A new plaque commemorating the exact location of the Sarajevo Assassination

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a group of six assassins coordinated by Danilo Ilić. The political objective of the assassination was to break off from Austria-Hungary, her south-slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. The assassins' motives are consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia. "The Outrage", as the assassination came to be called, sparked the outbreak of World War I.
(See: Causes of World War I.) Download high resolution version (1790x1184, 1540 KB)Picture taken by me, User Asim Led, summer of 2004. ... Download high resolution version (1790x1184, 1540 KB)Picture taken by me, User Asim Led, summer of 2004. ... is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Sophie, the Duchess of Hohenberg Her Highness Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, born Sophie Maria Josephine Albina Chotek, Countess of Chotkova and Wognin (March 1, 1868 - June 28, 1914) was the morganatic wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. ... Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo) Coordinates: , Country Bosnia and Herzegovina Entity Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Canton Sarajevo Canton Government  - Mayor Semiha Borovac (SDA) Area [1]  - City 141. ... Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, IPA: ) (July 25, 1894) – April 28, 1918) was an ethnic Serb, but later proclaimed to be a Yugoslav Nationalist[1], with links to a group known as the Black Hand (Црна Рука or Crna Ruka) and Mlada Bosna, who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife... Danilo Ilić was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1891. ... Young Bosnia (Serbo-Croat: Млада Босна / Mlada Bosna) was a revolutionary youth organization in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early 20th century. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... For the war in general, see World War I. The Causes of World War I were complex and included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. ...

Background

Gavrilo Princip

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty. Under this same treaty, Serbia was at last recognized by the Great Powers as a fully sovereign state, as the Kingdom of Serbia. Initially Serbia was content to live within its small borders, which encompassed only a fraction of the ethnic Serbian population. Gavrillo Princip, from raven. ... Gavrillo Princip, from raven. ... Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, IPA: ) (July 25, 1894) – April 28, 1918) was an ethnic Serb, but later proclaimed to be a Yugoslav Nationalist[1], with links to a group known as the Black Hand (Црна Рука or Crna Ruka) and Mlada Bosna, who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1262x1544, 702 KB) Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Source: The Library of Congress - American Memory Published in: The War of the Nations (New York), December 31, 1919 Newspaper Pictorials The war of the nations : portfolio in rotogravure etchings : compiled from the... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1262x1544, 702 KB) Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Source: The Library of Congress - American Memory Published in: The War of the Nations (New York), December 31, 1919 Newspaper Pictorials The war of the nations : portfolio in rotogravure etchings : compiled from the... The separate Bulgaria after The Treatry of Berlin - Lithography Nikolay Pavlovich The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman government under Sultan Hamid revised the Treaty... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... “Ottoman” redirects here. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to... Anthem: Bože Pravde [[Image:|250px|center|Location of the Kingdom of Serbia]] Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Serbian Government Monarchy  - King Milan (1882-1889)  - King Aleksandar (1889-1903)  - King Peter I (1903-1918) Proclamation March 6, 1882 Area  - Total  km² ([[List of countries and outlying territories by area|]])  sq...

This changed in 1903 when Serbian Military Officers stormed the Serbian Royal Palace and slaughtered King Alexander Obrenović and Queen Draga, tossed their bullet-riddled and saber-slashed bodies naked out a palace window and installed Peter I of the House of Karađorđević as the new king. The new dynasty was more nationalistic, more friendly to Russia and less friendly to Austria-Hungary. Over the next decade, disputes between Serbia and its neighbors erupted as Serbia moved to build its power and gradually reclaim its 14th-century empire. These disputes included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the "Pig War" as pigs were Serbia's major export to Austria-Hungary), the annexation crisis of 1908 where Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina ending in a Serbian climb-down in March 1909, and finally the two Balkan wars of 1912–1913 where Serbia conquered Macedonia and Kosovo taking these provinces from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. Alexander of Serbia was the King of Serbia between 1842 and 1858. ... Draga Masin, also known as Queen Draga, was a former lady-in-waiting to the mother of King Alexander of Serbia. ... King Peter I of Yugoslavia (Serbian Cyrillic: Петар I Карађорђевић, Petar I KaraÄ‘orÄ‘ević) (29 June 1844 – 16 August 1921) was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 after which he became the first King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. ... The House of KaraÄ‘orÄ‘ević (Serbian: Карађорђевићи; English: House of Karageorgevich) was a Serbian ruling dynasty descended from KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e (George Petrović). The family had a long feud with the Obrenović dynasty. ... The term Pig War is used to refer to an economic conflict (1906-1909) in which the Habsburg Empire imposed a customs blockade on Serbia. ... Combatants  Ottoman Empire Balkan League: Bulgaria Greece Serbia Montenegro Commanders Ottoman Empire: Nizam PaÅŸa, Zeki PaÅŸa, Esat PaÅŸa, Abdullah PaÅŸa, Ali Rıza PaÅŸa Bulgaria: Vladimir Vazov, Vasil Kutinchev, Nikola Ivanov, Radko Dimitriev Greece:Crown Prince Constantine, Panagiotis Danglis, Pavlos Kountouriotis Serbia:Radomir Putnik, Petar... For other uses, see Kosovo (disambiguation). ...

Serbia's military successes emboldened nationalistic elements in Serbia and amongst the indigenous Serbian populations within Austria-Hungary who chafed under Magyar rule and who through "cultural" organizations were inspired by Serbian or South Slav nationalistic ideas. In the years just prior to 1914, lone assassins, mostly Serbian citizens of Austria-Hungary, made a series of unsuccessful assassination attempts in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina against Austro-Hungarian officials with only sporadic support from Serbia.

In late June 1914, Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnia in order to observe military maneuvers and to open a museum in Sarajevo. June 28 was the 14th anniversary of the Morganatic Oath, whereby Franz Ferdinand was given permission by Emperor Franz Joseph to marry his love, Sophie Chotek (a Slave born too far beneath his station), in exchange for Franz Ferdinand's oath that the children from this union would never ascend the throne. Sophie Chotek was happy to accompany her husband to Bosnia and celebrate their anniversary far from the Vienna court where she was treated poorly.

Franz Ferdinand was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor trialism, under which Austria-Hungary would be reorganized by combining the Slavic lands within the Austro-Hungarian empire into a third crown. A Slavic kingdom could have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism and Franz Ferdinand was therefore perceived as a threat by those same irredentists. Princip stated to the court that preventing Franz Ferdinand's planned reforms was one of his motivations.

The day of the assassination, June 28, is June 15 in the Julian calendar, the feast of St. Vitus. In Serbia, it is called Vidovdan and commemorates the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans at which the Sultan was assassinated in his tent by a Serb; it is an occasion for Serbian patriotic observances. is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... June 14 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 16 All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 28 by Old Calendarists Saints Prophet Amos (8th century BC) Saint Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan and Wonderworker of all Russia (1461) Martyrs Vitus, Modestus, and Crescentia at Lucania (303) Martyr Dulas the Passion-bearer of... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... Vitus is a Latin given name meaning lively. ... Vidovdan (Видовдан) is a religious holiday, St. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Serbia Commanders Murad I †, Bayezid I, Yakub † Lazar Hrebeljanović †, Vuk Branković, Vlatko Vuković Strength ~ 10,000[4][5][6] ~ 12,000-30,000[4][5][6][7] Casualties Low Extremely high The Battle of Kosovo (or Battle of Amselfeld; Serbian Cyrillic: Косовски бој or Бој на Косову; Turkish: Kosova Meydan Muharebesi; see... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29...

The assassination

Note: The exact course of events was never firmly established, mostly due to inconsistent stories of witnesses.

A map of where the Archduke was killed

The old original plaque of the exact location of the assassination. The city government removed it after Bosnian war

On June 28, 1914; at approximately 10:00AM, Franz Ferdinand, his wife and their party left the Philipovic army camp, where he had undertaken a brief review of the troops. The motorcade consisted of seven cars: Image File history File links Sarajevo-assn-chart. ... Image File history File links Sarajevo-assn-chart. ... Image File history File links Sarajevo_l_Monument_to_Gavrilo_Princip_l_1986. ... Image File history File links Sarajevo_l_Monument_to_Gavrilo_Princip_l_1986. ... Combatants Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Predominantly Bosniak) Army of Republika Srpska, Yugoslav Peoples Army, various paramilitary units from Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian) Croatian Defence Council, Croatian Army (Croatian) Commanders Alija Izetbegović (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Sefer Halilović (Army chief of staff 1992-1993) Rasim...

1. In the first car: the chief detective of Sarajevo and three local police officers.
2. In the second car: Sarajevo's Mayor, Fehim Efendi Curcic; Sarajevo's Commissioner of Police, Dr. Edmund Gerde.
3. In the third car: Franz Ferdinand; his wife Sophie; Bosnia's Governor Oskar Potiorek; Franz Ferdinand's bodyguard Lieutenant Colonel Count Franz von Harrach.
4. In the fourth car: the head of Franz Ferdinand's military chancery, Baron Carl von Rumerskirch; Sophie's lady-in-waiting Countess Wilma Lanyus von Wellenberg; Potiorek's chief adjutant, Lieutenant Colonel Erich Edler von Merizzi; Lieutenant Colonel Count Alexander Boos-Waldeck.
5. In the fifth car: Adolf Egger, Director of the Fiat Factory in Vienna; Major Paul Höger; Colonel Karl Bardolff; Dr. Ferdinand Fischer.
6. In the sixth car: Baron Andreas von Morsey; Captain Pilz; other members of Franz Ferdinand's staff and Bosnian officials.
7. In the seventh car: Major Erich Ritter von Hüttenbrenner; Count Josef zu Erbach-Fürstenau; Lieutenant Robert Grein.

At 10:15 the motorcade passed the first assassin, Mehmed Mehmedbašić. Danilo Ilić had placed him in front of the garden of the Mostar Cafe and armed him with a bomb.^[1] Mehmedbašić failed to act. Ilić placed Vaso Čubrilović next to Mehmedbašić arming him with a revolver and a bomb. He too failed to act. Further along the route, Ilić placed Nedeljko Čabrinović on the opposite side of the street near the Miljacka River arming him with a bomb. As Franz Ferdinand's car approached, Čabrinović threw his bomb. The bomb bounced off the folded back convertible cover into the street. Its timed detonator caused it to explode under the next car, putting that car out of action and wounding a total of 20 people according to Reuters.^[2] Čabrinović swallowed his cyanide pill and jumped into the Miljacka river. The procession sped away towards the Town Hall, and the scene turned to chaos. Police dragged Čabrinović out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody. His cyanide pill was either old or of too weak a dosage and had not worked. The river was also only four inches deep and failed to drown him. Cvjetko Popović, Gavrilo Princip and Trifun Grabež failed to act as the motorcade sped away. Oskar Potiorek Oskar Potiorek (1853 – 1933) was an Austrian general who served as the Austro-Hungarian governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1911 and 1914. ... Lady in Waiting is an album by American southern rock band The Outlaws, released in 1976. ... Fiat S.p. ... Nedeljko Čabrinović (1895-1916) was a member of the Black Hand society, and one of seven assassains who made a successful attempt on the life of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria. ... The cyanide ion, CN−. From the top: 1. ... The Miljacka is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina that passes through Sarajevo. ...

The 1911 Gräf & Stift Rois De Blougne tourer in which the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination.

Arriving at the Town Hall for a scheduled reception, Franz Ferdinand showed understandable signs of stress, interrupting a prepared speech of welcome by Mayor Curcic to protest "we come here and people throw bombs at us." He then became calm and the remainder of the reception passed tensely but without incident. Officials and members of the Archduke's party discussed how to guard against another assassination attempt without coming to any coherent conclusion. A suggestion that the troops outside the city be brought in to line the streets was reportedly rejected because they did not have their parade uniforms with them on manoeuvres. Security was accordingly left to the small Sarajevo police force. The only obvious measure taken was for one of Franz Ferdinand's military aides to take up a protective position on the left hand running board of his car. This is confirmed by photographs of the scene outside the Town Hall. Image File history File links Franz_Ferdinand_Automobile_AB.jpg‎ Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria ... Image File history File links Franz_Ferdinand_Automobile_AB.jpg‎ Summary Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria ... Gräf & Stift was an Austrian automaker founded in 1902 by the brothers Franz, Heinrich and Karl Gräf, and the investor, Wilhelm Stift. ...

After the reception at the Town Hall, Franz Ferdinand decided to go to the hospital and visit the wounded victims of Čabrinović's bomb. Meanwhile, Gavrilo Princip had gone to a nearby food shop, Schiller's delicatessen, after learning the truth that the assassination had been unsuccessful. Emerging, he saw Franz Ferdinand's open car reversing after having taken a wrong turn as it drove past, near the Latin Bridge. The driver, Franz Urban, had not been advised of the change in plan and had continued on a route that would take the Archduke and his party directly out of the city. Pushing forward to the right hand side of the car, Princip twice fired a Belgian made Fabrique Nationale M 1910 semi-automatic pistol in 9mm Kurz (.380 ACP) caliber (serial numbers 19074, 19075, 19120 and 19126 were supplied to the assassins; which specific pistol was Princip's is unclear). According to Albertini, "The first bullet wounded the Archduke in the jugular vein, the second inflicted an abdominal wound on the Duchess."^[3] Princip later claimed that his intention was to kill Governor Potiorek, not Sophie. Latin bridge in 1913 Latin Bridge (Serb. ... Franz Urban was the driver of the car used to transport Austro-Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia von Chôtek through the city of Sarajevo on the day of the assassination in Sarajevo June 28, 1914. ... Fabrique Nationale de Herstal, more often known as Fabrique Nationale and abbreviated simply as FN, is a well-known firearm manufacturer that originated in the Belgian city of Herstal, near Liège. ... The FN Model 1910 was a blowback-operated, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale of Belgium. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Yugoslavian 9 mm Kratak (9 mm Short) cartridges, FMJ. The . ...

Both victims remained seated upright, but dying while being driven to the Governor's residence for medical treatment. Franz Ferdinand's last words, moments after being shot, were reported by von Harrach as "Sopherl! Sopherl! Sterbe nicht! Bleibe am Leben für unsere Kinder!" ("Sophie dear, don't die! Stay alive for our children!") The Duchess died fifteen minutes later, followed shortly by the Archduke.

Princip tried to kill himself, first by ingesting the cyanide, and then with his gun, but he vomited the apparently ineffective poison, and the gun was wrestled from his hand by onlookers before he had a chance to fire another shot. All of the assassins were eventually caught. Those in Austro-Hungarian custody were tried together with members of the channel who had helped deliver them and their weapons to Sarajevo. Three conspirators over 20 years old received death sentences. Those under 20 years old received prison terms. A few lesser conspirators were acquitted. Princip died in an Austrian jail of tuberculosis in April 1918, aged 23. Mehmedbašić was arrested in Montenegro, but was allowed to "escape" to Serbia where he joined Major Tankosić's auxiliaries, but in 1916 Serbia imprisoned him on other false charges.

Anti-Serb rioting broke out in Sarajevo in the hours following the assassination until order was restored by the military.

The Assassins on Their Way

In late 1913, Danilo Ilić came to a listening post at Užice to speak to the officer in charge, Serbian Colonel C. A. Popović, a captain at the time. Ilić recommended an end to the period of revolutionary organization building and a move to direct action against Austria-Hungary. Popović passed Danilo Ilić on to Belgrade to discuss this matter with Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, known more commonly as Apis.^[4] There are no reports as to what took place between Ilić and Apis, but soon after their meeting, Apis’ right hand man, Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosić, called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse, France.^[5] During this January 1914 meeting, various possible Austro-Hungarian targets for assassination were discussed including Franz Ferdinand, but ultimately, at this meeting, it was decided only to dispatch Muhamed Mehmedbašić to Sarajevo, to kill the Austrian Governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek.

Mehmedbašić was delayed. Before he made an attempt on Potiorek, Ilić summoned Mehmedbašić to Mostar. There, Ilić informed him that Belgrade had scrapped the mission to kill the governor in favor of the murder of Franz Ferdinand, and that Mehmbedbašić should stand by for the new operation.^[6] (Apis confessed to the Serbian Court that he ordered the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in his position as head of the Intelligence Department.^[7]) Ilić recruited the Serbian youths Vaso Čubrilović and Cvjetko Popović shortly after Easter (April 19, 1914), for the assassination as evidenced by the testimony of Ilić, Čubrilović, and Popović at the Sarajevo trial.^[8] Three Bosnian Serb youths living in Belgrade, Gavrilo Princip,^[9] Trifun Grabež,^[10] and Nedjelko Čabrinović^[11] testified at the Sarajevo trial that at about the same time, (a little after Easter) they were eager to carry out an assassination and approached Milan Ciganović and through him Major Tankosić and reached an agreement to transport arms to Sarajevo and participate in the assassination.

At trial, the three youths from Belgrade testified that Major Tankosić, directly and through Ciganović, not only provided six hand grenades, four Browning Automatic Pistols and ammunition, but also money,^[12] suicide pills,^[13] training,^[14] a special map with the location of gendarmes marked,^[15] knowledge of contacts on a special channel used to infiltrate agents and arms into Austria-Hungary,^[16] and a small card authorizing the use of that special channel.^[17] Major Tankosić confirmed to the historian Luciano Magrini that he provided the bombs and revolvers and was responsible for the terrorists’ training, and that he initiated the idea of the suicide pills.^[18]

The three terrorists left Belgrade on May 28 and traveled to Šabac and handed the small card to Captain Popović of the Serbian Border Guard. Popović, in turn, provided them with a letter to Serbian Captain Prvanović and sent them on to Loznica, a small border town.^[19] When they reached Loznica, Captain Prvanović summoned three of his revenue sergeants to discuss the best way to cross the border undetected. Sergeant Grbić accepted the task and led Princip and Grabež with the weapons to Isaković’s Island, a small island in the middle of the Drina River that separated Serbia from Austria-Hungary, and then handed off the two terrorists and their weapons to the agents of the Serbian Narodna Obrana for transport into Austro-Hungarian territory and from safe-house to safe-house.^[20] (Čabrinović crossed at another point without weapons.)

The terrorists and weapons were passed from agent to agent until they arrived in Tuzla where the terrorists left their weapons in the hands of the Narodna Odbrana agent Miško Jovanović.^[21] The agents reported their activities to the Narodna Odbrana President, Boža Milanović, who in turn reported to the then Serbian Caretaker Prime Minister Nikola Pašić.^[22] The report adds the name of a new military conspirator, Serbian Major Kosta Todorović, apparently the immediate superior of Captains Popović and Prvanović. Pašić’s handwritten notes from the briefing (estimated by Dedijer to have taken place on June 5) included the nickname of one of the assassins ("Trifko" Grabez) and also the name of Major Tankosić.^[23] The Austrians later captured the report, Pašić’s handwritten notes, and additional corroborating documents.^[24] From Tuzla, Grabež and Čabrinović went on to their parents’ homes to lie low until Franz Ferdinand’s arrival. Princip stayed at Ilić’s mother’s house in Sarajevo and there met Ilić. After meeting Princip, Ilić went to Tuzla to bring the weapons to Sarajevo. Miško Jovanović hid the weapons in a large box of sugar and the two went separately by train to Doboj where Jovanovic handed off the box to Ilić.^[25] Ilić brought the weapons back to his mother’s house on June 15 and kept them in a suitcase under a sofa.^[26] Ilić began handing out the weapons on June 27. Narodna Odbrana logo Narodna Odbrana (literally, The Peoples Defense) was a Serbian nationalist group that was created around 1908 as a reaction to the Austria-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Narodna Odbrana logo Narodna Odbrana (literally, The Peoples Defense) was a Serbian nationalist group that was created around 1908 as a reaction to the Austria-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ...

Consequences

The murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and his wife produced widespread shock across Europe, and there was initially much sympathy for the Austrian position. Within two days of the assassination, Austria-Hungary and Germany advised Serbia that she should open an investigation, but Gruic, speaking for Serbia replied "Nothing had been done so far and the matter did not concern the Serbian Government." after which "high words" were spoken on both sides. The Austrian government now saw this as a chance to settle the perceived threat from Serbia once and for all.

After conducting a criminal investigation, verifying that Germany would honor its military alliance, and persuading the skeptical Hungarian Count Tisza, Austria-Hungary issued a formal letter to the government of Serbia. The letter reminded Serbia of its commitment to respect the Great Powers' decision regarding Bosnia-Herzegovina, and to maintain good neighborly relations with Austria Hungary. The letter also contained specific demands aimed at destroying the funding and operation of terrorist organizations which arguably had led to the Sarajevo outrage. Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... Anthem Serbia() on the European continent() Capital (and largest city) Belgrade Official languages Serbian 1 Recognised regional languages Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak, Romanian, Rusyn 2 Albanian 3 Government Semi-presidential republic  -  President Boris Tadić  -  Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment  -  Formation 812   -  Kingdom established 1217   -  Empire established 1346   -  Independence lost to...

This letter became known as the July Ultimatum, and Austria-Hungary stated that if Serbia did not accept all of the demands in total within 48 hours, it would recall its ambassador from Serbia. After receiving a telegram of support from Russia, Serbia mobilized its army and responded to the letter by accepting points #8 and #10 in entirety and partially accepting, finessing, disingenuously answering or politely rejecting elements of the preamble and enumerated demands #1–7 and #9. The shortcomings of Serbia's response were published by Austria-Hungary and can be seen beginning on page 364 of Origins of the War, Vol. 2 by Albertini, with the Austrian complaints placed side-by-side against Serbia's response. Austria-Hungary responded by breaking diplomatic relations. The Austro-Hungarian Ultimatum to Serbia or July Ultimatum was an ultimatum or final list of demands delivered to the government of Serbia on July 23, 1914, following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo. ...

Serbian reservists being transported on tramp steamers on the Danube, apparently accidentally, crossed on to the Austro-Hungarian side of the river at Temes-Kubin and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fired into the air to warn them off. This incident was blown out of proportion and Austria-Hungary then declared war and mobilized its army on July 28, 1914. Under the Secret Treaty of 1892 Russia and France were obligated to mobilize their armies if any of the Triple Alliance mobilized and soon all the Great Powers except Italy had chosen sides and gone to war. is the 209th day of the year (210th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... , Italian: Triplice Alleanza) was the treaty by which Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy pledged on 20 May 1882 to support each other militarily in against any of them by two or more great powers. ...

Those of the conspirators who were under the age of 20 at the time of the assassination were sentenced to prison rather than execution. Three, including Danilo Ilić, were hanged. Čabrinović and Princip died of tuberculosis in prison. Some minor conspirators were acquitted. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or TuBerculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ...

It could be argued that this assassination set in train most of the major events of the 20th century, with its reverberations lingering into the 21st. The Treaty of Versailles at the end of the First World War is generally linked to the rise of Adolf Hitler and World War II. It also led to the Russian Revolution, which helped lead to the Cold War. This, in turn, led to many of the major political developments of the twentieth century, such as the fall of the colonial empires and the rise of the United States and the USSR to super-power status. This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of June 28 1919, which ended World War I. For other uses, see Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) . The Treaty of Versailles (1919) was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. ... Hitler redirects here. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... For other uses, see Cold War (disambiguation). ...

However, if the assassination had not occurred, it is very possible that a general European war would still have erupted, triggered by another event at another time. The alliances noted above and the existence of vast and complex mobilization plans that were almost impossible to reverse once put in motion made war on a huge scale increasingly likely from the beginning of the twentieth century. This article describes military mobilization. ...

Relics

The automobile ridden in by the Archduke at the time of his assassination. The hole left by the bullet which killed Sophie can be seen above the rear wheel

The bullet fired by Gavrilo Princip, sometimes referred to as "the bullet that started World War I", is stored as a museum exhibit in the Konopiště Castle near the town of Benešov, Czech Republic. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1675x833, 157 KB) Summary Automobile in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination on June 28, 1914. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1675x833, 157 KB) Summary Automobile in which the Archduke Francis Ferdinand was riding at the time of his assassination on June 28, 1914. ... For the war in general, see World War I. The Causes of World War I were complex and included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. ... KonopiÅ¡tÄ› is a château (castle) located in the Czech Republic, about 50 km southeast of Prague, outside the city of BeneÅ¡ov. ... Horní BeneÅ¡ov is also a town in the Czech Republic BeneÅ¡ov (pronounce Beneshoff) is a town in the Czech Republic, about 40 km southeast of Prague. ...

Princip's weapon itself, along with the large car that the Archduke was riding in, his bloodstained light blue uniform and plumed cocked hat, and the chaise longue on which he was placed while being attended to by physicians, are kept as a permanent exhibit in the Museum of Military History, Vienna, Austria. A chaise lounge (French long chair) is an upholstered couch in the shape of a chair that is long enough to support the legs. ... The Heeresgeschichtliches Museum is a Military History museum located in Vienna, Austria. ...

See also

History of Serbia One of the first Serbian states, Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown Archont, the founder of the House of Vlastimirović; it evolved into the Serbian Empire under the House of Nemanjić. In the modern era Serbia has been...

History of Modern Serbia Karađorđe Petrović, leader of Serbian uprising in 1804 Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two revolutions in 1804 and 1815, though Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade until 1867. ...

Notes

Further reading

World War I Portal

• Albertini, Luigi. Origins of the War of 1914, Oxford University Press, London, 1953
• Dedijer, Vladimir. The Road to Sarajevo, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1966
• de Schelking, Eugene. Recollections of a Russian Diplomat, The Suicide of Monarchies, McMillan Co, New York, 1918
• Fay, Sidney Bradshaw: Origins of the Great War. New York 1928
• MacKenzie, David. Black Hand' On Trial: Salonika 1917, Eastern European Monographs, 1995
• Magrini, Luciano. Il Dramma Di Seraievo. Origini e responsabilita della guerra europa, Milan, 1929
• Owings, W.A. Dolph. The Sarajevo Trial, Documentary Publications, Chapel Hill, NC, 1984
• Ponting, Clive. Thirteen Days, Chatto & Windus, London, 2002.
• Stoessinger, John. Why Nations Go to War, Wadsworth Publishing, 2007.
• Treusch, Wolf Sören. Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und seine Gemahlin werden in Sarajevo ermordet, DLF, Berlin, 2004

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