruited - the Manson Family - and directed to commit... Charles Manson's This article does not discuss cult in its original sense of religious practice; for that usage see cult (religion). See also destructive cult and Cult (disambiguation) for more meanings of the term cult. In religion and sociology, a cult is a group of people devoted to beliefs and goals which... cult could be the same; while it might perhaps be considered part and parcel of the anti-government, neo-fascist ideology to which Manson and his group adhered, Lynette Alice Squeaky Fromme, a member of Charles Mansons family, was born October 22, 1948, in Santa Monica, California. Her mother, Helen Benziger Fromme, was a homemaker, and her father, William Millar Fromme, was an aeronautical engineer and New York University graduate. The familys surname is usually mispronounced... Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, the assassin, was not widely considered legally competent in her judgment at the time (although she was later tried and convicted). Were these killings, assuming success, to be classified as murders or assassinations? The issue is further complicated by the fact that while Lennon was likely as outspoken politically as Reagan and Ford, and certainly as famous, Reagan and Ford were elected officials at the time, possibly requiring different criteria for Lennon's case.

One can take one of three positions (note that this consideration is of necessity strictly based upon language, not law): that the killing of someone only for political, moral, or ideological reasons constitutes an assassination (hence neither Reagan nor Lennon were the victims of assassins' attacks, while Ford was), that the killing of someone serving in politics or public office counts (thus Reagan's and Ford's attackers were would-be assassins, while Lennon's killer was not), or that anyone with a significant level of political involvement would be an assassination victim in the event of their murder (in which case all three instances would be assassinations or attempts).

While it must be acknowledged that attempting to read a person's thoughts is both imperfect and somewhat antithetical to the nature of such an issue, for the purposes of this article, the first, most conservative definition is taken. Although it is likely that the second is the most popular, the first is technically the most correct, and the third is generally considered to be too general in application. Therefore, all assassinations or attempts mentioned in the article will strictly follow the guidelines outlined at the outset to prevent confusion.

Assassination as a political tool

Some would argue that assassination is one of the oldest tools of Power politics is a state of international relations in which sovereigns protect their own interests by threatening one another with military, economic, or political aggression. Power politics is essentially a way of understanding the world of international relations: nations compete for the worlds resources and it is to a... power politics, dating back to the earliest governments of the world — Philip II of Macedon (Macedonia) (382 BC - 336 BC), King of Macedon (ruled 359 BC - 336 BC), was the father of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Philip III of Macedon. Portrait of Philip II of Macedon, found at Vergina Born in Pella in 382 BC, he was... Philip II of Macedon, the father of Bust of Alexander the Great in the British Museum. For other Alexanders, see Alexander (disambiguation) Alexander III, in Greek ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ (late July, 356 BC–June 10, 323 BC), King of Macedon (336 BC-323 BC... Alexander the Great, met his end this way. It is a fact, however, that by the The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. The rise of Rome to dominate the overt politics of Europe, North Africa and the Near East completely from the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD, is the subject... rise of Rome assassination had become a commonly-accepted tool towards the end not only of improving one's own position, but to influence policy — the killing of This article is about Julius Caesar the Roman dictator. For alternative meanings: Julius Caesar (disambiguation). Bust of Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin: C·IVLIVS·C·F·C·N·CAESAR¹) (July 13, 100 BC–March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader whose conquest of Gallia... Julius Caesar being a notable example, though many This is a list of Roman Emperors with the dates they controlled the Roman Empire. (Note that, contrary to popular belief, Julius Caesar was never Emperor (princeps), although he was named dictator for life in 45 BC (but was not the first Roman to hold that title) and was regarded... Emperors met such an end. In whatever case, there seems to have not been a good deal of moral indignation at the practice amongst the political circles of the time, save, naturally, by the affected.

As the Middle Ages by region Medieval Britain Medieval France Medieval Germany Medieval Italy Medieval Spain Byzantine Empire by topic Art Literature Poetry Music Architecture Philosophy Universities Technology Warfare Fortifications The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of... Middle Ages came about from the fall of the The Roman Empire is not the Holy Roman Empire (843-1806). Roman Empire between AD 60 and 400 with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before 300. The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman... Roman Empire, the moral and ethical dimensions of what was before a simple political tool began to take shape. Although in that period intentional The broad definition of Regicide is the deliberate killing of a king. But it is usualy used to refer to the judicial execution of a king after due process of law. The word can be used as both a verb and a noun. Contents // 1 The Regicide of Mary Queen... regicide was an extremely rare occurrence, the situation changed dramatically with the Renaissance By topic: Architecture Dance Literature Music Painting Philosophy Science Warfare By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance -French Renaissance -German Renaissance -English Renaissance The Renaissance was a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks... Renaissance when the ideas of tyrannomachy (i.e. killing of a King when his rule becomes tyrannical) re-emerged and gained recognition. Many a head of state of the time fell at the hands of an assassin, such as Henry III (French: Henri III; Polish: Henryk III Walezy; September 19, 1551 - August 2, 1589) was King of Poland (1573-1574) and subsequently King of France (1574-1589). King Henry III Henri was born Edouard-Alexandre at the Royal Château of Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, the son of King... Henri III and By Frans Pourbus the younger. Henry IV (French: Henri IV) (December 13, 1553 - May 14, 1610), called the Great (French: le Grand), was the first of the Bourbon kings of France, reigning from 1589 until 1610. As a Protestant he was involved in the Wars of Religion before acceding to... Henry IV of France. There were notable detractors, however; Sultan Abdul Mejid I Abd-ul-Mejid (April 23, 1823 – June 25, 1861) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children... Abd-ul-Mejid of the The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Empire refused to put to death plotters against his life during his reign.

As the world moved into the present day and the stakes in political clashes of will continued to grow to a global scale, the number of assassinations concurrently multiplied. In History of Russia Early East Slavs Khazars Kievan Rus Volga Bulgaria Mongol invasion Golden Horde Muscovy Khanate of Kazan Khanate of Astrakhan Siberia Khanate Crimean Khanate Imperial Russia Revolution of 1905 Revolution of 1917 Civil War Soviet Union Russian Federation Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period... Russia alone, five emperors were assassinated within less than 200 years - Ivan VI of Russia, (August 23, 1740 - July 16, 1764), reigned as Emperor of Russia 1740 - 1741, was the son of Prince Antony Ulrich of Brunswick-Lüneburg and of the princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg. His great-aunt the empress Anna I of Russia adopted the eight-week-old... Ivan VI, Peter III (February 21, 1728 - July 17, 1762) (Russian Пётр III Федорович (Pyotr III Fyodorovitch)) was Emperor of Russia for six months in 1762. He was mentally weak and very pro-Prussian, which made him an unpopular leader. He... Peter III, Paul I of Russia Paul I of Russia (Russian: Pavel Petrovich, Павел I Петрович) (October 1, 1754 - March 23, 1801) was an Emperor (Tsar) of Russia (1796 - 1801). Contents // 1 Childhood 2 Early Life 3 Rise to Power 4... Paul I, Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (tsar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. As such, he was also the Grand Duke of... Alexander II and Tsar Nicholas II ( 18 May 1868 – 17 July 1918)1 was the last crowned Emperor of Russia. He ruled from 1894 until his abdication in 1917. Nicholas proved unequal to the combined tasks of managing a country in political turmoil and commanding its army in the largest international war... Nicholas II. The most notable assassination victim within early U.S. History Timeline & Topics Colonial America 1776–1789 1789–1849 1849–1865 1865–1918 1918–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1988 1988–present Diplomatic history Imperialist history Military history Religious history Industrial history Economic history Feminist history . Contents... U.S. history was President Abraham Lincoln Order: 16th President Term of Office: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Predecessor: James Buchanan Successor: Andrew Johnson Date of Birth: February 12, 1809 Place of Birth: Hardin County, Kentucky (site now in LaRue County) Date of Death: April 15, 1865 Place of Death: Washington, D.C... Abraham Lincoln. Three other U.S. Presidents have been assassinated including James A. Garfield Order: 20th President Term of Office: March 4, 1881 - September 19, 1881 Followed: Rutherford B. Hayes Succeeded by: Chester A. Arthur Date of Birth November 19, 1831 Place of Birth: Moreland Hills, Ohio Date of Death: September 19, 1881 Place of Death: Elberon (Long Branch), New Jersey... James Garfield, William McKinley Order 25th President Term of Office March 4, 1897 - September 14, 1901 Predecessor Grover Cleveland Successor Theodore Roosevelt Date of Birth January 29, 1843 Place of Birth Niles, Ohio Date of Death September 14, 1901 Place of Death Buffalo, New York Occupation Lawyer First Lady: Ida Saxton McKinley... William McKinley, and John Fitzgerald Kennedy Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline... John F. Kennedy. An assassination plot against Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American soldier and politician. He served in the U.S. Congress and as a U.S. Secretary of War in the cabinet of President Franklin Pierce. He is most famous for serving as the first and only... Jefferson Davis, known as the Dahlgren Affair, may have been initiated during the Military history of the United States Conflict American Civil War Date 1861– 1865 Place Principally in the southern United States; also in eastern, central and southwestern regions Result Defeat of seceding CSA Battles of the American Civil War Combatants United States of America USA flag 1861– 1863. 34... American Civil War. In World map showing location of Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. It is conventionally considered a continent, which, in this case, is more of a cultural distinction than a geographic one. ( National Geographic, however, officially recognises... Europe the assassination of The title Archduke (German Erzherzog) was invented in the Privilegium Maius, a forgery initiated by Duke Rudolf IV of Austria. Originally, it was meant to denote the ruler of the Archduchy of Austria, which was to be put on par with the electorships, as Austria had been passed over in... Archduke Franz Ferdinand links to here. For its other meanings see: Franz Ferdinand (disambiguation) Archduke Franz Ferdinand (right) with his family. His Imperial and Royal Highness Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este (sometimes called Francis Ferdinand in English) ( December 18, 1863 – June 28, 1914) was born in Graz, Austria and... Franz Ferdinand triggered Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... World War I. However, the (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999... 20th century likely marks the first time -1... nation-states began training assassins to be specifically used against so-called enemies of the state. During Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II, for example, The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), more commonly known as MI6 (originally Military Intelligence [section] 6), or Her Majestys Secret Service or just the Secret Service, is the British external security agency. SIS has a remit to conduct espionage activities overseas, as opposed to MI5 which is charged with internal... MI6 trained a group of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Československo, Slovak: Česko-Slovensko/before 1990 Československo) was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the World War II period). On January 1, 1993, it peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in what was known as the... Czechoslovakian operatives to kill the The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). Black, white, and red were in fact the colors of the old North German Confederation flag (invented by Otto von Bismarck, based on... Nazi General is a military rank, in most nations the highest rank, although some nations have the higher rank of Field Marshal. The title is used by land and sometimes air forces. In the navies of the world, the equivalent rank is Admiral. Its equivalent rank in the Royal Air Force... general Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (sometimes incorrectly spelled as Reinhardt, March 7, 1904 - June 4, 1942) was an Obergruppenführer in the Nazi German paramilitary corps - the SS led by Heinrich Himmler. He was nicknamed The Butcher of Prague, The Blond Beast and Der Henker (German for the hangman... Reinhard Heydrich (who did later perish by their efforts), and repeated attempts were made by both the British MI6, the American The Office of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime (but not direct) precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency. Prior to the formation of the OSS, American intelligence had been conducted on an ad-hoc basis by the various departments... Office of Strategic Services (later the This article is about the foreign intelligence service of the United States of America. For other uses of the term CIA, see CIA (disambiguation). The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is one of the three American foreign intelligence agencies, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals... Central Intelligence Agency) and the Soviet SMERSH (short for SMERt SHpionam (СМЕРть Шпионам), or Death to Spies) was the name of counterintelligence departments in the Soviet Union formed during the Great Patriotic War, to secure the rear of the active Red Army, on the front... SMERSH to kill For other people with the surname Hitler, see Hitler (disambiguation). Adolf Hitler Born 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 Berlin, Germany Adolf Hitler ( 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary – 30 April 1945 in Berlin, Germany) was leader of the National... Adolf Hitler.

The The Cold War ( 1947- 1991) was the open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between groups of nations practicing different ideologies and political systems. On one side was the Soviet Union and its allies, often referred to as the Eastern bloc. On the other side were the... Cold War saw a dramatic increase in the number of political assassinations, likely in large part due to the An ideology is a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a science of ideas. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare Weltanschauung), as in common... ideological polarization of most of the The terms First World, Second World, and Third World were used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. The three terms did not arise simultaneously. After World War II, people began to speak of the NATO and Warsaw Pact countries as two major blocs, often using such... First and The terms First World, Second World, and Third World were used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. The three terms did not arise simultaneously. After World War II, people began to speak of the NATO and Warsaw Pact countries as two major blocs, often using such... Second worlds, whose adherents were more than willing to both justify and finance such killings. During the Kennedy era Cuban President Fidel Castro Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) has ruled Cuba since 1959, when, leading the 26th of July Movement, he helped overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista and turn Cuba into the first socialist state in the Western Hemisphere. He held the title of premier... Fidel Castro narrowly escaped death on several occasions at the hands of the CIA (a function of the agency's " Executive Action was the term used by the CIA starting in the early 1950s to refer to their assassination operations. These operations were often conducted by the CIAs Division D, a subsection of the agencys Directorate of Operations. Executive Action operations by the CIA ranged from an attempt... executive action" program) and CIA-backed rebels (there are accounts that exploding clams and poisoned shoes were employed); some allege that Salvador Allende Became President: November 4, 1970 Predecessor: Eduardo Frei Montalva Date of Birth: July 26, 1908 Date of Death: September 11, 1973 Place of Birth: Valparaiso, Chile Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens1 (July 26, 1908 - September 11, 1973) was president of Chile from 1970 until 1973, when he was overthrown... Salvador Allende of This article is about the country in South America; the word chile may also refer to Chilli pepper The Republic of Chile is a republic located on the southwestern coast of South America. It is a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean... Chile was another example, though specific proof is lacking. At the same time, the For other meanings, see KGB (disambiguation). The Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti  listen? (or KGB) ( Russian: Комите́т Госуда́рственной Безопа́снос... KGB made creative use of assassination to deal with high-profile defectors such as Georgi Ivanov Markov (March 1, 1929 - September 11, 1978) was a Bulgarian dissident who was assassinated in London by agents of the Bulgarian secret police assisted by the KGB. On September 7, 1978 he walked across Waterloo Bridge, which crosses the River Thames, and was waiting at a bus stop... Georgi Markov, and The State of Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, translit.: Medinat Yisrael; Arabic: دولة اسرائيل, translit.: Daulat Israil) is a country in the Middle East on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea... Israel's Ha-Mossad le-Modiin ule-Tafkidim Meyuhadim (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks) is an Israeli intelligence agency, commonly referred... Mossad made use of such tactics to eliminate The Palestinian flag, adopted in 1948, is a widely recognized modern symbol of the Palestinian people. While there are various older or different definitions of the term Palestinian (discussed in Definitions of Palestine#Palestinian), the overwhelming majority of uses of the term today are in reference to the people, mainly... Palestinian History of warfare Eras Prehistoric warfare Ancient warfare Medieval warfare Early modern warfare Modern warfare Types Naval warfare Siege warfare Trench warfare Guerrilla warfare Aerial warfare Nuclear warfare Lists List of wars List of battles List of sieges Guerrilla (also called a partisan) is a term borrowed from Spanish (from... guerrillas, politicians and revolutionaries, though some Israelis argue that the targeted often toed the line between one or another or were even all three.

Most major powers were not long in repudiating such tactics, for example during the presidency of Gerald Ford White House Portrait Order: 38th President Term of Office: August 9, 1974–January 20, 1977 Predecessor: Richard M. Nixon Successor: James E. Carter Date of Birth: Monday, July 14, 1913 Place of Birth: Omaha, Nebraska First Lady: Elizabeth Ann Betty (Bloomer) Ford Profession: Lawyer Political Party: Republican... Gerald Ford in the United States in 1976 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). Years: 1973 1974 1975 - 1976 - 1977 1978 1979 Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s - 1970s - 1980s 1990s 2000s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1976 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music - Television Science and technology... 1976 (Executive Order 12333). Many allege, however, that this is merely a smoke screen for political and moral benefit and that the covert and illegal training of assassins by major intelligence agencies continue, such as at the The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHISC), formerly School of the Americas (SOA), is a US Army facility at Fort Benning in Columbus, Georgia, USA. It is a training facility operated in the Spanish language especially for Latin American military personnel. Around 60,000 people, roughly 1,000 per... School of the Americas run by the United States. In fact, the debate over the use of such tactics is not closed by any means; many accuse The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia of continuing to practice it in The Chechen Republic (Russian: Чеченская Республика; Chechen: Нохчийн Республика/Noxçiyn Respublika), also known as Chechnya (Russian... Chechnya and against Chechens abroad, as well as Israel in Palestine and against Palestinians abroad (as well as those Mossad deems a threat to Israeli national security, as in the aftermath of the Black September terrorist on the balcony of the Israeli hostel at the Olympic village The Munich Massacre occurred at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, when members of the Israeli amateur wrestling team were taken hostage by the Palestinian group Black September, an organization designated terrorist by the United... Munich Massacre) and Palestinians and other Arab (disambiguation). There are three factors which may assist to varying degrees in determining whether someone is considered Arab or not: Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or, more vaguely, the Arab world); this definition covers more than 300 million people... Arab nations against The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... Jews in Israel and abroad.

Proponents of assassination as a political tool point out that it can be a very effective and inexpensive way to prevent loss of life. Opponents of assassination bring up a number of objections. The first is that assassination is essentially the Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a capital offense or a capital crime. Some jurisdictions that practice capital punishment restrict its use to a small number of criminal offences, principally... death penalty stripped of the normal judicial safeguards that limit its use. Second, opponents of assassination question its effectiveness. Most conventional military and political organizations are robust so that the death of the leader would not cause them to collapse. Furthermore, using assassination against a terrorist or guerilla organization may result in the complete elimination of the known leaders of that organization, but create a set of unknown leaders who cannot then be located. Finally, assassination makes a negotiation of surrender impossible. Near the end of World War II, for example, Allied forces made specific efforts not to target the political and military leadership of the The Axis Powers is a term for those participants in World War II opposed to the Allies. The three major Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, referred to themselves as the Rome– Berlin– Tokyo axis. The Axis powers were ultimately defeated in the end of World War II... Axis Powers specifically so that there would be someone to authorize a surrender.

Assassination for money

Individually, too, people have often found reasons to arrange the deaths of others through paid intermediaries. One who kills with no political motive or group loyalty who kills only for money is known as a A hitman (alternately, hit man) is a hired assassin, often by organized crime. Hitmen are often hired for an extended period of time, rather than per job. Hit Man is also the name of several books: Hit Man, by Lawrence Block, ISBN 038072541X Hit Man, a Technical Manual for Independent... hitman or contract killer. Note that by the definition accepted above, while such a killer is not, strictly speaking, an assassin, if the killing is ordered and financed towards a political end, then that killing must rightly be termed an assassination, and the hitman an assassin by extension (in the same way that a The Manchurian Candidate is a 1959 novel by Richard Condon. It has twice been made into movies of the same name; a celebrated 1962 film directed by John Frankenheimer, and a 2004 film directed by Jonathan Demme. Contents // 1 1962 film 2 Critical response 3 The Kennedy Assasination 4 Trivia... Manchurian Candidate-style killer would be an assassin because, though they have been brainwashed to kill and have therefore no political aims, those that brainwashed them do have such aims, and if the killing can be termed an assassination, the killer must be an assassin).

Entire organizations have sometimes specialized in assassination as one of their services, to be gained for the right price. Besides the original The Hashshashin (also Hashishim), or Assassins were a religious group (some would say, a cult) of Ismaili Muslims (from the Nizari sub-sect) with a militant basis, thought to be active in the 8th to 14th (?) centuries as a group of brigands on the medieval Silk Road. Their own name... hashshashin, the Shinobi or Ninja (忍者, literally, One who is concealed) were agents of espionage and assassination, trained in the Japanese art of ninjutsu (roughly the art of stealth). Ninja, like samurai, followed their own special code of conduct, called ninpo. According to some modern practitioners of budo ninjutsu, the ninja... ninja clans of 日本国 (Nihon/Nippon-koku)  listen? ( Flag of Japan) ( Imperial Seal) Official language Japanese Capital Tokyo Largest City Tokyo Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 60th 377,835 km² 0.8% Population  - Total ( 2004)  - Density Ranked 10th 127,333... Japan were rumored to perform assassinations — though it can be pointed out that most of what was ever known about the ninja was A rumor (British English: rumour) is a piece of purportedly true information that is circulated without substantiating evidence. Rumors can range from simple gossip to advanced propaganda techniques. The classic mode of rumor transmission is person-to-person, as in gossip. With the advent of the Internet many rumors have... rumor and hearsay. In the The United States of America — also referred to as the United States, the U.S.A., the U.S., America¹, the States, or (archaically) Columbia — is a federal republic of 50 states located primarily in central North America (with the exception of two states: Alaska and Hawaii... United States, Murder, Inc., as it was called by the press, was a chapter of a so-called National Crime Syndicate in the USA. It was essentially an enforcement arm that specialized in contract killing. It operated from the end of Prohibition until the 1950s. Murder, Inc. was established in New York... Murder Incorporated, an organization partnered to the This article is about the organized crime groups. For other meanings, see Mafia (disambiguation). The Mafia, also referred to as La Cosa Nostra (Italian, variously translated as This Thing Of Ours or Our Thing), is the collective name of various secret organizations in Sicily and the United States. The Mafia... Mafia, was formed for the sole purpose of performing assassinations for organized crime. In The Russian Federation ( Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches... Russia, the vory (thieves), their version of the Mafia, are often known to provide assassinations for the right price, as well as engaging in it themselves for their own purposes.

Assassination as military doctrine

While assassination for military purposes has long been espoused — Sun Tzu (孫子 also commonly written in pinyin: Sūn Zǐ) was the author of The Art of War, an influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy (for the most part not dealing directly with tactics). He is also one of the earliest realists in political science... Sun Tzu argued for such in The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法 sūn zi bīng fǎ) was a Chinese military text written during the 6th century BC by Sun Tzu. Composed of 13 chapters, it has long been praised as the definitive work on military strategies and tactics... The Art of War, as did Machiavelli in his This article is about the book. The Prince is also an alias used by Osama bin Laden The fame of Niccolo Machiavelli rests mainly on his political treatise Il Principe (The Prince), written around 1513, but not published until 1532, five years after his death. It is not actually representative... The Prince — many modern analysts hold the belief that today such a system would not be of any significant use in a strategic way. In medieval times, for instance, an army and even a nation might be based upon and around a particularly strong, canny or charismatic leader, whose loss could paralyze the ability of both to make war. However, in modern warfare a soldier's mindset is generally considered to surround ideals far more than specific leaders. Theoretically, while the death of a soldier's leader would (and does) have a detrimental effect on morale, the comfort of the cause for which they fight is far more sustainable than such supposedly-transitive loyalty to a single person.

Also, assassinating a military leader runs the risk of eliminating a later advocate of peace, as many would argue that military leaders, seeing the face of warfare and bearing a clearer sense of the war effort's effects, have more sagacity on the subject. Not only that, but worse, there is a high chance such a killing will be treated as not only reinforcing evidence of the opponents' moral bankruptcy, but also Historically, a martyr is a person who dies for his or her religious faith. Or sometimes, it is for a noble cause - like patriotically dying for a nations glory in a war. During the early Roman Empire, the independent cities of Asia Minor made efforts to reward benefactors for... martyr the leader, rallying still others to an enemy cause and hardening the enemies' resolve to fight — and resist entreaties to peace (indeed, the death in battle of Gustav II Adolph Gustav II Adolph (December 9, 1594 - November 6, 1632) (also known as Gustav Adolph the Great, under the Latin name Gustavus Adolphus or the Swedish form Gustav II Adolf) was a King of Sweden. He was born in Stockholm, the son of Charles IX of the Vasa... Gustavus Adolphus of The Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish: Konungariket Sverige  listen?) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia, in Northern Europe. It is bordered by Norway on the west, Finland on the northeast, the Skagerrak Strait and the Kattegat Strait on the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia on... Sweden, while not an assassination, led directly to the Catholic means universal or whole. Early Christians used the term to refer to the whole undivided Church. Accordingly, all Christians lay claim to the term, including Protestants, who often do not capitalize it. The Church fathers and the historic creeds used it to distinguish the mainstream body of orthodox Christian... Catholic defeat at The Battle of Lützen by Carl Wahlbom shows the death of King Gustav II Adolf on 16 November 1632. Battle of Lützen Conflict Thirty Years War Date November 16, 1632 Place Near Lützen, southwest of Leipzig, Germany Result Protestant strategic victory Combatants Sweden, Protestant German states Catholic... Lützen as the infuriated Swedes rallied behind their fallen leader). Such an effect can be extremely detrimental to a group or state, but supporters might argue in return that when faced with a particularly brilliant leader, there is no choice but to take the chance and, essentially, hope for a more mediocre successor (one might use the example of the many attempts to kill the Athenian Alcibiades Cleiniou Scambonides (ancient Greek: Α Λ Κ Ι Β Ι Α Δ Η Σ Κ Λ Ε Ι Ν Ι Ο Υ Σ Κ Α Μ Β... Alcibiades during the Map of the Greek world at the start of the Peloponnesian War Temple of Apollo at Corinth The Peloponnesian War was begun in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth. The war was documented by Thucydides, an Athenian general, in his work... Peloponnesian War, the American shooting down of The word admiral comes from the Arabic term amir-al-bahr meaning commander of the seas. Crusaders learned the term during their encounters with the Arabs, perhaps as early as the 11th century. The Sicilians and later Genoese took the first two parts of the term and used them as... Admiral Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku Yamamoto (山本 五十六 Yamamoto Isoroku) (April 4, 1884 - April 18, 1943) was the outstanding Japanese naval commander of World War II. Contents // 1 Family background 2 Early naval career 3 Preparing for war, 1920s and 1930s 3.1 The Attack on Pearl Harbor, 1941... Isoroku Yamamoto during World War II, or arguably Henri IV of France). Also, they might note that in a time-sensitive situation, such a killing could be useful if only to briefly buy time for a more permanent and effective plan to be set into motion or stall an army as reinforcements rush to the area.

There are a number of examples from Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II, the last Total war describes an international war in which countries or nations use all of their resources to destroy another organized countrys or nations ability to engage in war. The practice of total war has been in use for centuries, but it was only in the middle to late... total war, which show how assassination can be used as an effective military tool both at a tactical and strategic level. The American's perception that Skorzeny's The French Navy commando Jaubert storm the Alcyon in a mock assault. In military science, the term commando can refer to an individual, a military unit, or a style of military operation. In certain contexts, the term is synonymous with light infantry or special forces. Contents // 1 Elite soldiers 2... commandos were trying to assassinate Order: 34th President Vice President: Richard Nixon Term of office: January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 Preceded by: Harry S. Truman Succeeded by: John F. Kennedy Date of birth: October 14, 1890 Place of birth: Denison, Texas Date of... Eisenhower during the The Battle of the Bulge Conflict World War II Date December 16, 1944 – January 15, 1945 Place The Ardennes Result Allied victory Combatants United States Germany Commanders Dwight Eisenhower Gerd von Rundstedt Strength 80,000 men, 400 tanks, 400 guns (Dec 16 - start of the Battle) 200,000 men... Battle of the Bulge shows that military assassination, or the threat of it, if well timed can be a very effective tactical move. In an interview with the New York Times Skorzeny denied that he had ever intended to Operation Greif was a special operation commanded by the notorious Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny during the Battle of the Bulge. The operation was the brainchild of German dictator Adolf Hitler, and consisted of using specially-trained German soldiers in captured Allied uniforms and vehicles to cause confusion in the... assassinate Eisenhower and could prove it. (Page 155, Commando Extraordinary, by Charles Foley). There is also a mention in the same book (Page 35) of a British commando raid to "capture" Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel (November 15, 1891–October 14, 1944) was one of the most distinguished German Field Marshals and commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps in World War II. He is also known by his nickname The Desert Fox (Wüstenfuchs). Contents // 1 Early... Rommel. If he had been removed from the board, then that might well have had strategic effects. The British, too, decided not to try to assassinate Admiral This article is about the 20th-century German military officer. For the 19th-century Greek naval officer, see Constantine Kanaris. Wilhelm Franz Canaris (January 1, 1887 — April 9, 1945) was head of the German military intelligence service, the Abwehr, for much of World War II. He was born in... Wilhelm Canaris, head of the The Abwehr was the common name for the German military foreign information and counterintelligence department, during both World War I and World War II. Abwehr is a German word, which is commonly translated to the English defence. The head of the Abwehr during World War II was Admiral Wilhelm Canaris... Abwehr (German military intelligence), because to do so might have improved the service.

Moral issues

Moral equivalence is a term used in political debate, usually to negatively characterize the humanist claim that there can no moral or ethical hierarchy decided between two sides in a conflict, nor in the actions or tactics of the two sides. The term has some limited currency in polemic debates... Moral equivalence is also important when examining the use of assassination. Opponents of what one American officer called "trial, judgment and execution by intelligence" argue that no state deliberately training, hiring, sanctioning or harboring an assassin could hope to justify it in such a way that would satisfy its allies and neighbors, much less the affected nations (even though many might use the tactic themselves). In This article deals with democracy in its modern sense. For other meanings, see Democracy (disambiguation). This article is part of the series on Politics Politics Political philosophy Political science Politics by country Political party: by country, by name, by ideology Election: calendar, by country Related topics Democracy is a form... democracies this issue is particularly crucial; much of the impetus for engaging in military action in such states is the motivation of perceived righteousness fighting a brutal enemy, an opinion that is undermined if one's nation is actively and openly engaged in killings outside the laws of war. Many would argue that the negative morale effects alone would outweigh any possible benefits.

Supporters of assassination as a policy reply, however, that often the killing of one problematic figure can spare countless lives and years — or even decades — of warfare. An example often cited is the question of what might have come to pass had Adolf Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He was also Chancellor of Germany, head of government, and head... Hitler been assassinated in 1935 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). Contents // 1 Events 1.1 January 1.2 February-May 1.3 June-August 1.4 September-October 1.5 November-December 1.6 unknown dates 2 Year in topic 3 Births 3.1 January-February... 1935. Countless millions, the argument goes, would have been spared had only such intervention been taken. However, it could be argued that Adolf Hitler was just one man in a Nazi Party of hundreds, and his successor may be just as brutal (not to mention vengeful). Furthermore, it can be argued that this logic would not only justify killing Hitler in 1935 but also killing baby Adolf in his crib.

However, the widespread attention paid to deeds by Dictator was the title of a magistrate in ancient Rome appointed by the Senate to rule the state in times of emergency. In modern usage, it refers to an absolutist or autocratic ruler who assumes sole power over the state. Roman dictators were usually appointed by a consul and were... dictators such as Saddam Hussein Saddām Hussein ʻAbd al-Majid al-Tikrītī (Often spelt Husayn or Hussain; Arabic صدام حسين عبدالمجيد التكريتي; born April 28, 1937... Saddam Hussein and Idi Amin Dada General Idi Amin Dada Oumee (May 17, 1928? - August 16, 2003) was the military dictator of Uganda from January 25, 1971, to April 13, 1979. Idi Amin was born in the Kakwa tribe, near Koboko in the West Nile Arua district. The year is not known, due... Idi Amin is seen by many as another persuasive argument towards the necessity of eliminating such individuals. The increasing specter of The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Terrorism General Definition Conventions Counterterrorism Criticisms Lists Groups Incidents Types Nationalist Religious Left-wing Right-wing State Islamist Ethnic Narcoterrorism Domestic Anarchist Political Eco-terrorism Christian Tactics Hijacking Assassination Car bombing Suicide bombing Kidnapping... terrorism, too, often leads many to question why, if it is "us or them," there should be any delay in taking such action (an opponent would likely be quick to reply, however, that such an action alone leads to the loss of moral equivalence, proving their above argument, although a likely counter could be that moral equivalence is of little use to either a terrorist or one of their dead victims).

Techniques

It's entirely likely that the first strategy used by a political or religious killer was a remarkably simple one: find the leader and The word stab can have these meanings:- The act of stabbing with a sharp instrument. In scuba diving in Britain, stab is sometimes used as short for stab jacket, which is another word for buoyancy compensator. Here, stab is short for stabilizer. In some forms of assembly_language, STAB can mean... stab or Hercules fights the Lernaean Hydra with a club A club or cudgel is perhaps the simplest of all melee weapons. Essentially, a club is simply a large conic instrument to hit things with. Related melee weapons such as maces, and flails are variations upon the club. Typically, a club is... bludgeon them to death with whatever weapons were available. This would likely have occurred only in close-knit groups where security was not thought needed, such as amongst nomadic or early sedentary peoples in Ancient Mesopotamia Euphrates – Tigris Assyriology Cities / Empires Sumer: Uruk – Ur – Eridu Kish – Lagash – Nippur Akkadian Empire: Agade Babylon – Isin – Susa Assyria: Assur – Nineveh Nuzi – Nimrud Babylonia – Chaldea – Elam – Amorites Hurrians – Mitanni – Kassites Chronology Kings of Sumer... Mesopotamia where disagreements would be solved with For the aircraft, see A-5 Vigilante. In modern terms, vigilantes are militias or police which attempt law enforcement, in the usual phrase, by taking the law into their own hands. Vigilantes often operate in secret. In the United States vigilantism was especially strong in Montana during the days of... vigilantism (however it's important to note that information from this far back is very sketchy and debatable in nature). As For other uses, see Civilization (disambiguation). The Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan, Mexico. Building projects of this size require the social organization found in civilizations. A civilization or civilisation has a variety of meanings related to human society. The term comes from the Latin civis, meaning citizen or townsman... civilization took root, however, any leaders in groups began to have more and more a position of importance, and they would become more detached from the groups they ruled. For the first time, Subterfuge can be any deceptive strategem or maneuver designed to take advantage of an opponent. Subterfuge is a recognized skill in situations of war or international spying. It has less positive connotations when used in the context of politics or personal relations. Subterfuge may be legal and ethical (such as... subterfuge would become a major factor in engaging in assassination.

From ancient times, then, through to the medieval period, as the rate of technology was slow so, too, would be the changes in assassins' tactics. See: espionage, urban exploration, entryism, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. tactical shooter game called Infiltration (additional information about InfiltrationMod). An attempt to sneak across a border, or into a guarded place, often to carry out violent attack - such as shooting. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... Infiltration was now the name of the game, and commonly a would-be killer would attempt to gain access to an official or person's guard or staff and utilize a variety of methods for exterminating them, be it the same close-contact stabbing or Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body. In the absence of remedial action it will very rapidly lead to unconsciousness and death. Asphyxia is the same as suffocation and anoxia. Asphyxia in humans is a medical emergency. Causes of asphyxia can include: Crushing or... smothering or a more advanced method, such as using This article is about the dangerous substance. For the band see Poison. The skull and crossbones symbol traditionally used to label a poisonous substance. In the context of biology, poisons are substances that cause injury, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular... poison to induce death. This, however, must be distinguished from efforts by a person or group to remove a person in order to replace them in the A hierarchy (in Greek hieros = sacred, arkho = rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things. Different fields use the word in slightly different ways, but a particular definition (below) captures the core of almost all uses. Originally, hierarchy meant rule by priests. Since hierarchical churches such as the Roman... power structure; for more on this, see A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term... coup d'état.

With the advent of Gunpowder is a substance which burns very rapidly and is used as a propellant in firearms. There are two types: Black powder—invented by the Chinese in the 9th Century—was the only widely-known and used practical explosive until the 20th Century. However, it is now primarily... gunpowder and far more effective A ranged weapon is any weapon that launches a projectile or that is a projectile itself. In contrast, a weapon intended to be used in person-to-person combat is called a mêlée weapon. Early ranged weapons include thrown weapons such as spears, the bow and arrow, and... ranged weaponry, however, bodyguards were no longer enough to hold back determined killers, who no longer needed to directly engage or even subvert the guard to kill the leader in question; it could be done from a great distance in a crowded square or even at a church, as with the The Pazzi family were old Tuscan nobles who had become Florentine bankers in the 14th century. Andrea dei Pazzi was the patron for Brunelleschis chapter house for the Franciscans at Santa Maria Novella, which we know as the Pazzi Chapel, but the Pazzi are now most famous for involvement... Pazzi Conspiracy, for example. Often, A musket is a muzzle-loaded, smooth-bore long gun. It is fired from the shoulder, except for the rare wall guns. The date of their origin is unknown, but they were obsolete by the middle of the 19th century, having been superseded by rifles. Typical calibers ranged from .50... muskets or A rifle is any long gun which has a rifled barrel. A rifled barrel incorporates two or more helical grooves in its bore which impart a spin upon the projectile (usually a bullet) as it travels down the barrel. The angular momentum thereby imparted to the projectile partially insulates it... rifles might be used to take down a leader from a rooftop, at greater distance, dramatically increasing the chances for survival of an assassin. Also, This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. There are many other varieties of more exotic explosive material, and theoretical methods of causing explosions such as nuclear explosives and antimatter, and other methods of producing explosions, such as abrupt heating with a high-intensity laser or electric arc. Any explosive... explosives became increasingly en vogue for deeds requiring a larger touch; for an example of this, see the article on the The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 involved a desperate but failed attempt by a group of provincial English Catholic extremists to kill King James I of England, his family, and most of the Protestant aristocracy in one fell swoop by blowing up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening. It... Gunpowder Plot to blow up Alternative meanings: Parliamentary system, Parliament (band), Parliament (cigarette). A parliament is a legislative body, especially in those countries whose system of government is based on the Westminster system derived from that of the United Kingdom. The name is derived from the French parlement , the action of parler (to speak) ... Parliament on the In the United Kingdom, the State Opening of Parliament is an annual event held usually in October or November that marks the commencement of a session of Parliament. It is held in the House of Lords Chamber after Parliament first assembles in consequence of a General Election and each November... state opening.

In whatever case, it is interesting to note that just because more modern methods of killing became available does not mean older ones were replaced; indeed, in nations like The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... India killings by knife or A sword (from Old English sweord; akin to Old High German swerd lit. wounding tool, from the PIE *sver- to wound, to hurt) is a long edged bladed weapon, consisting in its most fundamental design of a blade and a handle. The blade is normally of metal and often ground... sword remain quite popular, as they do in Sub-Saharan Africa, Africa south of the Sahara Desert, is the term used to describe those countries of Africa that are not part of North Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is also known as Black Africa or as Dark Africa (though some consider these terms to be offensive). Sub-Saharan corresponds... sub-Saharan Africa (for example, with the Categories: Weapon stubs | Swords | Mechanical hand tools ... machete). In fact, since the development of gunpowder each region of the world seems to have its preferred methods of contract murder; besides those mentioned, explosives are quite popular in not only the Middle East but in most of Europe as well, save Northern Europe is a name for the northern part of the European continent. At different times this region has been defined differently but today it is generally seen to include: the Nordic countries, i.e. Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland. the Baltic States, i.e. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania the... Northern Europe where shootings become more common, whereas in the Americas assassinations are almost exclusively performed by gunshot. One can make various cases for any of these, including range, detectability, concealability, likelihood of kill, etc.

As the Renaissance gave way to the The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered automated machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing). The technological and economic progress of the... Industrial Revolution, assassination became more and more sophisticated, right up to today. Explosives, especially the A car bomb is a bomb that is placed in a car or truck and is intended to be exploded while there. This kind of bomb is a favorite instrument of terrorists, guerrillas and assassins because the car bomb acts as its own delivery mechanism and can carry a relatively... car bomb, became far more common, and The word grenade can mean:- The well-known hand grenade commonly used by soldiers. Tear gas grenades. These are often used for riot control. Stun grenades, also known as concussion grenades or flashbang grenades. These make blast only and no shrapnel. They are intended to stun without causing serious injury... grenades and A landmine is a type of mine which is placed onto or into the ground and explodes when triggered by a vehicle or person. Landmines are used to secure disputed borders and to restrict enemy movement in times of war. Because of this, and also because not all types are... landmines were not unheard of either, especially in the A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. The Middle East is a... Middle East and Balkans (the initial attempt on Archduke Franz Ferdinand's life was with a grenade; he was on his way to visit an aide injured in the first attack when his driver stopped to ask directions and he and his wife were shot). Also, A rocket propelled grenade (RPG) is a man-portable, shoulder-launched weapon capable of firing an explosive device longer distances than an otherwise unassisted soldier could throw. Its design purpose is broader than that of the Antitank Rocket Launcher, and it is somewhat less effective in that role than more... rocket-propelled grenades became an especially useful tool, given the popularity of armored cars discussed below. Today, any manner of different techniques for the elimination of an enemy — popular or not — might be utilized; the sky, as it were, is the limit. Another common option is using a A U.S. Army soldier peers through a scope mounted atop his M-14 rifle during operations in Iraq A sniper rifle is a type of rifle used for engaging in the act of sniping, most purely a rifle used for shooting with great accuracy. Contents // 1 Features 2 Types... sniper rifle. The only difference is that assassins and their deeds are far more public than ever before, owing not only to For other uses of the word Media see media (disambiguation). Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state). It... mass media but also far better security and control over access.

Counter-measures

It would not be a large stretch to say that, in addition to The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Terrorism General Definition Conventions Counterterrorism Criticisms Lists Groups Incidents Types Nationalist Religious Left-wing Right-wing State Islamist Ethnic Narcoterrorism Domestic Anarchist Political Eco-terrorism Christian Tactics Hijacking Assassination Car bombing Suicide bombing Kidnapping... terrorism, politician assassination is one of the biggest threats to any modern This article discusses states as sovereign political entities. For other meanings, see state (disambiguation). In international law and international relations, a state is a geographic political entity possessing politicial sovereignty, i.e. not being subject to any higher political authority. In casual language, the idea of a state and a... state and its A government is an organization that has the power to make and enforce laws for a certain territory. There are several definitions on what exactly constitutes a government. In its broadest sense, govern means the power to administrate, whether over an area of land, a set group of people, or... government. As such, the measures to which a leader goes to avoid professional killers ranges from what an average person would consider to be farcical to the paranoid to the downright bizarre. Many would argue, though, that such measures are a lot more effective than they first appear, and that in the world of a new threat seemingly each week, no security is too much.

One of the earliest forms of defense against assassins is without doubt the A bodyguard is a person who protects someone from personal assault, kidnapping, assassination, loss of confidential information, or other threats. Bodyguards are typically armed and have expertise in unarmed combat, tactical driving, and first aid. However, the most important skill for a bodyguard is the ability to assess a situation... bodyguard. Essentially, the bodyguard functions as a counter-assassin, attempting to neutralize the killer before they can make contact with or inflict harm upon the "principal", or protected/targeted official. This function was often executed by the leader's most loyal warriors, and was extremely effective throughout most of early human history, to the point where a direct assassination had to be replaced with carefully-planned Subterfuge can be any deceptive strategem or maneuver designed to take advantage of an opponent. Subterfuge is a recognized skill in situations of war or international spying. It has less positive connotations when used in the context of politics or personal relations. Subterfuge may be legal and ethical (such as... subterfuge, such as poison (which was answered by the A food taster is a person that eats food to be served to someone else to confirm that it is safe to eat and does not contain toxins or poisons. The person to whom the food is going to be served is usually an important person, like an emperor or... food taster such as the This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. See Also Ceremony of the Keys External link The Monarchy Today Categories: Stub | 1911 Britannica | British Ceremonial Units ... Beefeaters protecting the England (In detail) (In detail) Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Official language None; English is de facto Capital London Capitals coordinates 51° 30 N, 0° 10 W Largest city London Area  - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population  - Total (2001... English monarchs), and even then such methods were often thwarted. Notable examples of bodyguards would include the Roman The Praetorian Guard (sometimes Prætorian Guard) (in Latin: praetoriani) comprised a special force of bodyguards used by Roman emperors. Before them it was used by warlords, back at least to the Scipio family -- around 275 BC. Contents // 1 History 1.1 Early Guard 1.2 Political Meddling 1.3... Praetorian Guard or the Ottoman The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri, meaning New Troops) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. The force originated in the 14th century; it was abolished (and massacred) by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826. Janissary Soldiers Contents // 1 Origin of the janissaries... janissaries — although, in both cases, it should be noted that the protectors often became assassins themselves, exploiting their power to make the A head of state or chief of state is the chief public representative of a nation-state, federation or commonwealth, whose role generally includes personifying the continuity and legitimacy of the state and exercising the political powers, functions and duties granted to the head of state in the countrys... head of state a virtual hostage at their whim or eliminating threatening leaders altogether. Indeed, assassinations both then and today are most often effective when they have the support, tacit or open, of other powerful figures. Today, however, such a situation rarely comes to pass; the British Special Branch is the arm of British Police forces that deals with national security matters. They acquire and develop intelligence to help protect the public from national security threats, especially terrorism and other extremist activity. Each police force has its own Special Branch. These departments work closely with one another... Special Branch and American The United States Secret Service is a United States federal government law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security (prior to the founding of that department in 2002, it was under the United States Department of the Treasury). The Secret Service has primary jurisdiction... Secret Service are noted as well-trained and apolitical protective forces.

The race was on with the Middle Ages between leaders and assassins as gunpowder became predominant, each in turn trying to develop stronger and better checks against the increasing abilities of the other. One of the first reactions was to simply increase the guard, creating what at times might seem a Brigade is a term from military science which refers to a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an artillery battery and additional logistic support). A brigade is smaller than a division and roughly equal to or a little larger... small army trailing every leader; another was to begin clearing large areas whenever a leader was present, to the point where entire sections of a city might be shut down. Heads of state began to cease taking their armies onto the field personally around this time as well, although this was likely as much due to the increasing skills required for generalship and division of power within the government as it was for safety concerns.

As the 20th century dawned, the prevalence of assassins and their capabilities skyrocketed, and so did measures to protect against them. For the first time, Military armored cars A French VBL reconnaissance vehicle. Military armored cars are a type of armoured fighting vehicles and have wheels (usually 6 or 8 large off-road wheels) instead of tracks, and light armor. They may have a machine gun, an autocannon, or a small gun, or may even... armored cars or armored limousines were put into service for safer transport, with modern versions rendering them virtually invulnerable to The term small arms describes any weapon that a person can easily transport and fire. It describes personal weapons such as pistols, rifles, grenades, grenade launchers, mortars and machine guns. Small arms find a variety of uses including police and military uses, hunting, personal protection, crime, civil war and sports... small arms fire. A bulletproof vest – also called body armour (U.S. body armor) – is an article of protective clothing that works as a form of armour to minimize injury from being hit by a fired bullet. They are commonly worn by police forces and the military. The above name is... Bulletproof vests were also commissioned, although these are often not worn (or worn unobtrusively) for the benefit of public perception, although some, such as former A mayor (Latin maīor better) is the politician who serves as chief executive official of some types of municipalities. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs as to the powers and responsibilities of a mayor, as well as the means of becoming mayor. The... mayor of Cleveland, Ohio City flag City seal City nickname: The Forest City Location in the state of Ohio Founded 1796 Incorporated 1836 County Cuyahoga County Mayor Jane Campbell ( Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 213.5 km² (82.4 mi²) 12.5 km² (4.8 mi²) Population... Cleveland, Ohio and presidential candidate Dennis John Kucinich (born October 8, 1946) is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, for the 10th District of Ohio. He also sought the Democratic Partys nomination in the 2004 presidential election. Though he won no primaries, he continued campaigning for months with the goal... Dennis Kucinich, were nonetheless compelled to do so. Access to famous persons, too, became more and more restrictive; potential visitors would be forced through dozens of different checks and double-checks before being granted access to the official in question, and as Communication is the process of exchanging information usually via a common system of symbols. Communication is the academic discipline which studies communication. Contents // 1 Forms of communication 2 Forms and components of human communication 3 Communication technology 4 Communication barriers 5 References 6 See also 7 External links Forms of... communication became better and Information technology (IT) or information and communication technology (ICT) is the technology required for information processing. In particular the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime. Topics: Computer science Information science Information security World Wide Web Digital library... information technology more prevalent, it has become next-to-impossible for a would-be killer of declared antigovernment or anarchist political affiliation to get close enough to the personage at work to effect an attempt on his or her life, especially given the common use of A U.S. Army soldier uses a metal detector to search for weapons and ammunition in Iraq Metal detectors use electromagnetic induction to detect metal. In 1881, Alexander Graham Bell constructed a crude metal detector in an attempt to find an assassins bullet in President James Garfield. Gerhard Fischar... metal and bomb detectors. As such, in this century and for the foreseeable future, most assassinations will be committed either during a public performance or during For other article subjects named transport see transport (disambiguation). This article is part of the Transport series Modes... Animal-powered Aviation Human-powered Ship Rail Road See also... More topics | The future Transport, or transportation in American English, is the movement of objects like people, goods, signals and information from... transport, both due to weaker security and security lapses, such as with US Seal of the President of the United States, official impression The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Because... President John Fitzgerald Kennedy Order: 35th President Vice President: Lyndon B. Johnson Term of office: January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 Preceded by: Dwight D. Eisenhower Succeeded by: Lyndon B. Johnson Date of birth: May 29, 1917 Place of birth: Brookline... John F. Kennedy or as part of A coup détat, or simply a coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, usually done by a small group that just replaces the top power figures. It is different from a revolution, which is staged by a larger group and radically changes the political system. The term... coups d'etat where security is either overwhelmed or completely removed, such as with Salvador Allende or Patrice Emery Lumumba (July 2, 1925 – January 17/18, 1961) was the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contents // 1 Early life 2 Political life 2.1 Overthrow and arrest 3 Murder 4 Filmography 5 Quote 6 Reference 7 See also 8 External links Early... Patrice Lumumba.

Some of the wilder and arguably stranger methods used for protection by famous people of both today and yesterday have evoked many reactions from different people, some resenting the separation from their officials or major figures, some comforted by the security and some lamenting the state of society that such measures are necessary. One example might be traveling in a car protected by a bubble of clear Bulletproof glass is usually transparent material, such as polycarbonate thermoplastic (i.e. Lexan but also called Tuffak and Cyrolon), that provides the appearance and light-transmitting behavior of standard glass but offers varying degrees of protection from small arms fire. Bulletproof glass usually consists of a polycarbonate layer sandwiched between... bulletproof glass, such as the The popemobile is an informal term for the specially designed vehicle used by the pope during public appearances. It is a modified Mercedes-Benz with a small windowed room in the back where the Pope stands. Since the pope would naturally be a potential target for assassination attempts while on... Popemobile of Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches (note that the name within the communion is simply the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church). In addition to... Pope Official papal image of John Paul II. His Holiness Pope John Paul II, né Karol Józef Wojtyła (born May 18, 1920 in Wadowice, Poland), is the current Pope — the Bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected on October 16, 1978... John Paul II (built following an extremist's attempt at his life). Frederick William I of Prussia (in German: Friedrich Wilhelm I), of the House of Hohenzollern (August 14, 1688 - May 31, 1740), often known as the Soldier-King, reigned as King of Prussia (1713 - 1740). His father, Frederick I of Prussia, had successfully acquired the title King for the margraves of... Frederick William I of Prussia had an entire command of soldiers above two This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation). The metre is the basic unit of length in the International System of Units. It is defined as the length of the path traveled by light in an absolute vacuum during a... meters of height, and would reportedly go to great lengths to obtain more. Many leaders, such as Joseph Stalin Iosif (Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი... Josef Stalin or the Argentinian There are a number of things that junta (hUn-tah) could refer to: It can be a military dictatorship. See also Military rule. In History of Spain, junta (coming-together) was the name chosen by several local administrations forming in Spain during the Peninsula War as a patriotic alternative to... junta were so possessed by paranoia that they executed their opponents en masse, with the death toll ranging from hundreds to millions. Still others go into seclusion, rarely heard from or seen in public afterwards, such as Though anyone who creates a written work may be called a writer, the term is usually reserved for those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. Skilled writers are adept at using language to portray ideas and images, whether it be in fiction... writer Salman Rushdie (born June 19, 1947, in Bombay, India) is an essayist and author of fiction, most of which is set on the Indian subcontinent. He grew up in Mumbai (then Bombay) and graduated with honours from Kings College, Cambridge in England. His narrative style, blending myth and fantasy... Salman Rushdie or eccentric An inventor is a person who creates new inventions, typically technical devices such as mechanical, electrical or software devices or methods. Although some inventors may also be scientists, most base their work on the discoveries of other scientists, experimenting with practical applications and combinations of those discoveries, and with improvements... inventor Howard Robard Hughes (December 24, 1905–April 5, 1976) was at times a pilot, a movie producer, a playboy, an eccentric, a recluse, and one of the wealthiest persons in the world. Howard Hughes standing in front of a Boeing Army Pursuit Plane, Inglewood, California, 1940s. Contents // 1 Youth... Howard Hughes, though it is more likely that Hughes was concerned about This article is about disease-causing organisms. For the Pre-Raphaelite journal entitled The Germ, see The Germ (periodical). A germ is an informal term for a disease-causing organism, particularly bacteria (as in germ warfare). The word is not to be confused with the term from developmental biology (as... germs than about assassination. A more exotic form of protection is the use of a body double. A body double in this case is a person who is built similar to the person he is expected to protect and made up to look like him. The body double then takes the place of the person in high risk situations. Fidel Castro, Adolf Hitler and Saddam Hussein are known to have used body doubles.

It is important to note that, in the final analysis, it is thought by many that if a person or group is committed beyond Alternate uses: Reason (program), Reason (magazine), Reason (Asimov) In philosophy, reason (from Latin ratio, by way of French raison) is the faculty by means of which or the process through which human beings perform thought, especially abstract thought. Many thinkers have pondered reason, and the various views on the nature... reason or concerns for Welfare has four main meanings. In general terms, the term welfare refers simply to well-being , the Human condition whereby people are faring well, that is: prosperous, in good health and at peace. In economics, welfare is associated with material benefit or preferred outcomes. Welfare has a specific meaning in... self-preservation towards the removal of a certain person or leader from not only their position but this plane of existence, then their success is Destiny concerns the fixed natural order of the universe. It is the invincible necessity to which even the gods must accede, as the Sibyl of Delphi confessed. Destiny is fate, personified in Greek culture by the three Moirae (called the Parcae by the Romans), with a Nordic counterpart in the... inevitable. Some of the most notable examples of such committed people would be the Shinobi or Ninja (忍者, literally, One who is concealed) were agents of espionage and assassination, trained in the Japanese art of ninjutsu (roughly the art of stealth). Ninja, like samurai, followed their own special code of conduct, called ninpo. According to some modern practitioners of budo ninjutsu, the ninja... ninja of Japan or Terrorism General Definition Conventions Counterterrorism Criticisms Lists Groups Incidents Types Nationalist Religious Left-wing Right-wing State Islamist Ethnic Narcoterrorism Domestic Anarchist Political Eco-terrorism Christian Tactics Hijacking Assassination Car bombing Suicide bombing Kidnapping Bioterrorism Nuclear terrorism Cyber-terrorism Internet Configurations Fronts Independent actors A suicide bombing is a bomb... suicide bombers when used against a leader or official. Often, such people or groups would Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of intentionally ending ones own life. Attitudes vary on suicide from culture to culture. It is considered a sin in many religions, and a crime in some jurisdictions. On the other hand, some cultures have viewed it as... operate without concern for their own life in order to gain the slimmest chance of eliminating their mark. Certain leaders, notably Abraham Lincoln Order: 16th President Term of Office: March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 Predecessor: James Buchanan Successor: Andrew Johnson Date of Birth: February 12, 1809 Place of Birth: Hardin County, Kentucky (site now in LaRue County) Date of Death: April 15, 1865 Place of Death: Washington, D.C... Abraham Lincoln, were thought to have wrestled with this supposed inevitability during difficult times (with some, like Lincoln, later falling victim to it). In the end, however, any counter-measures to a trained or simply For an alternate meaning, see Fan (implement). Fans of Janet Jackson, at Music Music The term fan refers to someone who has an intense, occasionally overwhelming liking of a person, group of persons, work of art, idea, or trend. The word is an Americanism of around 1889, a shortened version... zealous killer will be attempts to resist them as best as possible with whatever means are available.

Source for conspiracy theories

Assassinations are a classic subject of conspiracy theories. The assassination of a prominent figure is a singular event which can dramatically change the course of public affairs. Those drawn to conspiracy theory are led to ask, in the aftermath of an assassination, Who benefited from this death? Though some assassinations are committed by lone individuals, and many others by aboveboard governments (such as that of 1915 passport photo of Trotsky Leon Davidovich Trotsky ( Russian: Лев Давидович Троцкий; also transliterated Leo, Lev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij and Trotzky ) (October 26 ( O.S.) = November 7 ( N.S.), 1879 - August 21, 1940), born... Leon Trotsky), and other assassinations are committed as the result of a provable conspiracy, there have been several assassinations whose purposes and evidence remain mysterious in the public eye — and suspicious to most people.

Best-known among assassination conspiracy theories in the United States are those dealing with a rash of seemingly politically motivated deaths in the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Contents // 1 Events and trends 1.1 Technology 1.2 Science 1.3 War, peace and politics 1.4... 1960s, notably those of U.S. Seal of the President of the United States, official impression The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Because... President John F. Kennedy The assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, USA at 12:30 PM Central Standard Time (18:30 UTC). Kennedy was fatally wounded by multiple gunshots while riding in a presidential... John F. Kennedy, The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. Together, they compose the legislative branch of the United States government. Seal of the Senate Each state elects two senators through statewide elections. The Constitution of the United States... Senator Robert Kennedy Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, also called RFK (November 20, 1925–June 6, 1968) was the younger brother of President John F. Kennedy, and was appointed by his brother as Attorney General for his administration. He worked closely with his brother during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and... Robert F. Kennedy, and Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. Examples include the right to vote and anti_discrimination laws. Civil rights movements usually want equal protection of the laws for minorities, as well as new laws outlawing discrimination and its vestiges. Civil rights... civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., Ph.D. (January 15, 1929–April 4, 1968) was a Nobel Laureate, Baptist minister, and African American civil rights activist. He is one of the most significant leaders in U.S. history and in the modern history of nonviolence... Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X (pronounced Malkolm Eks, May 19, 1925–February 21, 1965 – also: Malcolm Little, El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and Omowale) was a spokesman for the Nation of Islam, and a founder of both the Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. He was assassinated... Malcolm X.

Investigations and scientific testing and recreations into the circumstances of John F. Kennedy's death have not settled the question of who killed him. That U.S. public opinion considers this still to be an open issue is suggested by three polls in 2003. An ABC News is a division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). Its flagship programs are World News Tonight, This Week with George Stephanopoulos, and Good Morning America. Other programs include ABCs newsmagazine, 20/20, Nightline, and their informal overnight news program ABC World News Now. External link ABC News... ABC News random telephone A poll is either an election or a survey of a particular group. The word often refers to the election itself, as the place where voters cast their ballots is called a polling station. However, polls may also be surveys that merely canvass opinions and have no binding force. In... poll found that just 32% (plus or minus 3%) of Americans believe that Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, according to the conclusions of two government investigations into the assassination. Critics of the official accounts have claimed that Oswald did not act alone or was... Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, while 68% do not believe Oswald acted alone. [1] (http://abcnews.go.com/images/pdf/937a1JFKAssassination.pdf) The "Discovery Channel" poll (sampling method not given) reveals that only 21% believe Oswald acted alone, while 79% do not believe Oswald acted alone. [2] (http://poll.discovery.com/servlet/viewsflash?jfk=6&cmd=tally&pollid=jfk&results=data%2Fdsc%2Fpackage%2Fjfk.results.html&submit.x=51&submit.y=6) The "History Channel" poll (self-selected responses) details that only 17% of respondents believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, while 83% do not believe Oswald acted alone. [3] (http://www.historychannel.com/jfk/jfk_poll_results.jsp) It should, however, be noted that opinion polls of this type are often subject to selection and response biases.

Similar theories have arisen around the assassination of The Beatles appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964 as part of their first tour of the United States, promoting their first hit single there, I Want To Hold Your Hand. The Beatles were the most influential music group of the rock era. They affected the post-war baby... Beatle This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. John Lennon John Winston Ono Lennon, (October 9, 1940–December 8, 1980), is best known as a singer, songwriter, and guitarist for The Beatles. His creative career also included the roles of... John Lennon and the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan Order: 40th President Term of Office: January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989 Preceded by: Jimmy Carter Succeeded by: George H.W. Bush Date of birth: February 6, 1911 Place of birth: Tampico, Illinois Date of death: June 5, 2004 Place of death: Los Angeles, California First Lady... Ronald Reagan. In recent years conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales Born 1 July 1961 Sandringham, Norfolk, England Died 31 August 1997 Paris, France Diana, Princess of Wales (Diana Frances Mountbatten-Windsor, née Spencer) ( 1 July 1961 - 31 August 1997), was the first wife of HRH The Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. From her marriage... Diana, Princess of Wales have made headlines.

See also

• Assassin's Guild
• The Assassination Bureau was a movie made in 1969 based on the unfinished book by Jack London. It stars Oliver Reed, Diana Rigg, and Telly Savalas. In the movie, Miss Winter (Rigg), a journalist, discovers an organization devoted to killing for money known as the Assassination Bureau Limited. Thinking to... The Assassination Bureau
• An assassination market is a (theoretical) market wherein any party can place a bet (using anonymous electronic money, and pseudonymous remailers) on the date of death of a given individual, and collect a payoff if they guess the date accurately. Because the payoff is for knowing the date rather than... assassination market
• Asymmetric warfare is a military term to describe warfare in which the two belligerents are mismatched in their military capabilities or accustomed methods of engagement such that the militarily diasadvantaged power must press its special advantages or effectively exploit its enemys particular weaknesses if they are to have any... asymmetric warfare
• Spy and secret agent redirect here; for alternate use, see Spy (disambiguation) and Secret agent (disambiguation). Espionage is the practice of obtaining secrets (spying) from rivals or enemies for military, political, or economic advantage. It is usually thought of as part of an organized effort (i.e., governmental or corporate... espionage
• The Hashshashin (also Hashishim), or Assassins were a religious group (some would say, a cult) of Ismaili Muslims (from the Nizari sub-sect) with a militant basis, thought to be active in the 8th to 14th (?) centuries as a group of brigands on the medieval Silk Road. Their own name... Hashshashin
• The victim of a confidence game is often called the mark, or the vic. This is an underground slang term that evolved amongst swindlers because the intended victim was said to be marked for the sting. In some instances the victim would literally be marked; such was a practice among... mark (slang)
• The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. Terrorism General Definition Conventions Counterterrorism Criticisms Lists Groups Incidents Types Nationalist Religious Left-wing Right-wing State Islamist Ethnic Narcoterrorism Domestic Anarchist Political Eco-terrorism Christian Tactics Hijacking Assassination Car bombing Suicide bombing Kidnapping... terrorism
• The broad definition of Regicide is the deliberate killing of a king. But it is usualy used to refer to the judicial execution of a king after due process of law. The word can be used as both a verb and a noun. Contents // 1 The Regicide of Mary Queen... regicide

Related lists

• The following is a list of assassins with short comments on the assassination(s) that made them famous. It also contains some individuals who were famously suspected, but then acquitted, of particular assassinations. See also: List of assassinated persons Conspiracy theory Terrorism Contents: Top - A B C D E F... List of assassins
• This is an incomplete list of persons that were assassinated for political and other reasons, and who have individual entries. Contents // 1 By region (chronologically) 1.1 Assassinations in Afghanistan 1.2 Assassinations in Africa 1.3 Assassinations in the British Isles. 1.4 Assassinations in Canada 1.5 Assassinations... List of assassinated persons
• In U.S. history, there have been 13 times when someone has attempted to assassinate the president (four of those attempts resulted in the presidents dying in office). This is a list of instances in which people have tried and failed to assassinate the President of the United States... List of unsuccessful U.S. Presidential assassination attempts

Further reading

• Cloak and Dollar (A History of American Secret Intelligence) (http://www.yale.edu/yup/books/074743.htm) by Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones
• A short article on the U.S. policy banning political assassination since 1976 (http://www.cnn.com/2002/LAW/11/04/us.assassination.policy) from CNN. See also Gerald Ford White House Portrait Order: 38th President Term of Office: August 9, 1974–January 20, 1977 Predecessor: Richard M. Nixon Successor: James E. Carter Date of Birth: Monday, July 14, 1913 Place of Birth: Omaha, Nebraska First Lady: Elizabeth Ann Betty (Bloomer) Ford Profession: Lawyer Political Party: Republican... Ford's 1976 executive order (http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/760110e.htm#assassination).
• American Domestic Terrorists and Assassins (http://www.historyguy.com/biofiles/domestic_terrorists_and_assassins.html)

Ĝ