Artist's impression of a major impact event. The collision between Earth and an asteroid a few km in diameter releases as much energy as the simultaneous detonation of several million nuclear bombs. Asteroid deflection strategies are methods by which near-Earth objects could be diverted, preventing potentially catastrophic impact events. A sufficiently large impact would cause massive tsunamis and/or, by placing large quantities of dust into the stratosphere blocking sunlight, an impact winter. A collision between the earth and a ~10 km object 65 million years ago is believed to have produced the Chicxulub Crater and the extinction of the majority of species preserved in the fossil record. Illustration of an impact event. ...
Illustration of an impact event. ...
Near-Earth objects (NEO) are asteroids, comets and large meteoroids whose orbit intersects Earths orbit and which may therefore pose a collision danger. ...
Artists impression of a major impact event. ...
The tsunami that struck Malé in the Maldives on December 26, 2004. ...
An impact winter is a period of prolonged cold weather caused by the impact on the Earth of a large asteroid or comet. ...
Radar topography reveals the 180 kilometer (112 mile) wide ring of the crater (image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) Chicxulub Crater (IPA: ) (cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an ancient impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula, with its center located approximately underneath the town of Chicxulub, Yucatán, Mexico. ...
While in theory the chances of such an event are no greater now than at any other time in history, recent astronomical events (such as Shoemaker-Levy 9) have drawn attention to such a threat, and advances in technology have opened up new options. Hubble Space Telescope image of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, taken on May 17, 1994. ...
Early detection
A diagram in which the white bar represents the more likely positions of asteroid 99942 Apophis in relation to Earth in 2029 Almost any deflection effort requires years of warning, allowing time to build a slow-pusher or explosive device to deflect the object. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ...
Planetary defense, or planetary defence, is the concept of protecting Earth (or another planet) from extra-terrestrial threats such as near-Earth objects or alien invasions. ...
The close approach of 2004 MN4 to the Earth and Moon on April 13, 2029 The white bar indicates uncertainty in the range of possible positions. ...
The close approach of 2004 MN4 to the Earth and Moon on April 13, 2029 The white bar indicates uncertainty in the range of possible positions. ...
Close approach of Apophis on April 13, 2029 The white bar indicates uncertainty in the range of positions 99942 Apophis (99942) Apophis (previously known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) is a near-Earth asteroid that caused a brief period of concern in December 2004 because initial observations indicated a...
A number of potential threats have been identified, such as 99942 Apophis (previously known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4), which had been given an impact probability of ~3% for the year 2029. This probability has been revised to zero on the basis of new observations.[citation needed] Close approach of Apophis on April 13, 2029 The white bar indicates uncertainty in the range of positions 99942 Apophis (99942) Apophis (previously known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) is a near-Earth asteroid that caused a brief period of concern in December 2004 because initial observations indicated a...
The provisional designation of comets and asteroids are similar to each other: they both follow a pattern set in 1925 by the Minor Planet Center of the IAU. Historical designations At first, astronomers strove to assign symbols to the minor planets: 1 Ceres a stylized sickle 2 Pallas a lozenge...
An impact by a 10 km asteroid on the Earth is widely viewed as an extinction-level event, likely to cause catastrophic damage to the biosphere.[citation needed] Depending on speed, objects as small as 100 m in diameter are historically extremely destructive. There is also the threat from comets coming into the inner Solar System. The impact speed of a long-period comet would likely be several times greater than that of a near-Earth asteroid, making its impact much more destructive; in addition, the warning time is unlikely to be more than a few months.[citation needed] “km†redirects here. ...
An extinction event (also extinction-level event, ELE) is a period in time when a large number of species die out. ...
For other uses, see Biosphere (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the unit of length. ...
Comet Hale-Bopp Comet West For other uses, see Comet (disambiguation). ...
Computer model of the Apollo Asteroid 6489 Golevka Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are asteroids whose orbits are close to Earths orbit. ...
Finding out the material composition of the object is also necessary before deciding which strategy is appropriate. Missions like the 2005 Deep Impact probe have provided valuable information on what to expect. Illustration of the Deep Impact space probe after impactor separation (artists conception) Deep Impact is a NASA space probe designed to study the composition of the interior of the comet Tempel 1. ...
- See also: Spaceguard
The term Spaceguard loosely refers to a number of efforts to discover and study near-Earth objects (NEO). ...
Popular strategies
Nuclear weapons One of the often proposed solutions is firing nuclear missiles at the oncoming asteroid to vaporize all or most of it. While today's nuclear weapons are not powerful enough to destroy a 1 km asteroid, theoretically, thermonuclear weapons can be scaled up to any size so long as enough raw materials are available. If not completely vaporized, the resulting reduction of mass from the blast combined with the radiation blast could produce positive results. The largest problem with this solution is that if the asteroid breaks into fragments, any fragment larger than 35 m across would not burn up in the atmosphere and itself could impact Earth. Tracking of the thousands of fragments that could result would prove daunting. A nuclear missile is a type of: missile nuclear weapon It could also refer to a missile with some form of nuclear propulsion, such as the Project Pluto cruise missile. ...
The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, in 1945 lifted nuclear fallout some 18 km (60,000 feet) above the epicenter. ...
Another proposed solution is to detonate a series of smaller nuclear devices alongside the asteroid, far enough away as to not fracture the object. Providing this was done far enough in advance, the relatively small forces from any number of nuclear blasts could be enough to alter the object's trajectory enough to avoid an impact. This is a form of nuclear pulse propulsion. In 1967, students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology designed a system using nuclear explosions to prevent a hypothetical impact on Earth by the asteroid 1566 Icarus. This design study was later published as Project Icarus (MIT Press, 1968), which served as the inspiration [1] for the 1979 film Meteor An artists conception of the Orion basic spacecraft, powered by nuclear pulse propulsion. ...
“MIT†redirects here. ...
1566 Icarus is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid) whose unusual characteristic is that at perihelion it is closer to the Sun than Mercury; it is said to be a Mercury-crosser asteroid. ...
Meteor (1979) is a film in which scientists detect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth and struggle with international, cold war politics in their efforts to prevent disaster. ...
Kinetic Impact An alternative means of deflecting an asteroid is to attempt to directly alter its momentum by sending a spacecraft to collide with the asteroid. For other uses, see Asteroid (disambiguation). ...
This article is about momentum in physics. ...
For other uses, see Asteroid (disambiguation). ...
The European Space Agency is already studying preliminary design of a space mission able to demonstrate this futuristic technology. The mission, named Don Quijote, will be the first real asteroid deflection mission ever designed.
In the case of 99942 Apophis it has been demonstrated by ESA's Advanced Concepts Team that deflection could be achieved by sending a simple spacecraft weighing less than one ton to impact against the asteroid. During a trade-off study one of the leading researchers argued that a strategy called 'kinetic impactor deflection' was more efficient than others. This article is about the European Space Agency. ...
ACT Logo The Advanced Concepts Team is a group of scientists, researchers and young graduates that operate within the European Space Agency. ...
The major alternative to explosive deflection is to move the asteroid slowly over a period of time. Tiny constant thrust accumulates to deviate an object sufficiently from its predicted course. Edward T. Lu and Stanley Love have proposed using a large heavy unmanned spacecraft hovering over an asteroid to gravitationally pull the latter into a non-threatening orbit. The spacecraft and the asteroid mutually attract one another. If the spacecraft counters the force towards the asteroid by, e.g., a nuclear electric rocket, the net effect is that the asteroid is accelerated towards the spacecraft and thus slightly deflected from its orbit. While slow, this method has the advantage of working irrespective of the asteroid composition or spin rate — rubble pile asteroids would be difficult or impossible to deflect by means of nuclear detonations while a pushing device would be hard or inefficient to mount on a fast rotating asteroid. A gravity tractor would likely have to spend several years beside the asteroid to be effective. In asteroid deflection and Near-Earth asteroid kinematics, a gravitational tractor is a proposal to use the gravitational attraction between a spaceship and an asteroid to modify its trajectory to prevent its colliding with Earth. ...
External link NASA Biography Categories: Stub | 1963 births | Astronauts | Chinese Americans | Chinese American scientists ...
Stan Love may refer to the following people: Stan Love (basketball), an American basketball player. ...
In a nuclear electric rocket, nuclear thermal energy is changed into electrical energy that is used to power one of the electrical propulsion technologies. ...
In astronomy, rubble pile is the informal name for an asteroid that is not a monolith, consisting instead of numerous pieces of rock that have coalesced under the influence of gravity. ...
Use of focused solar energy
 NASA study of a solar sail. The sail would be 0.5 km wide. H. Jay Melosh proposed to deflect an asteroid or comet by focusing solar energy onto its surface to create thrust from the resulting vaporization of material, or to amplify the Yarkovsky effect. Over a span of months or years enough solar radiation can be directed onto the object to deflect it. From http://antwrp. ...
From http://antwrp. ...
Dr. H. Jay Melosh Dr. H. Jay Melosh (born June 23, 1947) is an American geophysicist, renowned as an expert on impact cratering. ...
Ultraviolet imaging provides a dramatic sense of the Suns radiant energy resources. ...
In physics, the Yarkovsky effect is a force felt by a body caused by the momentum carried away by the thermal photons that it emits. ...
Solar irradiance spectrum at top of atmosphere. ...
Other proposals - Setting up an automated mass driver machine on the asteroid to eject material into space thus giving the object a slow steady push and decreasing its mass
- Any spacecraft propulsion device would have a similar effect of giving a steady push, hopefully forcing the asteroid onto a trajectory that takes it away from Earth.
- Wrapping the asteroid in a sheet of reflective plastic such as aluminized PET film, or dusting the object with titanium dioxide to alter its trajectory via radiation pressure
- Dusting the object with soot to alter its trajectory via the Yarkovsky effect
- Attaching a large enough solar sail directly to the object, thus using solar pressure to shift the object's orbit
- Chapman, Durda & Gold's white paper calculates deflections using existing chemical rockets, delivered to the asteroid, then push it sideways, assuming sufficient fuel also delivered
- The late Eugene Shoemaker in 1996 proposed[2] deflecting a potential impactor by releasing a cloud of steam in the path of the object, hopefully gently slowing it. Nick Szabo in 1990 sketched[3] a similar idea, "cometary aerobraking", the targeting of a comet or ice construct at an asteroid, then vaporizing the ice with nuclear explosives to form a temporary atmosphere in the path of the asteroid.
- If the asteroid gets too close to Earth, a last-minute strategy could involve directing it towards the moon in the hope that its gravity would pull the asteroid into it, removing the asteroid.
- An array of laser satellites to melt parts of the asteroid which in turn provides exhaust to alter its directional path.
A mass driver for lunar launch (artists conception) A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a method of spacecraft propulsion that would use a linear motor to accelerate payloads up to high speeds. ...
A remote camera captures a close-up view of a Space Shuttle Main Engine during a test firing at the John C. Stennis Space Center in Hancock County, Mississippi Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to change the velocity of spacecraft and artificial satellites. ...
For other uses, see Plastic (disambiguation). ...
Biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (boPET) polyester film is used for its high tensile strength, chemical and dimensional stability, transparency, gas and aroma barrier properties and electrical insulation. ...
Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation. ...
In physics, the Yarkovsky effect is a force felt by a body caused by the momentum carried away by the thermal photons that it emits. ...
Solar sails (also called light sails or photon sails, especially when they use light sources other than the Sun) are a proposed form of spacecraft propulsion using large membrane mirrors. ...
Eugene Shoemaker at a stereoscopic microscope used for asteroid discovery Eugene Merle Shoemaker (or Gene Shoemaker) (April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997) was one of the founders of the fields of planetary science and is best known for co-discovering the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with his wife Carolyn...
Deflection technology concerns Carl Sagan, in his book Pale Blue Dot, expressed concerns about deflection technology: that any method capable of deflecting impactors away from Earth could also be abused to divert non-threatening bodies toward the planet. Considering the history of genocidal political leaders and the possibility of the bureaucratic obscuring of any such project's true goals to most of its scientific participants, he judged the Earth at greater risk from a man-made impact than a natural one. Sagan instead suggested that deflection technology should only be developed in an actual emergency situation. Insert non-formatted text here Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer and astrobiologist and a highly successful popularizer of astronomy, astrophysics, and other natural sciences. ...
Seen from four billion miles away, Earth is a dot obscured in a beam of scattered sunlight (pinpointed by artificial blue circle). ...
Analysis of the uncertainty involved in nuclear deflection shows that the ability to protect the planet does not imply the ability to target the planet. A nuclear bomb which gave an asteroid a delta v of 10 meters/second (plus or minus 20%) would be adequate to push it out of an earth-impacting orbit. However, if the uncertainty of the velocity change was more than a few percent, there would be no chance of directing the asteroid to a particular target.
Planetary defense timeline - In the 1980s NASA studied evidence of past strikes on planet Earth, and the risk of this happening at our current level of civilization. This led to a program that maps which objects in our solar system both cross Earth's orbit and are large enough to cause serious damage if they ever hit.
- In the 1990s, US Congress held hearings to consider the risks and what needed to be done about them. This led to a US$3 million annual budget for programs like Spaceguard and the near-earth object program, as managed by NASA and USAF.
- In 2005 the world's astronauts published an open letter through the Association of Space Explorers calling for a united push to develop strategies to protect Earth from the risk of a cosmic collision.
- It is currently believed that there are approximately 1500 objects capable of crossing Earth's orbit and large enough to warrant concern. The odds are that within a 1,000 year period, some of them will collide with Earth, unless preventative measures are undertaken. It is now anticipated that by year 2008, all such objects that are 1 km or more in diameter will have been identified and will be monitored.
The 1980s refers to the years from 1980 to 1989. ...
For the band, see 1990s (band). ...
The term Spaceguard loosely refers to a number of efforts to discover and study near-Earth objects (NEO). ...
Near-Earth objects (NEO) are asteroids, comets and large meteoroids whose orbit intersects Earths orbit and which may therefore pose a collision danger. ...
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (IPA [ˈnæsə]) is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nations public space program. ...
Seal of the Air Force. ...
The Association of Space Explorers is a non_profit organization with a membership composed of people who have flown in space. ...
2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (common) era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ...
Past events
Formation of the Moon -
It is hypothesized that the Earth collided with a Mars-sized object in its early development. The resulting debris in Earth orbit coalesced to form the Moon. This model is supported by hypotheses of planetary formation and the chemistry of the Earth and Moon. The Big Splash redirects here. ...
This article is about Earth as a planet. ...
Adjectives: Martian Atmosphere Surface pressure: 0. ...
This article is about Earths moon. ...
65 million years ago The asteroid was ~10 km (6 mi) wide, striking the Yucatán Peninsula of in what is now Mexico, creating the Chicxulub Crater. In addition to the dinosaurs, this event wiped out a great proportion of other animal and plant life on Earth. Download high resolution version (715x799, 118 KB)Radar topography (color corresponds to height) of the Yucatán peninsula, revealing the Chicxulub Crater. ...
Download high resolution version (715x799, 118 KB)Radar topography (color corresponds to height) of the Yucatán peninsula, revealing the Chicxulub Crater. ...
Radar topography reveals the 180 kilometer (112 mile) wide ring of the crater (image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) Chicxulub Crater (IPA: ) (cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an ancient impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula, with its center located approximately underneath the town of Chicxulub, Yucatán, Mexico. ...
The Yucatán peninsula as seen from space The Yucatán Peninsula, in Southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ...
“Miles†redirects here. ...
The Yucatán peninsula as seen from space The Yucatán Peninsula, in Southeastern Mexico, separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. ...
Radar topography reveals the 180 kilometer (112 mile) wide ring of the crater (image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) Chicxulub Crater (IPA: ) (cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an ancient impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula, with its center located approximately underneath the town of Chicxulub, Yucatán, Mexico. ...
Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ...
15 million years ago Several impacts in Bavaria, Germany associated with the Nördlinger Ries impact crater destroyed large parts of Europe. For other uses, see Bavaria (disambiguation). ...
The Nördlinger Ries is a depression in western Bavaria, Germany, located north of the Danube in the district of Donau-Ries. ...
50,000 years ago An iron body ~50m in diameter struck near Winslow, Arizona forming the 1km wide Arizona meteor crater. Winslow (Navajo Béésh Sinil or Béésinil) is a city located in Navajo County, Arizona. ...
For meteorite-created craters in general, see Impact crater. ...
1908 Tunguska event, Siberia -
Main article: Tunguska event A ~50 m chunk of cometary material exploded over the Stony Tunguska River of Siberia, Russia, with damage the equivalent of 600 Hiroshima nuclear bombs, without creating any crater, leveling trees for miles around in the Siberian forest, with a blast felt hundreds of miles away. Trees felled by the Tunguska blast. ...
Подкаменная Тунгуска Length 1,159 mi 1,865 km Elevation of the source ? m Average discharge ? m³/s Area watershed ? km² Origin ? Mouth Yenisei River Basin countries Russia The Stony Tunguska (Russian: Podkamennaya...
This article is about Siberia as a whole. ...
For other uses, see Hiroshima (disambiguation). ...
1972, Earth atmosphere A space object actually dipped into Earth's atmosphere, but 'skipped' back into space. A spectacular fireball traveled 1500 km through the atmosphere, from near Salt Lake City, Utah, to near Calgary, Alberta, in about 100 seconds, reaching a minimum height of 58 km over Montana. Estimates of the object's diameter vary from 3 to 80 m. A size at the low end of that range would correspond to an impact energy comparable to the Hiroshima bomb, if the object had hit the Earth's surface.[1] For ships of the United States Navy of the same name, see USS Salt Lake City. ...
Calgary is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Helena Largest city Billings Area Ranked 4th - Total 147,165 sq mi (381,156 km²) - Width 255 miles (410 km) - Length 630 miles (1,015 km) - % water 1 - Latitude 44° 21′ N to 49° N - Longitude 104° 2′ W to 116° 3′ W Population Ranked...
1989 On March 23, 1989 the 300 metre (1,000-foot) diameter Apollo asteroid 4581 Asclepius (1989 FC) missed the Earth by 700,000 kilometres (400,000 miles) passing through the exact position where the Earth was only 6 hours before. If the asteroid had impacted it would have created the largest explosion in recorded history. 4581 Asclepius is a small asteroid of the Apollo group that can approach Earth’s orbit to within 600,000 km; it was discovered in 1989 by the American astronomers Henry E. Holt (1929-) and Norman G. Thomas (1930-). Asclepius (1989 FC) passed by the Earth on March 22, 1989...
2002, 1/3 distance to Moon NASA reported that an asteroid named 2002 MN missed the Earth by about 120,700 km (75,000 mi) in June 14, 2002. It is estimated to be between 50 and 120 metres in diameter. It was discovered three days after its close to Earth pass. [2] 2002 MN is the provisional name given to an asteroid that on June 15, 2002 missed our planet by only 75,000 miles (120,000 km. ...
is the 165th day of the year (166th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Also see: 2002 (number). ...
2029 near miss 99942 Apophis will pass within 6 Earth radii of the Earth's center. Chances of impact have been revised to zero. There is, however, a very small possibility of a return and impact by Apophis in 2036 due to the Earth's modification of the asteroid's orbit in a 2029 close pass. Close approach of Apophis on April 13, 2029 The white bar indicates uncertainty in the range of positions 99942 Apophis (99942) Apophis (previously known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) is a near-Earth asteroid that caused a brief period of concern in December 2004 because initial observations indicated a...
2036 possible impact After analyzing new data, scientists have now predicted that there is a slim chance that during the 2029 close encounter with Earth 99942 Apophis will pass through a "gravitational keyhole" approximately 400 m across, which could cause the asteroid to hit Earth in April 2036. Additional observations of the trajectory of Apophis revealed the "keyhole" would likely be missed. As of August 5, 2006, the impact probability for 13 April 2036 is estimated at 1 in 43,000, so Apophis was lowered to a Level 0 Torino impact hazard scale. Close approach of Apophis on April 13, 2029 The white bar indicates uncertainty in the range of positions 99942 Apophis (99942) Apophis (previously known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) is a near-Earth asteroid that caused a brief period of concern in December 2004 because initial observations indicated a...
gravitational keyhole ...
is the 217th day of the year (218th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 103rd day of the year (104th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2036 (MMXXXVI) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Torino Scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. ...
2880 encounter If (29075) 1950 DA continues on its present orbit, it will approach near to the Earth on March 16, 2880. Over the intervening time, the rotation of the asteroid will cause its orbit to change (by the Yarkovsky effect). A preliminary analysis shows two possible pole directions (Giorgini, et al., 2002 "Asteroid 1950 DA's 2880 Encounter with Earth"). One trajectory misses the Earth by tens of millions of kilometers, while the other has an impact probability of 1⁄300. Asteroid 1950 DA, radar image (29075) 1950 DA is the near Earth object with the highest known possible probability of impacting Earth, according to the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale. ...
is the 75th day of the year (76th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
(Redirected from 2880) (28th century - 29th century - 30th century - more centuries) The 29th century (Gregorian Calendar) comprises the years 2801-2900. ...
In physics, the Yarkovsky effect is a force felt by a body caused by the momentum carried away by the thermal photons that it emits. ...
Social, economic, and necessity concerns As the likelihood and/or frequency of a destructive impact event is more accurately calculated, serious economic and social concerns may arise in relation to any claim of necessity to spend potentially trillions of monetary units of any currency on the technologies to achieve effective deflection. Assuming no meaningful objects are found by completion of the Near Earth Object Program, [3]), it can be argued that any further expenditure of funds and development of technology would simply serve to effectively 'weaponize' Earth (with attendant social and economic maintenance costs) for tens or hundreds of years, to deal with a highly unlikely and speculative threat (in terms of immediacy), while drawing finite resources from many other well-known, immediate, obvious, existing problems. Near-Earth objects (NEO) are asteroids, comets and large meteoroids whose orbit intersects Earths orbit and which may therefore pose a collision danger. ...
Fiction Asteroid or comet impacts are a common subgenre of disaster fiction, and such stories typically feature some attempt - successful or unsuccessful - to prevent the catastrophe. Most involve trying to destroy or explosively redirect an object, perhaps understandably from the direction of dramatic interest. (See also Asteroids in fiction#Collisions with Earth). A film poster for Deep Impact, contended as fair use. ...
A film poster for Deep Impact, contended as fair use. ...
Deep Impact is a 1998 science fiction disaster film released by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures. ...
A Disaster film is a movie genre that has an impending or ongoing disaster (a damaged airliner, fire, shipwreck or an asteroid collision) as its subject. ...
Asteroids have become a common theme in science fiction. ...
Film Meteor (1979) is a film in which scientists detect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth and struggle with international, cold war politics in their efforts to prevent disaster. ...
Starship Troopers is a 1997 film directed by Paul Verhoeven, written by Edward Neumeier, and starring Casper Van Dien, Dina Meyer and Denise Richards. ...
For other uses, see Buenos Aires (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Starship Troopers (disambiguation). ...
Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ...
This article or section contains a plot summary that is overly long or excessively detailed compared to the rest of the article. ...
This article is about the space vehicle. ...
Deep Impact is a 1998 science fiction disaster film released by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures. ...
Literature - See also Asteroids in fiction: Collisions with Earth.
- The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966) - A lunar penal colony exacts independence by bombarding Earth with large rocks. Written by Robert A. Heinlein.
- Lucifer's Hammer (1977) - A comet, which was initially thought unlikely to strike, hits the Earth, resulting in the end of civilization and a decline into tribal warfare over food and resources. Written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle.
- Shiva Descending (1980). A swarm of meteors is falling on Earth, but a giant comet, Shiva, is still coming. Written by Gregory Benford and William Rotsler.
- Footfall (1985) - An alien race uses controlled meteorite strikes as well as a large asteroid superweapon against Earth. Written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle.
- The Hammer of God (1993)- A spacecraft is sent to divert a massive asteroid by using thrusters. Written by Arthur C. Clarke.
- Moonfall (1998). A comet is in collision course with the Moon. After the collision, the debris start falling on Earth. Written by Jack McDevitt.
- Sunstorm (2005) - Extraterrestrials attempt to cause Earth's destruction by way of a "cosmic bullet" projectile sent into the Sun. Written by Stephen Baxter and Arthur C. Clarke.
Asteroids have become a common theme in science fiction. ...
The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress cover The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein about a lunar penal colonys revolt against rule from Earth. ...
Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was one of the most popular, influential, and controversial authors of hard science fiction. ...
Lucifers Hammer is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, first published in 1977. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Jerry Eugene Pournelle, Ph. ...
Gregory Benford (born January 30, 1941 in Mobile, Alabama) is an American science fiction author and physicist who is on the faculty of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of California, Irvine. ...
William Bill Rotsler (July 3, 1926 - October 8, 1997) was an American author of several science fiction novels and short stories; television and film novelizations; and a number of non-fiction works on a variety of topics, ranging from Star Trek to pornography. ...
Footfall is a 1985 science fiction novel written by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Jerry Eugene Pournelle, Ph. ...
The Hammer of God is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke in 1993. ...
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Arthur C. Clarke Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (born 16 December 1917) is a British science-fiction author and inventor, most famous for his novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for collaborating with director Stanley Kubrick on the film of the same...
Jack McDevitt (1935-) is an American science fiction author whose novels frequently deal with attempts to make contact with alien races and archaeology (or xenoarchaeology). ...
Sunstorm is a science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke. ...
Stephen Baxter (born in Liverpool, 13 November 1957) is a British hard science fiction author. ...
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Arthur C. Clarke Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (born 16 December 1917) is a British science-fiction author and inventor, most famous for his novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, and for collaborating with director Stanley Kubrick on the film of the same...
Television Power Rangers is a long-running American childrens television series adapted from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai Series, though it is not simply an English dub of the original. ...
In the universe of the television series Power Rangers, Zords are colossal mechanical or bio-mechanical robots. ...
An activated Stargate, the central object of the fictional Stargate universe, here depicted in the SG-1 television series. ...
The starship Enterprise (NX-01) Star Trek: Enterprise is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe. ...
This article is about the television series. ...
A Big Piece of Garbage is episode 8 in season 1 of Futurama. ...
Space debris or orbital debris, also called space junk and space waste, are the objects in orbit around Earth created by man that no longer serve any useful purpose. ...
This article is about the state. ...
2052 (MMLII) will be a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Stratos 4 ) is an anime series by Studio Fantasia and Bandai Visual, and directed by Takeshi Mori. ...
The starship Enterprise as it appeared on Star Trek Star Trek is a culturally significant science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry in the 1960s. ...
The Paradise Syndrome is a third season episode of Star Trek: The Original Series, and was broadcast October 4, 1968. ...
James Kirk redirects here. ...
For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ...
Babylon 5 is an epic American science fiction television series created, produced, and largely written by J. Michael Straczynski. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Andreas Katsulas as GKar in Babylon 5 The Narns are a race of humanoid aliens in the television series Babylon 5. ...
A mass driver for lunar launch (artists conception) A mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a method of spacecraft propulsion that would use a linear motor to accelerate payloads up to high speeds. ...
Gaming Outpost is a video game developed by Dynamix and published by Sierra On-Line. ...
Outpost 2 is a real-time strategy computer game developed by Dynamix, released in 1997 by Sierra Entertainment. ...
Sierra Entertainment is an American computer game developer and publisher headquartered in Los Angeles, California. ...
The Dig is a graphical adventure game developed by LucasArts and released in 1995, and a novel based on the game written by Alan Dean Foster. ...
LucasArts is an American video game developer and publisher. ...
Ace Combat 04: Shattered Skies is a game for the PlayStation 2 developed by Namco. ...
Combat flight simulators are video games similar to flight simulator software used to simulate military aircraft and their operations. ...
PS2 redirects here. ...
This article is about Namco, a Japanese leisure company and game developer. ...
A railgun is a form of gun that converts electrical energy (rather than the more conventional chemical energy from an explosive propellant) into projectile kinetic energy. ...
See also Radar topography reveals the 180 kilometer (112 mile) wide ring of the crater (image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) Chicxulub Crater (IPA: ) (cheek-shoo-LOOB) is an ancient impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula, with its center located approximately underneath the town of Chicxulub, Yucatán, Mexico. ...
Hubble Space Telescope image of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, taken on May 17, 1994. ...
For other uses, see Jupiter (disambiguation). ...
Badlands near Drumheller, Alberta where erosion has exposed the KT boundary. ...
Walter Alvarez (born 1940), son of Nobel Prize winner Luis Alvarez, is a professor in the geology and geophysics department at the University of California, Berkeley. ...
The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the hypocenter. ...
Diagram showing different asteroid paths. ...
Artists impression of a major impact event. ...
The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) project is a cooperative project between the United States Air Force, NASA and MITs Lincoln Laboratory for the systematic discovery of near-Earth asteroids. ...
Computer model of the Apollo Asteroid 6489 Golevka Near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are asteroids whose orbits are close to Earths orbit. ...
The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-earth object. ...
The Torino Scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. ...
Trees felled by the Tunguska blast. ...
The Vitim event or Bodaybo event is believed to be an impact by a bolide or comet nucleus in the Vitim River basin. ...
The Cando event was an explosion that ocurred in the village of Cando, Spain, in the morning of January 18, 1994. ...
The Eastern Mediterranean Event was a high-energy aerial explosion over the Mediterranean Sea, around 34ºN 21ºE (between Libya, Greece and Crete) on June 6th, 2002. ...
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Notes - ^ ''Project Icarus
- ^ --in a lecture to the Arizona Geological Society in 12-96.
- ^ http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/usr/mnr/st/std070
References - Luis Alvarez et al. 1980 paper in Science magazine on the great mass extinction 65 million years ago that led to the proliferation of mammal species such as the rise of the human race, thanks to asteroid-impact, a controversial theory in its day, now generally accepted.
- Izzo, D., Bourdoux, A., Walker, R. and Ongaro, F.; "Optimal Trajectories for the Impulsive Deflection of NEOs"; Paper IAC-05-C1.5.06, 56th International Astronautical Congress, Fukuoka, Japan, (October 2005). Later published in Acta Astronautica, Vol. 59, No. 1-5, pp. 294-300, April 2006, available in http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/publications/pub-mad.htm - The first scientific paper proving that Apophis can be deflected by a small sized kinetic impactor.
- Clark R. Chapman, Daniel D. Durda & Robert E. Gold (February 24, 2001) Impact Hazard, a Systems Approach, white paper on public policy issues associated with the impact hazard, at http://www.boulder.swri.edu/clark/neowp.html
- Donald W. Cox, and James H. Chestek. 1996. Doomsday Asteroid: Can We Survive? New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-066-5. (Note that despite its sensationalist title, this is a good treatment of the subject and includes a nice discussion of the collateral space development possibilities.)
- David Morrison Is the Sky Falling?, Skeptical Inquirer 1997.
- David Morrison, Alan W Harris, Geoff Summer, Clark R. Chapman, & Andrea Carusi Dealing with Impact Hazard, 2002 technical summary http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/downloads/NEO_Chapter_1.pdf?ID=113
- Russell L. Schweickart, Edward T. Lu, Piet Hut and Clark R. Chapman; "The Asteroid Tugboat"; Scientific American (November 2003).
Portrait of Luis Alvarez Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) of San Francisco, California, USA, was a famed physicist of Spanish descent, who worked at the University of California, Berkeley. ...
Artists impression of a major impact event. ...
The Skeptical Inquirer is a magazine of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) dedicated to debunking pseudoscience. ...
Russell L. Rusty Schweickart (born October 25, 1935, in Neptune, New Jersey) is an American astronaut. ...
External link NASA Biography Categories: Stub | 1963 births | Astronauts | Chinese Americans | Chinese American scientists ...
Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ...
External links Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years For current global climate change, see Global warming. ...
- Australian SpaceGuard
- British SpaceGuard
- EARN (European Asteroid Research Node)
- IAU (International Astronomical Union) Working Group on Near Earth Objects.
- Spaceguard Foundation
- SpaceGuard Foundation's Tumbling Stone on-Line Magazine
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