NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Aurelio Peccei

Aurelio Peccei (July 4, 1908 - March 14, 1984) was an Italian scholar and industrialist, best known as the founder and first president of the Club of Rome. For the United States holiday, the Fourth of July, see Independence Day (United States). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... March 14 is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Early life

He was born on July 4, 1908 in Turin, the capital of the Piedmont region, where he grew up. For the United States holiday, the Fourth of July, see Independence Day (United States). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... â€œTorinoâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Piedmont (disambiguation). ...

Peccei graduated from the University of Turin with a degree in economics in 1930. Soon thereafter he went to the Sorbonne with a scholarship and was awarded a free trip to the Soviet Union. The University of Turin (Italian UniversitÃ degli Studi di Torino, UNITO) is the university of Turin in the Piedmont region of north-western Italy. ... Face-to-face trading interactions on the New York Stock Exchange trading floor. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: ) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganised as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris Iâ€“XIII). ...

His knowledge of other languages brought him to Fiat. Although under continual suspicion as an anti-fascist in the 1930s, a successful mission for Fiat in China in 1935 established his position in Fiat management. Fiat Group, or Fiat S.p. ...

During World War II, Peccei became involved in the anti-fascist movement and in the resistance, where he was a member of the "Giustizia e Libertà". Peccei's work with the anti-fascist underground during the war caught up with him in 1944, when he was arrested, imprisoned, tortured, came within an ace of execution and escaped to lie in hiding until the liberation. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Anti-Fascism is a belief and practice of opposing all forms of Fascism. ...

Later life

After the war, Peccei was engaged in the rebuilding of Fiat. Furthermore he was engaged in various of the private and public efforts then underway to rebuild Italy, including the founding of Alitalia. Alitalia - Linee Aeree Italiane (ISE: IT0003331888) (IATA: AZ, ICAO: AZA, and Callsign: Alitalia) is the national airline of Italy. ...

In 1949, he accepted to go to Latin America for Fiat, to restart their operations, as Fiat operations in Latin America had been halted during the war. He settled in Argentina, where he lived for nearly a decade with his family. He quickly realised that it would make sense to start manufacturing locally and set up the Argentine subsidiary, Fiat-Concord, which built cars and tractors. Fiat-Concord rapidly became one of the most successful automotive firms in Latin America. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Car redirects here. ...

In 1958, with the backing of Fiat, Peccei founded Italconsult (a para-public joint consultancy venture involving major Italian firms such as Fiat, Innocenti, Montecatini), and became its Chairman, a position he held until the 1970s, when he became Honorary President. Italconsult was an engineering and economic consulting group for developing countries. It operated under Peccei’s leadership, on the whole, more as a non-profit consortium. Italconsult was regarded by Peccei as a way of helping tackling the problems of the Third World, which he had come to know first-hand in Latin America. Fiat Group, or Fiat S.p. ... The Italian machinery works named Innocenti was originally established by Ferdinando Innocenti in 1920. ... Montecatini is the name of several locations in Tuscany, Italy. ... A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

In 1964, Peccei was asked to become President of Olivetti. Olvetti was facing significant difficulties at that time due to the profound changes occurring in the office machine sector. Peccei, with his foresight and his entrepreneurial vision, was able to turn the situation at Olivetti around. Olivetti Lettera 22, 1950 Ing. ...

But Peccei was not content merely with the substantial achievements of Italconsult, or his responsibilities as President of Olivetti, and threw his energies into other organisations as well, including ADELA, an international consortium of bankers aimed at supporting industrialisation in Latin America. He was asked to give the keynote speech in Spanish at the group's first meeting in 1965, which is where the series of coincidences leading to the creation of the Club of Rome began.

Club of Rome

Peccei's speech caught the attention of Dean Rusk, then American Secretary of State, who had it translated into English and distributed at various meetings in Washington. A Soviet representative at the annual meeting of ACAST (the United Nations Advisory Committee on Science and Technology), Jermen Gvishiani, Alexey Kosygin's son-in-law and vice-chairman of the State Committee on Science and Technology of the Soviet Union, read the speech and was so taken by it that he decided he should invite the author to come for private discussions, outside Moscow. Gvishiani therefore asked an American colleague on ACAST, Carroll Wilson, about Peccei. Wilson did not know Peccei, but he and Gvishiani both knew Alexander King, by then Director General for Scientific Affairs for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Paris, so Wilson appealed to him for information. David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 â€“ December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. ... Nickname: Motto: Justitia Omnibus (Justice for All) Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia Coordinates: Country United States Federal District District of Columbia Government - Mayor Adrian M. Fenty (D) - City Council Chairperson: Vincent C. Gray (D) Ward 1: Jim Graham (D) Ward 2: Jack... Alexey Nikolayevich Kosygin (Russian: ) (1904 - December 18, 1980) was a politician and administrator in the Soviet Union. ... Position of Moscow in Europe Coordinates: Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Government - Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Area - City 1,081 kmÂ² (417. ... Alexander King was a Scottish scientist who helped found the Club of Rome in 1968. ... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du TrocadÃ©ro. ...

As it happened, King did not know Peccei, but he was equally impressed by the ADELA paper and tracked down its author via the Italian Embassy in Paris. King wrote to Peccei, passing on Gvishiani's address and wish to invite him to the Soviet Union, but also congratulating him on his paper and suggesting that they might meet some time as they obviously shared similar concerns. City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du TrocadÃ©ro. ...

While Peccei had been working as an industrial manager in the Third World, King had been pursuing his career as a national and international civil servant in the very different setting of the industrialised countries. He had studied chemistry at the universities of London and Munich, then taught and carried out some important research at the Imperial College London. The war took him to the United States, where he was scientific attaché at the British Embassy in Washington until 1947, concerned with "everything from penicillin to the bomb". His experience there and in his next jobs - with the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in London and then the European Productivity Agency in Paris - gave him the interest in the interactions between science, industry and society as well as the expertise in science policy matters that he was to need in his work at the OECD. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the capital of England and the United Kingdom. ... Munich (German: , pronounced ; Austro-Bavarian: Minga [1]) is the capital of the German Federal State of Bavaria. ... Imperial College London is a British university institution and a constituent college of the University of London. ... Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Penicillin nucleus Penicillin (sometimes abbreviated PCN) refers to a group of Î²-lactam antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Young people interacting within an ethnically diverse society. ... The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization of those developed countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and a free market economy. ...

King has described the OECD in the 1960s as "a kind of temple of growth for industrialised countries - growth for growth's sake was what mattered". This veneration of growth, with little concern for the long-term consequences, worried King and Thorkil Kristensen, the Secretary General of the OECD. They both felt that there ought to be some sort of independent body which could ask awkward questions and try to encourage governments to look further ahead than they normally did. As international civil servants, however, they felt limited in what they could do - at which point, Peccei telephoned King and they arranged to have lunch.

The two men got on extremely well from the very outset. They met several times in the latter part of 1967 and early 1968, and then decided that they had to do something constructive to encourage longer-range thinking among Western European governments.

Peccei accordingly persuaded the Agnelli Foundation to fund a two-day brainstorming meeting on April 7 - April 8, 1968 of around 30 European economists and scientists at the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. The goal of the meeting was to discuss the ideas of Peccei and King of the globality of problems facing mankind and of the necessity of acting at the global level. The meeting at the Accademia dei Lincei was not a success, partly due to the difficulty of the participants to focus on a distant future. April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years). ... April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ... Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the 1968 Gregorian calendar. ... The Accademia dei Lincei, (literally the Academy of the Lynxes, but also known as the Lincean Academy), is located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5...

After the meeting there was an informal gathering of a few people in Peccei’s home, which included Erich Jantsch (one of the great methodologists of planning studies), Alexander King, Hugo Thiemann, Lauro Gomes-Filho, Jean Saint-Geours and Max Kohnstamm. According to King, within an hour they had decided to call themselves the Club of Rome and had defined the three major concepts that have formed the Club's thinking ever since: a global perspective, the long term, and the cluster of intertwined problems they called "the problematique". Although the Rome meeting had been convened with just Western Europe in mind, the group realised that they were dealing with problems of much larger scale and complexity: in short, "the predicament of mankind". The notion of problematique excited some because it seemed applicable at a universal level, but worried others, who felt that the approach was valid only for smaller entities such as a city or community. Saint-Geours and Kohnstamm therefore soon dropped out, leaving the others to pursue their informal programme of learning and debate. Erich Jantsch (1929-1980) was an Austrian astrophysicist who wrote the book The Self-organizing Universe: Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution (1980). ... Alexander King was a Scottish scientist who helped found the Club of Rome in 1968. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The borders of Western Europe were largely defined by the Cold War. ...

Thus started what Peccei called "the adventure of the spirit". He was fond to state that: “If the Club of Rome has any merit, it is that of having been the first to rebel against the suicidal ignorance of the human condition.”^{[citation needed]} Another quote of Peccei, in this respect, is particularly telling: "It is not impossible to foster a human revolution capable of changing our present course."^{[citation needed]}

At the time the Club of Rome was founded in April 1968, there was limited public knowledge or concern about the approaching human predicament. An early response to this general lack of awareness of humanity’s prospects was the establishment of an international team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to begin a study of the implications of continued growth of the five basic factors that determine, and ultimately limit, growth on this planet - population increase, agriculture production, non-renewable resource depletion, industrial output, and pollution generation. The MIT project originated from a concrete proposal made by Jay Forrester. For thirty years, he had been working on the problem of developing mathematical models that could be applied to complex, dynamic situations such as economic and urban growth. His offer to adapt his well-tried dynamic model to handle global issues was gratefully accepted by the Club of Rome, and the way ahead suddenly seemed less uncertain. A fortnight later, a group of Club members visited Forrester at MIT and were convinced that the model could be made to work for the kind of global problems which interested the Club. The publication in 1972 of the results of the study in the book "The Limits to Growth" received both world wide acclaim and strong criticism. The leadership of the Club of Rome, including Peccei, King and many others, remained undeterred by the completely inadequate response of governments at the time. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Jay Wright Forrester (born 14 July 1918 Climax, Nebraska) is an American pioneer of computer engineering. ... Limits to Growth was a 1972 book modeling the consequences of a rapidly growing global population, commissioned by the Club of Rome. ...

In 1972, Peccei was one of the principal artificers of the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), in Laxenburg (near Vienna) in Austria. This Institute was formed after considerable struggle, but then served as an important bridge between East and West, partly because its founders included the United States (through the National Academy of Sciences), the Soviet Union (through the Soviet Academy of Sciences), Italy (through the Comitato Nazionale di Ricerche) and various other countries in the then western and eastern sector of the world. IIASA became a meeting place for scholars and scientists of different countries and provided a bridging function for the scientific world, producing important studies in different fields, including climate change, energy and agriculture. The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) The world is faced with complex problems, too big for one country to solve alone. ... Laxenburg is a place in Lower Austria, near Vienna, with approximately 2,600 inhabitants. ... Vienna (German: , see also other names) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400,000 years For current global climate change, see Global warming. ...

It was during this same period, that Peccei became involved in the World Wildlife Fund (now the World Wide Fund for Nature), becoming a member of its International Board and becoming a strong supporter of their mission, not only internationally but also locally in Italy. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization for the conservation, research and restoration of the natural environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and Canada. ...

In the early 1970s, several other studies were undertaken to improve upon "The Limits to Growth", with varying degrees of support from the Club of Rome. Reflecting general criticism from the Third World, a Latin American model was developed by the Bariloche Institute in Argentina. The Club of Rome helped to find funding for the project but did not give its imprimatur to the final report ("Catastrophe or New Society?", A.O. Herrera et al, 1976). For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ...

With the idea of giving greater stress to the human dimension, Peccei approached the Dutch economist and Nobel laureate Jan Tinbergen and proposed a study of the likely impact of a doubling of the population on the global community. Tinbergen and his colleague Hans Linnemann came to the conclusion, however, that the topic was unmanageably large and decided to focus on the problems of "Food for a Doubling World Population". When this was put to the Club of Rome, Peccei and others disagreed strongly, feeling that other aspects such as strains on housing, urban infrastructure, employment, etcetera should not be ignored. Ultimately Linnemann and his group pursued their research with funds they had already mobilised in The Netherlands and published their results independently (MOIRA - Model of International Relations in Agriculture, 1979), not as a Report to the Club of Rome. The Nobel Prizes (pronounced no-BELL or no-bell) are awarded annually to people who have done outstanding research, invented groundbreaking techniques or equipment, or made outstanding contributions to society. ... Jan Tinbergen Jan Tinbergen (The Hague, April 12, 1903 â€“ June 9, 1994 The Hague), Dutch economist, was awarded the first Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1969, which he shared with Ragnar Frisch for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis... Motto: Je Maintiendrai (Dutch: Ik zal handhaven, English: I Shall Uphold) Anthem: Wilhelmus van Nassouwe Capital Amsterdam1 Largest city Amsterdam Official language(s) Dutch2 Government Parliamentary democracy Constitutional monarchy - Queen Beatrix - Prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende Independence Eighty Years War - Declared July 26, 1581 - Recognised January 30, 1648 (by Spain...

The Club of Rome had come a long way from the disastrous Rome meeting of 1968. However, another event in the same month fundamentally altered everyone's awareness of problems of scarcity and of power relations: the OPEC meeting which heralded the first oil shock. The framework of discussion changed radically, at least for a while, and the Club was to become involved in the United Nations debate on the New International Economic Order (NIEO). New international economic order is a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by developing countries through UNCTAD to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means. ...

Peccei persuaded the Austrian Chancellor, Bruno Kreisky, to host a meeting on North-South problems in February 1974 in Salzburg, Austria. Besides Bruno Kreisky, the following heads of state of government were present in Salzburg: Leopold Senghor, President of Senegal; Luis Echeverría, President of Mexico; Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands; Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden; Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada; as well as the representatives of the Prime Ministers of Algeria and Ireland. Peccei deliberately did not invite any of the major European powers, the United States of America or the Soviet Union so as to prevent the debate turning into a forum for national or ideological position statements. To encourage the participants to speak freely, they were asked to come without accompanying civil servants and assured that nothing they said would be attributed to them. The two-day private brainstorming meeting ended with a press conference for 300 journalists. Bruno Kreisky Bruno Kreisky (January 22, 1911â€”July 29, 1990) was a jewish -Austrian politician. ... is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. ... Léopold Sédar Senghor (October 9, 1906–December 20, 2001) was an African poet and political leader who served as the first president of Senegal (1960–1980). ... This page contains a list of presidents of Senegal. ... Luis EcheverrÃa Ãlvarez (born 17 January 1922) was the President of Mexico from 1970 to 1976. ... The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state of Mexico. ... Prime Minister of the Netherlands Dr. Johannes Marten Joop den Uyl (August 9, 1919 - December 24, 1987) was a Dutch politician, prime minister of the Netherlands from 1973 until 1977, as a member of the socialist PvdA party. ... The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the cabinet, and, as such, coordinates the policy of the government. ... Sven Olof Joachim Palme ( ) (January 30, 1927 â€“ February 28, 1986) was a Swedish politician. ... The Prime Minister or statsminister (minister of state) is the head of Government in Sweden. ... For other uses, see Pierre Elliott Trudeau (disambiguation). ... Regions Political culture Foreign relations Other countries Politics Portal The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada), is the Minister of the Crown who is head of the Government of Canada. ...

As a logical extension of the Salzburg meeting, Peccei asked Jan Tinbergen to produce a follow-up report on global food and development policies, exploring these aspects much more thoroughly than the coverage in "The Limits to Growth". It seemed a propitious moment to promote thinking on the global problematique and international co-operation as the oil crisis made people recognise how interdependent the world had become. Scholars from the First, Second and Third Worlds were invited to participate in the RIO project (Reshaping the International Order), but only Poland and Bulgaria accepted from the Communist bloc. The basic thesis was that the gap between rich and poor countries (with the wealthiest roughly 13 times richer than the poorest) was intolerable and the situation was inherently unstable. What would be required to reduce the gap to 6:1 over 15 to 30 years? (Though still large, this ratio seemed the lowest that could be realistically proposed.) Unlike "The Limits to Growth" the model allowed the developing countries 5% growth per annum, whereas the industrialised countries would have zero or negative growth; all, however, would benefit from more sensible use of energy and other resources and a more equitable distribution of global wealth. The main Report argued that people in the rich countries would have to change their patterns of consumption and accept lower profits, but a dissenting group saw consumption as a symptom rather than a cause of the problems, which stemmed rather from the fundamental power structure. During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ...

After numerous working sessions and presentations over an 18-month period, the final results of RIO were presented at a meeting in Algiers in October 1976 and accepted as a Report to the Club of Rome. Despite being stronger on policy than "The Limits to Growth", it did not have the hoped-for impact, perhaps because the worst effects of the oil shock were over and the First World was much less receptive to appeals for self-denial and greater co-operation. â€œAlgerâ€ redirects here. ... The terms First World, Second World, and Third World were used to divide the nations of Earth into three broad categories. ...

The last meeting Peccei organized and participated in was in Bogotá, the capitol of Colombia, on December 15 - December 17, 1983, with the striking and brave title of "Development in a World of Peace". This title was particularly brave for a country in a semi-permanent guerilla status, with very serious political and economic divisions. Co-organizer of the meeting with Peccei, was the President of Colombia, Belisario Betancur. Nickname: Motto: BogotÃ¡, 2600 metros mÃ¡s cerca de las estrellas BogotÃ¡, 2600 meters closer to the stars Localities (localidades) of BogotÃ¡ Country Colombia Department BogotÃ¡, D.C.* Foundation August 6, 1538 Government - Mayor Luis Eduardo GarzÃ³n, PDA Area - City 1,587 kmÂ² (612. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Peccei died on March 14, 1984 in Rome. March 14 is the 73rd day of the year (74th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5...

Books

Daisaku Ikeda (æ± ç”°å¤§ä½œ, Ikeda Daisaku) (January 2, 1928â€“) is the president of the Soka Gakkai International (SGI), a Buddhist association with about 15 million members in more than 190 countries and territories, and founder of several educational, cultural and research institutions. ...

References

November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | 1908 births | 1984 deaths | People from the Province of Turin | Italian businesspeople | Italian resistance members | Fiat people | Futurologists Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format created by Adobe Systems in 1993 for desktop publishing use. ... A kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage, commonly abbreviated KiB (never kiB). 1 kibibyte = 210 bytes = 1,024 bytes The kibibyte is closely related to the kilobyte, which can be used either as a synonym for kibibyte or to refer to...

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