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He was the illegitimate son of Jean Audubon, a French merchant and sea captain, and Jeanne Rabine, a chambermaid who died in a slave uprising shortly after his birth.
At age 18, Audubon was sent to Pennsylvania to avoid conscription in Napolean's army and to manage family farm property at Mill Grove, near Philadelphia.
By the time Audubon and his four assistants embarked on their journey up the Missouri River, in 1843, to collect information and images of western mammals, he had drawn 61 species.
Although Audubon had no role in the organization that bears his name, there is a connection: George Bird Grinnell, one of the founders of the early Audubon Society in the late 1800s, was tutored by Lucy Audubon, John James’s widow.
Audubon was born in Saint Domingue (now Haiti), the illegitimate son of a French sea captain and plantation owner and his French mistress.
Audubon was quite successful in business for a while, but hard times hit, and in 1819 he was briefly jailed for bankruptcy.
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