NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Augusta, Lady Gregory

Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory (15 March 1852–22 May 1932), née Isabella Augusta Persse, was an Anglo-Irish dramatist and folklorist. Image File history File links Lady_gregory. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in leap years). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 kmÂ² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Coole Park, owned by Lady Gregory, is best known for its swans which appeared in W B Yeats poem, Wild Swans at Coole. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 kmÂ² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ... For the album by the Kaiser Chiefs see Employment (album) Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. ... Template:Unsourced A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is someone who writes dramatic literature or drama. ... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... Folkloristics is the formal academic study of folklore and mythology. ... In English usage, nationality is the legal relationship between a person and a country. ... A literary genre is one of the divisions of literature into genres according to particular criteria such as literary technique, tone, or content. ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... The word mythology (from the Greek Î¼Ï…Î¿Î»Î¿Î³Î¯Î± mythologÃa, from Î¼Ï…Î¿Î»Î¿Î³ÎµÎ¯Î½ mythologein to relate myths, from Î¼ÏÎ¿Ï‚ mythos, meaning a narrative, and Î»ÏŒÎ³Î¿Ï‚ logos, meaning speech or argument) literally means the (oral) retelling of myths â€“ stories that a particular culture believes to be true and that use the supernatural to interpret natural events and... An essay is a short work of writing that treats a topic from an authors personal point of view. ... The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. ... ... The Celtic Revival, also known as the Irish Literary Revival, was begun by Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and William Butler Yeats in Ireland in 1896. ... March 15 is the 74th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (75th in leap years). ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... May 22 is the 142nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (143rd in leap years). ... Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ... Anglo-Irish was a term used historically to describe a ruling class inhabitants of Ireland who were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy[1], mostly belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. ... A dramatist is an author of dramatic compositions, usually plays. ... Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, material culture, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group. ...

With William Butler Yeats and others, she co-founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre, and wrote numerous short works for both companies. She also produced a number of books of retellings of stories from Irish mythology. W.B. Yeats in Dublin on 24 January 1908. ... The Irish Literary Theatre was a precursor to the Abbey Theatre. ... The exterior of the Abbey Theatre in 2006. ... The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. ...

Born into a class that identified closely with British rule, her conversion to cultural nationalism, as evidenced in these writings, was emblematic of many of the changes to occur in Ireland during her lifetime.

However, Lady Gregory is mainly remembered for her driving force of the Irish Literary Revival. Her home at Coole Park, County Galway served as an important meeting place for the leading Revival figures and her early work as a member of the board of the Abbey was at least as important for the theatre's development as her creative writings were. Her motto, taken from Aristotle, was "To think like a wise man, but to express oneself like the common people." The Celtic Revival (c. ... Coole Park, owned by Lady Gregory, is best known for its swans which appeared in W B Yeats poem, Wild Swans at Coole. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 kmÂ² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ... Aristotle (Greek: AristotÃ©lÄ“s) (384 BC â€“ March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ...

Early life and marriage

Lady Gregory was born the youngest daughter of an Anglo-Irish landlord class family called Persse in Roxborough, County Galway. Her mother, Frances Barry, was related to Standish Hayes O'Grady, 1st Viscount Guillamore, and her family home, Roxborough, was a 6,000 acre (24 km²) estate, the big house of which was later burnt down during the Irish Civil War. Anglo-Irish was a term used historically to describe a ruling class inhabitants of Ireland who were the descendants and successors of the Protestant Ascendancy[1], mostly belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland or to a lesser extent one of the English dissenting churches, such as the Methodist church. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 kmÂ² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ... Standish Hayes OGrady, 1st Viscount Guillamore (1766 - April 21, 1840) from Cahir Guillamore, County Limerick served as Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer in Ireland for a number of years. ... The Irish Civil War (June 28, 1922 â€“ May 24, 1923) was a conflict between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 6, 1921, which established the Irish Free State, precursor of todays Republic of Ireland. ...

She was educated at home, and her future career was strongly influenced by the family nurse, Mary Sheridan, a Catholic and a native Irish speaker who introduced the young Isabella Augusta Persse to the history and legends of the local area.

This early introduction probably had a greater impact on her than it otherwise would because the house had no library and her mother, who was a strict evangelical Protestant, forbade her to read any novels until she was 18. The word evangelicalism usually refers to a broad collection of religious beliefs, practices, and traditions which are found among conservative Protestant Christians. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A novel (from French nouvelle Italian novella, new) is an extended, generally fictional narrative, typically in prose. ...

She married Sir William Henry Gregory, a widower with an estate at Coole Park, near Gort, County Galway on 4 March 1880, at a Protestant church in Dublin. As the wife of a knight, she became entitled to the title "Lady Gregory." Gort (Irish: Gort Inse Guaire or An Gort) is a HOLE. Gort takes its name, Gort Inse Guaire, from Guaire Aidhne, the sixth century King of Connacht and patron of St. ... March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (64th in leap years). ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar). ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

Sir William Gregory, who was 35 years older than his bride, had just retired from his position of Governor of Ceylon, having previously served several terms as Member of Parliament for Galway County. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a parliament. ... The constituency of County Galway was an historic Irish constituency, comprised the whole of County Galway, except for the Borough of Galway. ...

He was a well-educated man with many literary and artistic interests, and the house at Coole Park housed a large library and extensive art collection, both of which his bride was eager to explore. He also had a house in London, and the couple spent a considerable amount of time there holding a weekly salon which was frequented by many of the leading literary and artistic figures of the day, including Robert Browning, Lord Tennyson, John Everett Millais and Henry James. This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Image:Nishon- Project Gutenberg eText 13103. ... Alfred, Lord Tennyson Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson (6 August 1809 â€“ 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and is one of the most popular English poets. ... Sir John Everett Millais Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA (June 8, 1829 â€“ August 13, 1896) was a British painter and illustrator who was one of founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. ... For other uses of this name, see Henry James (disambiguation). ...

Their only child, Robert Gregory, was born in 1881. He was killed while serving as a pilot during the First World War, an event that inspired Yeats's poems "An Irish Airman Forsees His Death" and "In Memory of Major Robert Gregory". This article is becoming very long. ... Yeats is the surname of a notable Irish family: John Butler Yeats (1839-1922), Irish artist and portrait painter William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), Irish poet and playwright, Nobel prize winner Susan Yeats, also known as Lily, (1866-1949), active in the Arts and Crafts movement and Dun Emer Guild...

Early writings

The Gregorys travelled in Ceylon, India, Spain, Italy and Egypt. While in Egypt, Lady Gregory had an affair with the English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt during which she wrote a series of love poems, A Woman's Sonnets. Blunt later published these poems under his own name. Motto (French) God and my right Anthem God Save the King (Queen) England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister Tony Blair MP Unification - by Athelstan 967 Area... The poor poet A poet is a person who writes poetry. ... Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (1840â€“1922) was a British poet and writer. ...

Her earliest work to appear under her own name was Arabi and His Household (1882), a pamphlet (originally a letter to The Times newspaper) in support of Ahmed Arabi Bey, leader of what has come to be known as the Urabi Revolt - an 1879 Egyptian nationalist revolt against the oppressive regime of the Khediveand against European domination of Egypt. She later said of this booklet, 'whatever political indignation or energy was born with me may have run its course in that Egyptian year and worn itself out'. The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom since 1785, and under its current name since 1788. ... Colonel Ahmed Orabi (April 1, 1841 - September 21, 1911), (Arabic: Ø£ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ø±Ø§Ø¨ÙŠ) also known as Urabi Pasha or Orabi Pasha, was an Egyptian army general who revolted against the khedive and European domination of Egypt in 1879 in what has become known as the Urabi Revolt. ... The Urabi Revolt was an uprising in Egypt in 1881-82 against the Khedive and European influence in the country. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Khedive (from Persian for lord) was a title created in 1867 by the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the then-governor of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. ...

Despite this, in 1893 she published A Phantom’s Pilgrimage, or Home Ruin, an anti-Nationalist pamphlet against William Gladstone's proposed second Home Rule Act. She also did charitable work in the parish of St. Stephen’s, Southwark, London and wrote a pamphlet, Over the River (1887) about her experiences there. Year 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... William Ewart Gladstone (December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... The Borough or Southwark is an area of the London Borough of Southwark situated 1. ...

She wrote more literary prose during the period of her marriage. During the winter of 1883/84, while her husband was in Ceylon, she worked on a series of memoirs of her childhood home with a view to publishing them under the title An Emigrant's Notebook, but this plan was abandoned.

She also wrote a number of short stories in the years 1890 and 1891, although these also never appeared in print. A number of unpublished poems from this period have also survived.

When Sir William Gregory died in March 1892, Lady Gregory went into mourning and returned to Coole Park where she edited her husband's autobiography and had it published in 1894. She was to write later 'If I had not married I should not have learned the quick enrichment of sentences that one gets in conversation; had I not been widowed I should not have found the detachment of mind, the leisure for observation necessary to give insight into character, to express and interpret it. Loneliness made me rich - "full", as Bacon says.' 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Cover of the first English edition of 1793 of Benjamin Franklins autobiography. ...

Cultural nationalism

A trip to Inisheer in the Aran Islands in 1893 reawoke an interest the Irish language and in the folklore of the area in which she lived. She organised Irish lessons at the schoole at Coole and began collecting tales from the area around her home, especially from the residents of Gort workhouse. Inisheer (Irish: Inis Thiar or Inis Oirthir / Inis OÃrr) is the smallest and most eastern of the three Aran Islands in Galway Bay, Ireland. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Former workhouse at Nantwich, dating from 1780 A workhouse was a place where people who were unable to support themselves could go to live and work. ...

This activity led to the publication of a number of volumes of folk material, including A Book of Saints and Wonders (1906), The Kiltartan History Book (1909), and The Kiltartan Wonder Book (1910). She also produced a number of collections of Kiltartanese versions of Irish myths, including Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902) and Gods and Fighting Men (1904). In Irish mythology Cúchulainn (also spelled Cú Chulainn) is the pre-eminent hero of Ulster in the Ulster Cycle. ...

In his introduction to the former, Yeats wrote "I think this book is the best that has come out of Ireland in my time." James Joyce was to parody this claim in the Scylla and Charybdis chapter of his novel Ulysses. Flann O'Brien would also parody the book in his At Swim-Two-Birds with his overly literal versions of the myths of the Fenian cycle. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (Irish SÃ©amus Seoighe; 2 February 1882 â€“ 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. ... Scylla and Charybdis are two sea monsters of Greek mythology situated on opposite sides of a narrow channel of water, so close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis will pass too close to Scylla and vice versa. ... Ulysses is a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. ... Flann OBrien (October 5, 1911, Strabane, County Tyrone Ireland â€“ April 1, 1966 Dublin) is a pseudonym of the twentieth century Irish novelist and satirist Brian ONolan (in Irish Brian Ã“ Nuallain), best known for his novels An BÃ©al Bocht, At Swim-Two-Birds and The Third Policeman. ... At Swim-Two-Birds is a novel by Irish novelist Flann OBrien (one pen-name of Brian ONolan) published in 1939. ... The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved, shorn of its religious meanings, in medieval Irish literature, which represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. ...

Towards the end of 1894, encouraged by the positive reception of the editing of her husband's autobiography, Lady Gregory turned her attention to another editorial project. She decided to prepare selections from Sir William Gregory's grandfather's correspondence for publication as Mr Gregory’s Letter-Box 1813-30 (1898).

This entailed researching Irish history of the period, and one outcome of this work was a shift in her own position from the 'soft' Unionism of her earlier writing on Home Rule to a definite support of Irish nationalism and Republicanism and what she was later to describe as 'a dislike and distrust of England'. Unionism, in the context of Ireland, is a belief in the continuation of the Act of Union 1800 (as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920) so that Northern Ireland (created by the 1920 Act) remains part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Founding of the Abbey

Edward Martyn was a neighbour of Lady Gregory, and it was during a visit to his house in Tulira that she first met W. B. Yeats. Discussions between the three of them over the following year or so led to the founding of the Irish Literary Theatre in 1899. Abbey This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Abbey This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Edward Martyn (1859-1923) of Tullira Castle, Co. ...

Lady Gregory undertook the fundraising, and the first programme consisted of Martyn’s The Heather Field and Yeats's The Countess Cathleeen. During this period, she effectively co-authored Yeats's early plays, including The Countess Cathleeen, specifically working on the passages of dialogue involving peasant characters.

The Irish Literary Theatre project lasted until 1901, when it collapsed due to lack of funding. In 1904, Lady Gregory, Martyn, Yeats, John Millington Synge, Æ, Annie Elizabeth Fredericka Horniman and William and Frank Fay came together to form the Irish National Theatre Society. John Millington Synge (April 16, 1871 - March 24, 1909) was an Irish dramatist, poet, prose writer, and collector of folklore. ... Bathers by Ã† George William Russell (April 10, 1867 â€“ July 17, 1935) who wrote under the pseudonym Ã†, was an Irish nationalist, critic, poet, and painter. ... Annie Elizabeth Fredericka Horniman (1860-1937) was a member of the Horniman Tea family who founded the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. ... William George (Willie) Fay (November 12, 1872 - October 27, 1947) was an actor and actor and theatre producer who was one of the co-founders of the Abbey Theatre. ... Frank Fay (1870â€“1931), brother of William Fay, was an actor and co-founder of the Abbey Theatre. ... A poster for the opening run at the Abbey Theatre from 27 December, 1904 to 3 January, 1905. ...

The first performances staged by the society took place in a building called the Molesworth Hall. When the Hibernian Theatre of Varieties in Lower Abbey Street and an adjacent building in Marlborough Street became available, Horniman and William Fay agreed to their purchase and refitting to meet the needs of the society. The Mechanics Hall, also known as the Hibernian Theatre of Varieties was a theatre and music hall in Lower Abbey Street, Dublin. ...

On 11 May 1904, the society formally accepted Horniman's offer of the use of the building. As Horniman was not normally resident in Ireland, the Royal Letters Patent required were paid for by her but granted in the name of Lady Gregory. One of her own plays, Spreading the News was performed on the opening night, 27 December 1904. May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ...

At the opening of Synge's The Playboy of the Western World in January 1907, a significant portion of the crowd rioted, causing the remainder of the play to be acted out in dumbshow. Lady Gregory did not think as highly of the play as Yeats did, but she defended Synge as a matter of principle. Her view of the affair is summed up in a letter to Yeats where she wrote of the riots; "It is the old battle, between those who use a toothbrush and those who don't."

Later career

She remained an active director of the theatre until ill health led to her retirement in 1928. During this time she wrote more than 40 plays, mainly for production at the Abbey. Many of these were written in an attempted transliteration of the Hiberno-English dialect spoken around Coole Park that became widely known as Kiltartanese, from the nearby village of Kiltartan. Public domain from http://www. ... Public domain from http://www. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Kiltartan is a small area in County Galway, Ireland. ...

Her plays, which are rarely performed now, were not particularly popular at the time. Indeed, the Irish writer Oliver St John Gogarty once wrote "the perpetual presentation of her plays nearly ruined the Abbey". In addition to her plays, she wrote a two volume study of the folklore of her native area called Visions and Beliefs in the West of Ireland in 1920. She also played the lead role in three performances of Cathleen Ni Houlihan in 1919. Oliver St John Gogarty (August 17, 1878-September 22, 1957) was an Irish physician and surgeon, who was also a poet and writer, one of the most prominent Dublin wits, and for some time a political figure of the Irish Free State. ...

During her time on the board of the Abbey, Coole Park remained her home and she spent her time in Dublin staying in a number of hotels. In these, she ate frugally, often on food she brought with her from home. She frequently used her hotel rooms to interview would-be Abbey dramatists and to entertain the company after opening nights of new plays. She spent many of her days working on her translations in the National Library of Ireland. WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ... National Library of Ireland is a national library located in Dublin, Ireland. ...

She also gained a reputation as being a somewhat conservative figure. For instance, when Denis Johnston submitted his first play Shadowdance to the Abbey, it was rejected by Lady Gregory and returned to the author with “The Old Lady says No” written on the title page. Johnson decided to rename the play, and The Old Lady Says 'No' was eventually staged by the Gate Theatre 1928. Denis Johnston (June 18, 1901 â€“ August 8, 1984) was an Irish dramatist who was awarded an OBE 1945 and was also a member of AosdÃ¡na. ... The Gate Theatre, in Dublin, was founded in 1928 by Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammoir, initially using the Abbey Theatres Peacock studio theatre space to stage important works by European and American dramatists. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Retirement and death

When she retired from the Abbey board, Lady Gregory returned to Galway to live, although she continued to visit Dublin regularly. The house and demesne at Coole Park had been sold to the Irish Forestry Commission in 1927, with Lady Gregory retaining life tenancy. The feudal concept of demesne is a form of manorial land tenure as conceived in Western Europe, initially in France but exported to England, during the Middle Ages. ...

Her Galway home had long been a focal point for the writers associated with the Irish Literary Revival and this continued after her retirement. On a tree in what were the grounds of the now demolished house, one can still see the carved initials of Synge, Æ, Yeats and his artist brother Jack, George Moore, Sean O'Casey, George Bernard Shaw, Katharine Tynan and Violet Martin. Jack Butler Yeats (1871-1957) was an Irish artist who wrote and illustrated for books and magazines. ... A portrait of George Moore by Édouard Manet George Augustus Moore (February 24, 1852 - January 21, 1933) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, poet, art critic, memoirist and dramatist. ... Sean OCasey Sean OCasey (March 30, 1880 - September 18, 1964) was a major Irish dramatist and memorist. ... George Bernard Shaw (born 26 July 1856, Dublin, Ireland died November 2, 1950, Hertfordshire, England) was an Irish writer. ... Katharine Tynan Katharine Tynan (January 23, 1861â€“April 2, 1931) Irish-born writer, known mainly for her novels and poetry. ... Violet Florence Martin (11 June 1862 â€“ 21 December 1915) was an Irish author who co-wrote a series of novels with cousin Edith Somerville under the pen name of Martin Ross in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ...

Yeats wrote five poems about or set in the house and grounds: "The Wild Swans at Coole", "I walked among the seven woods of Coole", "In the Seven Woods", "Coole Park, 1929" and "Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931".

The woman Shaw once described as "the greatest living Irishwoman" died at home at the age of 80 from breast cancer, and is buried in the New Cemetery in Bohermore, County Galway. The entire contents of Coole Park were auctioned three months after her death and the house was demolished in 1941. Derived form the irish (gaelic) literally meaning the big road. ... Statistics Province: Connacht County Town: Galway Code: G (GY proposed) Area: 6,148 kmÂ² Population (2006) 231,035 (including Galway City); 159,052 (without Galway City) Website: www. ...

Lady Gregory's plays fell out of favour after her death and are now rarely performed. She kept diaries and journals for most of her adult life, and many of these have been published since her death. They are a rich source of information on Irish literary history for the first three decades of the 20th century and her diaries covering the period of the founding of the Abbey are the only extant contemporary record of these events written by a major participant.

Works

References

November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 4 is the 308th day of the year (309th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 57 days remaining. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

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