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Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is a term referring to the various varieties of the English language used by Indigenous Australians. These varieties, which developed differently in different parts of Australia, differ systematically from Standard Australian English (SAE). While the different regional varieties of AAE have much in common they also differ in various ways, reflecting the local indigenous Australian languages. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
See also, List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous Australians are the first human inhabitants of the Australian continent and its nearby islands. ...
Australian English (AuE) is the form of the English language used in Australia. ...
The Australian Aboriginal languages are a Australia, and the rest are descended linguistically from them. ...
Aboriginal English varies along a continuum, from forms close to standard English to more nonstandard forms. The furthest extent of this is Kriol, which is regarded by linguists as a distinct language from English. Speakers change between different forms according to social context. Kriol is an Australian creole that developed out of the contact between European settlers and the indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia. ...
Several features of AAE are shared with creole languages spoken in nearby countries, such as Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea, Pijin in the Solomon Islands, and Bislama in Vanuatu. A creole language, or just creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent. ...
Tok Pisin (tok means word or speech, pisin means pidgin) is the creole spoken in Papua New Guinea (PNG). ...
Bislama is a Melanesian creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu. ...
Phonology
Grammar
Pronouns Although he and him are masculine pronouns in standard English, in Aboriginal English, particularly in northern Australia, it may also be used for females and inanimate objects. The distinction between he as the subjective form and him as the objective form is not always observed, and him may be found as the subject of a verb.
"Fellow" In some forms of Aboriginal English, fellow (also spelt fella, feller, fullah, fulla etc.) is used in combination with adjectives or numerals, e.g. big fella business = "important business", one-feller girl = "one girl". This can give it an adverbial meaning, e.g. sing out big fella = "call out loudly". It is also used with pronouns to indicate the plural, e.g. me fella = "we" or "us", you fella = "you".
Lexicon
Kin terms -
Words referring to one's relatives are used in different senses to Standard English, reflecting traditional kinship systems. Australian Aboriginal kinship refers to the system of law governing social interaction, particularly marriage, in traditional Aboriginal culture. ...
- Aunty and uncle are used as terms of address for older people, to whom the speaker may not be related.
- Brother and sister include close relatives of the same generation, not just siblings.
- Cousin includes any relative of one's own generation.
- The combinations cousin-brother and cousin-sister are used to refer to biological cousins.
- In south-east Queensland, daughter is used to refer any woman of one's great-grandparents' generation. This is due to the cyclical nature of traditional kinship systems.
- Father and mother include any relative of one's parents' generation, such as uncles, aunts, and in-laws.
- Grandfather and grandmother can refer to anyone of one's grandparents' generation. Grandfather can also refer to any respected elderly man, to whom the speaker may not be related.
- Poison refers to a relation one is obligated to avoid. See Mother-in-law language.
- The term second, or little bit in northern Australia, is used with a distant relative who is described using a close kinship term. For example, one's second fathers or little bit fathers are men of one's father's generation not closely related to the speaker. It is contrasted with close, near or true.
- A skin or skin group are sections which are determined by the skin of a person's parents, and determine who a person is eligible to marry.
- Son can refer to any male of the next generation, such as nephews.
Avoidance speech, or mother-in-law languages, is a feature of many Australian Aboriginal languages and some North American languages whereby in the presence of certain relatives it is taboo to use everyday speech style, and instead a special speech style must be used. ...
Business Many Aborigines use the word business in a distinct way, to mean matters. Funeral and mourning practices are commonly known as Sorry Business. Financial matters are referred to as Money Business, and the secret-sacred rituals distinct to each gender are referred to as Secret Women's Business and Secret Men's Business.
Camp Many Aborigines refer to their house as their camp, particularly in Central Australia. Central Australia is a term used to describe the area of land surrounding and including Alice Springs in Australia. ...
Deadly Deadly is used by many Aboriginal people to mean excellent, very good, in the same way that wicked is by other English speakers. The Deadlys are awarded for outstanding achievement by Aboriginal people. This usage is not exclusive to Aboriginals though. The Deadlys are an annual celebration of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community. ...
Gammon Victorian English word for pretend. Still used by some Australian Aborigines to mean joking generally. Gammoning – usually pronounced Gam'in'. Queen Victoria (shown here on the morning of her Ascension to the Throne, 20 June 1837) gave her name to the historic era The Victorian Era of Great Britain marked the height of the British industrial revolution and the apex of the British Empire. ...
Gubbah Gubbah is a term used by some Aboriginal people to refer to white people. It is a shortening of the word Government, since traditionally Aborginal people's contact with whites most often involved government officials. Another theory is that it is a contraction of Governor or "White Ghost".
Humbug Whereas humbug in broader English (see Charles Dickens's Scrooge character) means nonsensical, or unimportant information, humbug in Aboriginal English means to pester with inane or repetitive requests. The Warumpi Band's most recent album is entitled Too Much Humbug. In the Northern Territory, humbug is used by both black and white in this latter, Aboriginal way. Look up humbug in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Dickens redirects here. ...
Ebenezer Scrooge encounters Ignorance and Want in A Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge is the main character in Charles Dickens 1843 novel, A Christmas Carol. ...
The Warumpi Band was an Australian band from the bush, coming from Papunya, Northern Territory, Australia. ...
Emblems: Sturts Desert Rose (floral) Motto: None Slogan or Nickname: The Territory, The NT, The Top End Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Const. ...
Mob Regularly used to mean a group of people. Unlike broader English, it does not usually mean an indiscriminate crowd, but a cohesive group. My mob – my people, or extended family. Mob is also often used to refer to a language group – that Warlpiri mob.
Yarn English word for a long story, often with incredible or unbelievable events. In Australian English, and particularly among Aborigines, has become a verb, to talk. Often, Yarnin'. Australian English (AuE) is the form of the English language used in Australia. ...
References - Arthur, J. M. (1996). Aboriginal English. Oxford University Press Australia.
- (2000) Aboriginal English in the courts: a handbook. Dept. of Justice and Attorney General. ISBN 0-7242-8071-5.
See also Australian Aboriginal Pidgin English refers to the pidginised varieties of English spoken by Australian Aborigines until about the early 1950s for communication with Europeans and other immigrant ethnic groups, as well as with other Aborigines with whom they did not share a common traditional language. ...
Australian English (AuE) is the form of the English language used in Australia. ...
The Australian Aboriginal languages comprise several language families and isolates native to Australia and a few nearby islands, but by convention excluding Tasmania. ...
Kriol is an Australian creole that developed out of the contact between European settlers and the indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia. ...
These words of Australian Aboriginal origin include some which are almost universal in the English-speaking world, such as kangaroo and boomerang. ...
Torres Strait Creole (also Torres Strait Pidgin, Torres Strait Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole) is a creole language spoken on several Torres Strait Islands (Queensland, Australia). ...
External links - 'Aboriginal English', by Diana Eades
- West Australian Aboriginal English
- The Aboriginal English web site
Non-native languages:
Indo-European: Australian English and Australian Aboriginal English • Torres Strait Creole • Kriol
Austronesian: Cocos Islands Malay
Other: Auslan
Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages:
Native isolates:: Enindhilyagwa • Laragiya • Ngurmbur • Tiwi
Established native:: Bunaban • Daly • Limilngan • Djeragan • Nyulnyulan • Wororan
Newly proposed native: Mindi • Djamindjungan • West Barkly • Arnhem Land macrofamily • Burarran • Yiwaidjan • Giimbiyu • Kakadu • Umbugarla
Macro-Pama Nyungan: Gunwinyguan and perhaps the Ngurmbur isolate
Greater Pama-Nyungan: Tankic • Garawa • Pama-Nyungan proper
Other: Minkin and languages of Tasmania Although Australia has no official language, it is largely monolingual with English being the de facto national language. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Australia. ...
Image File history File links Australian_Aboriginal_Flag. ...
Image File history File links Torres_Strait_Islanders_Flag. ...
The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects [1], including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many spoken in the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and Central Asia. ...
Australian English (AuE) is the form of the English language used in Australia. ...
Torres Strait Creole (also Torres Strait Pidgin, Torres Strait Broken, Cape York Creole, Lockhart Creole) is a creole language spoken on several Torres Strait Islands (Queensland, Australia). ...
Kriol is an Australian creole that developed out of the contact between European settlers and the indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia. ...
The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. ...
Auslan is the sign language used by the Australian Deaf community. ...
Australian Aborigines are the indigenous peoples of Australia. ...
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. ...
The Enindhilyagwa language, also spelled Andilyaugwa and Anindilyakwa, is an Australian language isolate spoken by the Warnindhilyagwa people on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. ...
The Laragiya language is an Australian language isolate spoken by just six people near the city of Darwin in northern Australia as of 1983. ...
The Ngumbur language is an Australian language isolate spoken by just one person in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, as of 1981. ...
Tiwi is a language spoken on the Tiwi Islands. ...
The Bunaban languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Daly languages are the third largest family of Australian Aboriginal languages after Pama-Nyungan and Gunwinguan. ...
The Limilngan languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Djeragan languages are a small family of three Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Nyulnyulan languages are a small family of closely related Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Wororan languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Mindi languages are a recently proposed family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia, unifying the Djamindjungan languages with the West Barkly family. ...
The Djamindjungan languages are two related Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia, Djamindjung and Nungali. ...
The West Barkly languages are a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
Arnhem Land is an area of 97,000 sq. ...
The Burarran languages form a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Yiwaidjan languages form a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Giimbiyu or Mangerrian languages form a small family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
The Kakadu or Gaagudju language was an Australian language isolate spoken in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, in the environs of Kakadu National Park. ...
The Umbugarla language is an Australian language isolate spoken by just three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, as of 1981. ...
The Gunwinyguan languages form the second largest family of Australian Aboriginal languages. ...
The Ngumbur language is an Australian language isolate spoken by just one person in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, as of 1981. ...
The Tankic languages form a small language family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia. ...
Garawa (or Garrwa, Gaarwa, Karawa, Leearrawa) is a recently extinct Australian Aborginal language of northern Australia. ...
The Pama-Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Australian languages. ...
The Minkin language is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language, perhaps a language isolate, of northern Australia. ...
The Tasmanian languages are a group of aborigine languages spoken in the island of Tasmania, Australia, extinct by 1877. ...
Europe
British · East Anglian · English English · Estuary · Euro-English · Guernsey English · Hiberno-English (Ireland) · Highland · Llanito (Gibraltar) · Manx · Mid Ulster · Midlands · Northern · Received Pronunciation · Scottish · Welsh · West Country dialects This is a list of varieties of the English language. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
East Anglia - the easternmost area of England - was probably home to the first-ever form of language which can be called English. ...
English English is a term that has been applied to the English language as spoken in England. ...
Estuary English is a name given to the form of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the river Thames and its estuary. ...
Euro-English (also Euroenglish or Euro-Englisch) terms are English translations of European concepts that are not native to English-speaking countries. ...
Guernsey English is the dialect of English spoken by natives of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, distinguished by the fact that it has considerable influence from Dgèrnésiais, the variety of Norman indigenous to Guernsey. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Highland English is the variety of Gaelic influenced Scottish English spoken in the Scottish Highlands. ...
Llanito (IPA: ) or Yanito is an Andalusian Spanish based creole spoken in the British dependent territory of Gibraltar. ...
Mid Ulster English (Ulster Anglo-Irish) is the dialect of most people in Ulster, including those in the two main cities. ...
Midlands English is a group of dialects of the English language. ...
Northern English is a group of dialects of the English language. ...
Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
Scottish English is usually taken to mean the standard form of the English language used in Scotland, often termed Scottish Standard English. ...
Welsh English, Anglo-Welsh, or Wenglish (see below) refer to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. ...
This does not cite its references or sources. ...
North America
United States · African American Vernacular · Appalachian · Baltimorese · Boston · California · Chicano · Cajun · General American · Maine-New Hampshire · New Jersey · New York City · North American · North Central American · Inland Northern American · Pacific Northwest · Philadelphia · Pittsburgh · Southern American · Utah · Yat · Yooper · Canadian · West/Central Canadian · Maritimer · Newfoundland · Quebec World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ...
African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called African American English, Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), Black Vernacular English (BVE), or Jive (JVE), is a type variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. ...
Appalachian English is a common name for the Southern Midland dialect of American English. ...
Baltimorese, sometimes phonetically written Bawlmerese or Ballimerese, is a dialect of American English which originated among the white blue-collar residents of working class South and Southeast Baltimore. ...
The Boston accent is the English dialect not only of the city of Boston, Massachusetts itself, but more generally of all of eastern New England; some form of it can be heard commonly in an area stretching throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, southern Maine, and eastern Connecticut. ...
California English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the U.S. state of California. ...
Chicano English is a dialect of American English used by Chicanos (persons of Mexican descent in America). ...
Acadiana, the tradtitional Cajun homeland and the stronghold of both the Cajun French and English dialects. ...
Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ...
Maine-New Hampshire English refers to the speech patterns found mainly in the northern New England states of New Hampshire and Maine. ...
For a small state, New Jersey is dialectally quite diverse, with two regions of the state overlapping with other dialect areas, New York and Philadelphia, and several autochthonous dialects. ...
The New York dialect of the English language is spoken by most European Americans in New York City and much of its metropolitan area including Westchester, Orange and Rockland counties, Long Island, and in northeastern New Jersey. ...
North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in the United States and Canada. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
The Inland North Dialect of American English is the standard Midwestern speech that was the basis for General American in the mid-20th Century, though it has been recently modified by the northern cities vowel shift. ...
Pacific Northwest English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the Pacific Northwest. ...
The Philadelphia accent is the accent of English spoken in Philadelphia and extending into Philadelphias suburbs in the Delaware Valley and southern New Jersey. ...
Many of the features found in the speech of Pittsburghers are popularly thought to be unique to the city, as is reflected in the term Pittsburghese, the putative sum of these features in the form of a dialect. ...
The Southern United States Red states show the core of the American South. ...
Utah English, sometimes humorously referred to as Utahnics, is a dialect of the English language spoken in the U.S. state of Utah. ...
Yat refers to a unique dialect of English spoken in New Orleans, Louisiana. ...
Yooper is a form of North Central American English mostly spoken in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, which gives the dialect its name (from UP for Upper Peninsula). ...
The West/Central Canadian English dialect is one of the largest and the most homogenous dialect areas in North America. ...
Maritimer English quirks include the removal of pre-consonantal sounds, and a faster speech tempo. ...
Newfoundland English is a name for several dialects of English specific to the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, distinct from Canadian English. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Caribbean
Bermudian · Bahamian · Caribbean · Jamaican World map depicting Caribbean : West Indies redirects here. ...
Caribbean English is a dialect of the English language spoken in the Caribbean. ...
Oceania | Asia
Australian · New Zealand · Australian Aboriginal · Hawaiian Pidgin | Burmese · Hong Kong · Indian · Manglish · Philippine · Singlish · Sri Lankan For the fictional superstate in George Orwells novel, see Oceania (Nineteen Eighty-Four). ...
World map showing the location of Asia. ...
New Zealand English is the English spoken in New Zealand. ...
Hawaiʻi Pidgin English, Hawaiʻi Creole English, HCE, or simply Pidgin, is a creole language based in part on English used by some residents of Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Pidgin English is considered an inaccurate label). ...
For more background on this topic, see languages of Hong Kong. ...
It has been suggested that British and Malaysian English differences be merged into this article or section. ...
Singlish is an English-based creole language native to Singapore. ...
Sri Lankan English (SLE) is the English language as spoken in Sri Lanka. ...
Africa
Liberian · Malawian · South African A world map showing the continent of Africa. ...
South African English is a dialect of English spoken in South Africa and in neighbouring countries with a large number of Anglo-Africans living in them, such as Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. ...
Miscellaneous
Basic · Commonwealth · Globish · International · Mid-Atlantic · Plain · Simplified · Special · Standard The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
Look up Appendix:Basic English word list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Globish is a portmanteau neologism of the words Global and English. ...
International English is the concept of the English language as a global means of communication in numerous dialects, and the movement towards an international standard for the language. ...
For the region within the United States, see: Mid-Atlantic States Mid-Atlantic English describes a version of the English language which is neither predominantly American or British in usage. ...
Plain English focuses on being a flexible and efficient writing style that readers can understand in one reading. ...
Simplified English is a controlled language originally developed for aerospace industry maintenance manuals. ...
Special English is a simplified version of the English language used by the United States broadcasting service Voice of America in daily broadcasts. ...
Standard English is a general term for a form of written and spoken English that is considered the model for educated people by native English speakers. ...
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