Attitude indicator (with integrated localizer and glideslope indicators)

Drawing

An attitude indicator (AI) or artificial horizon is an instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of the orientation of the airplane relative to the ground. It indicates pitch (fore and aft tilt) and roll (side to side tilt), and is considered the most important instrument for flight in instrument meteorological conditions. Attitude indicators have minimal application under visual flight rules. Image File history File links Attitude indicator (artificial horizon). ... Image File history File links Attitude indicator (artificial horizon). ... The Localizer station at Hanover/Langenhagen International Airport in Hanover, Germany. ... Image File history File links Attitude_indicator_drawing. ... Image File history File links Attitude_indicator_drawing. ... Six basic instruments in a light twin engine aircraft Most aircraft are equipped with a standard set of flight instruments which give the pilot information about the aircrafts attitude, airspeed, and altitude. ... Airbus A380 An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight. ... Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are weather conditions that require aircraft pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments rather than outside visual references, as they could in Visual meteorological conditions (VMC). ... Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of aviation regulations under which a pilot may operate an aircraft, if weather conditions are sufficient to allow the pilot to visually control the aircrafts attitude, navigate, and maintain separation with obstacles such as terrain and other aircraft. ...

The first artificial horizons were used in maritime navigation where latitude is measured through the observation of celestial bodies in relation to the horizon. The horizon in this context is a fixed number of degrees below the actual tangent at the observation point. Various devices were developed (many relying on a liquid such as mercury) to indicate the level plane. Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter φ, gives the location of a place on Earth north or south of the Equator. ... General Name, Symbol, Number mercury, Hg, 80 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 6, d Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 200. ...

Attitude indicators in aircraft work using a gyroscope to establish an inertial platform. In Western aircraft the gyroscope is geared to a display that has two dimensions of freedom, simultaneously displaying pitch and roll. The display is coloured to indicate the horizon as the division between the two coloured segments (typically blue for sky and brown for ground), and as such is intended to be intuitive to use. The actual roll angle is also calibrated around the circumference of the instrument. The pitch angle is indicated by a series of calibration lines, each representing 5° or 10° of pitch. Most Russian-built aircraft have a somewhat different design. The background display is coloured as in a Western instrument, but moves up and down only to indicate pitch. A symbol representing the aircraft (which is fixed in a Western instrument) rolls left or right to indicate roll angle. A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum. ... An inertial navigation system measures the position and altitude of a vehicle by measuring the accelerations and rotations applied to the systems inertial frame. ...

The pitch angle is relative to the ground, which is not as helpful as knowing the angle of attack of the aircraft, a much more critical measure of performance. The pilot must infer the total performance by using other instruments such as the airspeed indicator and vertical speed indicator. In this diagram, the black arrow represents the direction of the wind. ... Airspeed Indicator The airspeed indicator is an instrument used in an aircraft to display the crafts airspeed, typically in knots, to the pilot. ... A variometer (also known as a rate-of-climb indicator, a vertical speed indicator (VSI), or a vertical velocity indicator (VVI)) is an instrument in an aircraft used to inform the pilot of the rate of descent or climb. ...

Most attitude indicators can only tolerate a specific range of roll angles. If the aircraft banks too steeply—while performing aerobatics, for example—the attitude indicator will "tumble" and become unusable. For this reason, some attitude indicators are fitted with a "cage" or a device to restore the gyroscope to an erect position. The Frecce Tricolori aerobatic team of the Italian Air Force, flying at the Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, England, in 2005 The UK Utterly Butterly display team perform an aerobatic maneuvre with their Boeing Stearmans Red Arrows Hawks in Concorde formation Aerobatics is the demonstration of flying maneuvers for recreation...

Individual mechanical gyros are slowly being replaced by Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS), which use solid-state or miniature gyroscopes (MEMS) to supply aircraft orientation information, supplemented by magnetometers to supply heading information. Historically, heading information was supplied by a separate gyroscopic instrument known as a directional gyro (DG, or heading indicator). AHRS are able to provide three-axis information that can be shared with multiple devices in the aircraft, such as "glass cockpit" primary flight displays (PFDs). AHRS have been proven to be highly reliable and are in wide use in commercial and business aircraft. Recent advances in MEMS manufacturing have brought the price of FAA-certified AHRS down to less than $15,000, making them practical for general aviation aircraft. Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) are 3-axis sensors that provide heading, attitude and yaw information for aircraft. ... Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) are 3-axis sensors that provide heading, attitude and yaw information for aircraft. ... A mite next to a gear set produced using MEMS. Courtesy Sandia National Laboratories, SUMMiTTM Technologies, www. ... A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength of magnetic fields. ... The heading indicator (or HI) is an instrument used in an aircraft to inform the pilot of his heading. ... A Glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. ... The Federal Aviation Administration is the entity of the United States government which regulates and oversees all aspects of civil aviation in the U.S. // Activities Along with the European Joint Aviation Authorities, the FAA is one of the two main agencies worldwide responsible for the certification of new aircraft. ... General aviation (abbr. ...