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Indigenous Australians are the people who lived in the Australia and its nearby islands before the arrival of European settlers in 1788, and who continue to live there as minority peoples. The term encompasses both the people of the Australian mainland, known to Europeans as Aborigines, and the Torres Strait Islander people who live in the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea. The term encompasses a large number of diverse communities and societies, with notably different modes of subsistence, cultural practices, languages, technologies and inhabited environments. However, these peoples also share a broad set of traits, and are otherwise seen as being related. The Aboriginal Flag was designed by the Aboriginal artist Harold Thomas in 1971. ...
The Aboriginal Flag was designed by the Aboriginal artist Harold Thomas in 1971. ...
1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. ...
The Torres Strait - Cape York Peninsula is at the top; several of the Torres Strait Islands can be seen strung out towards Papua New Guinea (North is downwards in this image) The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. ...
A community is an amalgamation of living things that share an environment. ...
For the song by the California punk band Pennywise, see Society (song). ...
Subsistence means living in a permanently fragile equilibrium between alimentary needs and the means for satisfying them. ...
Look up Culture on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikinews has news related to this article: Culture and entertainment Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Cultural Development in Antiquity Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Culture and Civilization in Modern Times Classificatory system for cultures and civilizations, by Dr. Sam Vaknin...
Indigenous people from different parts of Australia have their own names for themselves, such as Anangu, Koori, Yamaji, Noongar, Nunga, Murri and Wiradjuri. These names are specific to various regions (see the note on nomenclature, below). Additionally, there are many more specific designations based on language, clan, community and location. By the late 18th century, there were anywhere between 350 and 750 distinct groupings and a similar number of languages and dialects. At the start of the 21st century, only about 200 Australian Aboriginal languages were still in use, all but about 20 of these are endangered to a greater or lesser extent. Anangu is a word that means people in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including, but not limited to: Arrente Western Arrente Eastern Arrente Central Arrente Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Yankunytjatjara Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjara refer to themselves as Anangu, which originally just meant people in general, but has now come to...
Jump to: navigation, search Koori (also spelled Koorie) is a word which some Indigenous Australians in New South Wales and Victoria use to identify themselves, and has become a well established term to mean Indigenous Australians from south eastern Australia. Many Indigenous Australians dislike the terms Aborigine and Aboriginal because...
Australian aboriginal flag The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar /Nyoongar)[1], are an Australian Aboriginal people who live in the south west corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ...
Nunga People have lived throughout Australia for MANY Tens of Thousands of years, despite the English defining Australia to be Terra Nullis and void of habitation by people. ...
Murri is a politically correct term applied generally to indigenous Australians in Queensland in particular, but also sometimes elsewhere. ...
The Wiradjuri are an indigenous people of Australia, who speak the Aboriginal language of that name. ...
A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
In calendars based on the Christian Era or Common Era, such as the Gregorian calendar, the 21st century is the current century, as of this writing. ...
The Australian Aboriginal languages are a Australia, and the rest are descended linguistically from them. ...
Origins
There is no clear or accepted racial origin of the Aboriginal people. Although they migrated to Australia through South-East Asia they are not related to any known Asian population. Nor are they related to the nearly peoples of Melanesia or Polynesia. There is some speculation that they are related to some racial groups in India. In view of the very long time they have been in Australia, almost entirely isolated from other human populations, it is unlikely that they will be found to be closely related to any identifiable racial group. Their languages are also quite unrelated to any other known languages. Melanesia (from Greek black islands) is a region extending from the west Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and north-east of Australia. ...
Polynesia is generally defined as the islands within the triangle Polynesia (from Greek, poly = many and nesos = island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ...
It is believed that first human migration to Australia was achieved when this landmass earlier formed part of the Sahul continent, connected to the island of New Guinea via a land bridge. It is also possible that people came by across the Timor Sea. Human migration denotes any movement of groups of people from one locality to another. ...
Australia-New Guinea, also called Sahul or Meganesia, is made up of the continent of Australia and the islands of New Guinea and Tasmania. ...
Land bridge is essentially a historical term; it refers to dry land exposed during periods of low sea level (see regression), connecting what are now separate continents or islands. ...
The Timor Sea is the stretch of the Pacific Ocean situated between the island of Timor, now split between the states of Indonesia and East Timor, and the Northern Territory of Australia. ...
The exact timing of the arrival of the ancestors of the indigenous Australians has been a matter of dispute among archaeologists. The most conservative widely-accepted timeline for first arrival is between 40,000 - 50,000 years BP. Thermoluminescence dating of the Jinmium site in the Northern Territory suggested a date of 200,000 BP. Although this result received wide press coverage, it is not accepted by most archaeologists. However, it should be noted that only Africa has older physical evidence of human habitation, although recent evidence based on mitochondrial DNA has indicated that some of the ancestors of the indigenous Australians must have resided in what is now India. Before Present is a year numbering system, used for the far past times, relating dates to the year 1950. ...
Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is the determination by means of measuring accumulated radiation dose of the time elapsed since crystalline mineral materials were either heated (lava, ceramics) or exposed to sunlight (sediments). ...
Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
// Etymology World map showing Africa (geographically) The name Africa came into Western use through the Romans, who used the name Africa terra — land of the Afri (plural, or Afer singular) — for the northern part of the continent, as the province of Africa with its capital Carthage, corresponding to modern-day...
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, or less popularly, mDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ...
Tasmanian Aborigines reached Tasmania approximately 40,000 years ago by migrating across a land bridge from the mainland that existed during the last ice age. After the seas rose, the inhabitants there were isolated from the mainland for 10,000 years until the arrival of European settlers. The Tasmanian Aboriginals are the indigenous people of the island state of Tasmania, Australia. ...
Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...
Mungo Man, whose remains were discovered in 1974 near Lake Mungo in New South Wales, is the oldest human yet found in Australia. Although the exact age of Mungo Man is in dispute, the best consensus is that he is at least 40,000 years old. Stone tools also found at Lake Mungo have been estimated, based on stratigraphic association to be about 50,000 years old. Since Lake Mungo is in south-eastern Australia, many archaeologists have concluded that humans must have arrived in north-west Australia at least several thousand years earlier. The Mungo Man (also known as Lake Mungo 3) was an early human inhabitant of the continent of Australia, who is believed to have lived about 40,000 years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch. ...
1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ...
The shore of Lake Mungo. ...
Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Stratigraphy, a branch of geology, is basically the study of rock layers and layering (stratification). ...
Archaeology or sometimes in American English archeology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes. ...
The Torres Strait Islanders are regarded as being distinct from Aboriginal peoples and hence generally not included under the designation "Aboriginal"; they are more closely related to Melanesian peoples. Torres Strait Islander Flag Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. ...
Melanesia (from Greek black islands) is a region extending from the west Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and north-east of Australia. ...
Population As of June 2001, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated the total resident indigenous population to be 458,500 (2.4% of Australia's total), 90% of whom identified as Aboriginal, 6% Torres Strait Islander and the remaining 4% being of dual Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parentage. Jump to: navigation, search 2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the Australian government agency that collects and publishes statistical information about Australia. ...
The Aboriginal population in different years was:
- 1788 - variously estimated between 300,000 and over 1 million
- 1901 - 93,333 (estimate based on State censuses)
- 1991 - 282,979
- 1996 - 386,049
- 2001 - 458,500
In the 2001 census the Aboriginal population in different States was: While the State with the largest total Aboriginal population is New South Wales, as a percentage this constitutes only 2.1% of the overall population of the State. The Northern Territory has the largest Aboriginal population in percentage terms for a State or Territory, with 28.8%. All the other States and Territories have less than 4% of their total populations identifying as Aboriginal; the ACT has the lowest percentage (1.2%). The populations in the eastern states are more likely to be urbanised sometimes in city communities such as at Redfern in Sydney. Whereas many of the populations of the western states live in remote areas, closer to a traditional Aboriginal way of life. Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Nickname: Sunshine State/Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Cygnis Insignis (Distinguished by its swans) Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: United for the Common Wealth Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Look up Act on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Act may refer to: in law, a written document that attests the legality of the transaction. ...
Redfern railway station Redfern is an inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ...
History At the time of first contact with the European colonists in the late 18th century, most Aboriginal people were hunter-gatherers with a complex oral tradition and spiritual values based upon reverence for the land and a belief in the Dreamtime. The Dreamtime is at once the ancient time of creation and the present day reality of Dreaming (See also Aboriginal mythology). The prehistory of Australia is the term used to describe the period of approximately 50,000 years (possibly a lot more) between the arrival of humans on the Australian continent and the first definite sighting of Australia by Europeans in 1606, which may be taken as the beginning of the...
// Prehistory and aboriginal legends Humans first arrived in Australia through Indonesia and New Guinea, either by paddling canoes across the Timor Sea or by crossing a land bridge across what is now Torres Strait, between New Guinea and Australia. ...
The History of Australia began when humans arrived in Australia from the north approximately 50,000 years before present. ...
(17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...
In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ...
Oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next in a civilization without a writing system. ...
The rainbow serpent, the Waugal The Dreamtime, also called The Dreaming, is the central, unifying theme in Aboriginal culture. ...
The word Dreamtime has several meanings: Dreamtime is the mythology of Australian Aborigines. ...
The Aborigines of Australia have a polytheistic, animistic religion. ...
The Aboriginal people lived through great climatic changes and adapted successfully to their changing physical environment. There is much debate about the degree to which Aboriginal people modified their environment. One controversy revolves around the role of Aboriginal people in the extinction of the marsupial megafauna (also see Australian megafauna). Some argue that natural climate change killed the megafauna. Others claim that, because the megafauna were large and slow, they were easy prey for Aboriginal hunters. A third possibility is that Aboriginal modification of the environment, particularly through the use of fire, indirectly led to their extinction. Orders Superorder Ameridelphia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Superorder Australidelphia Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Marsupials are mammals in which the female typically has a pouch (called the marsupium, from which the name Marsupial derives) in which it rears its young through early infancy. ...
Megafauna are the large animals of any particular region or time. ...
Most of the Australian megafauna became extinct during the Pleistocene (20,000-50,000 years before present). ...
A large bonfire Fire is a form of combustion. ...
It is well known that Aboriginal people used fire for a variety of purposes: to encourage the growth of edible plants and fodder for prey; to reduce the risk of catastrophic bushfires; to make travel easier; to eliminate pests; for ceremonial purposes; and just to "clean up country." There is disagreement, however, about the extent to which Aboriginal burning led to large-scale changes in vegetation patterns.
There is evidence of substantial change in Aboriginal culture over time. Rock painting at several locations in northern Australia has been shown to consist of a sequence of different styles linked to different historical periods. Harry Lourandos has been the leading proponent of the theory that a period of hunter-gatherer intensification occurred between 3000 and 1000 BC. Intensification involved an increase in human manipulation of the environment (for example, the construction of eel traps in Victoria), population growth, an increase in trade between groups, a more elaborate social structure, and other cultural changes. A shift in stone tool technology, involving the development of smaller and more intricate points and scrapers, occurred around this time. Cave, or rock, paintings are paintings painted on cave or rock walls and ceilings, usually dating to pre-historic times. ...
Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Ancient stone tools A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made of stone. ...
There were a great many different Aboriginal groups, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language (approximately 300 different languages existed at the time of European settlement). These cultures overlapped to a greater or lesser extent, and evolved over time.
Lifestyles varied a great deal. The idea that Aborigines were primarily desert-dwellers is in fact false: the regions of heaviest population were the same temperate coastal regions that are currently the most heavily populated. These coastal populations were quickly absorbed or forced off their land, however, so the traditional aspects of Aboriginal life survive most strongly in areas such as the Great Sandy Desert where European settlement has until recently been sparse. In all instances, technologies, diets and hunting practices varied according to the local environment. In present-day Victoria, for example, there were two separate communities with an economy based on eel-farming in complex and extensive irrigated pond systems; one on the Murray River in the state's north, the other in the south-west near Hamilton, which traded with other groups from as far away as the Melbourne area. Great Sandy Desert - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ...
A branch of the Murray in its middle reaches, near Howlong, New South Wales The Murray River is Australias second-longest river in its own right (the longest being its tributary the Darling). ...
Hamilton is a town of 9000, three hours west of Melbourne. ...
Jump to: navigation, search Melbourne is the capital and largest city of the state of Victoria, and the second largest city in Australia (after Sydney), with a population of 3. ...
British colonisation In 1770, Captain James Cook took possession of the east coast of Australia and named it New South Wales in the name of Great Britain. The Aboriginal population was decimated by British colonisation begun in 1788. Aboriginal land suitable for grazing and pastoral activities was rapidly appropriated by settlers, with less agriculturally productive areas being settled. Epidemic diseases such as smallpox broke out among local populations within days of the British arrival. A combination of disease, loss of land (and thus food resources) and direct violence reduced the Aboriginal population by an estimated 90% during the 19th century and early 20th century. A wave of massacres and resistance followed the frontier of European settlement. The last recorded massacre was at Coniston in the Northern Territory in 1928. Poisoning of food and water has been recorded on several different occasions. 1770 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
1788 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
Grazing is the regular consumption of part of one organism without killing it by another organism. ...
Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...
Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The number of violent deaths at the hands of whites is still the subject of a vigorous and politically-loaded debate, with some figures—notably Prime Minister John Howard—rejecting what Howard terms "the black-armband" view of Australian history. Figures of around 10,000 deaths have been advanced by historians such as Henry Reynolds. Historian Keith Windschuttle claims such numbers are not backed up by documentary evidence, finding evidence existing only for a much smaller number. Reynolds attacks Windschuttle's interpretation of the existing evidence, argues that the documented proof that Windschuttle requires is unlikely to be available, and questions Windschuttle's rejection of other forms of evidence such as oral history. The current (25th) Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard (sitting, fifth from left), with his Cabinet, 1999 The office of Prime Minister is in practice the most powerful political office in the Commonwealth of Australia. ...
John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939), Australian politician and 25th Prime Minister of Australia, came to office on 11 March 1996 and gained re-election in 1998, 2001 and 2004. ...
Henry Reynolds is an Australian historian. ...
Keith Windschuttle (born 1942) is a right-wing Australian historian and journalist who is the author of several books, including The Killing of History (1994) and The Fabrication of Aboriginal History (2002) which disputes current historical views on Australian history. ...
Oral history is an account of something passed down by word of mouth from one generation to another. ...
 Brass breast plate presented to the Aboriginal leader Coborn Jackey of the Burrowmunditory tribe by the squatter James White in the area now occupied by present day Young, New South Wales. The artefact is held in the museum at Young. Despite the prominence of the direct violence debate, loss of land was probably more significant as a killer, and there is no doubt that by far the major factor in the decline of Australia's Aboriginal population was disease. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1494x858, 873 KB) Brass breast plate presented to the Aboriginal leader Coborn Jackey of the Burrowmunditory tribe by James White a squatter at what is now present day Young, New South Wales, , Australia. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1494x858, 873 KB) Brass breast plate presented to the Aboriginal leader Coborn Jackey of the Burrowmunditory tribe by James White a squatter at what is now present day Young, New South Wales, , Australia. ...
Young is a town in New South Wales, Australia. ...
In particular, chickenpox, smallpox, influenza, venereal diseases, and measles spread in waves throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Aboriginal people had no understanding of European diseases, and very little of the genetic resistance that Europeans had evolved over the centuries. It is estimated that about 90% of the Aboriginal population decline was the result of disease spreading in advance of the European colonists. As always with infectious diseases, the worst-hit communities were the ones with the greatest population densities where disease could spread more readily. Entire communities in the moderately fertile southern part of the continent simply vanished without trace, often before European settlers arrived or recorded their existence. The large eel-farming economy in south-west Victoria, for example, was entirely unknown to science until the turn of the 21st century, when investigations by a team of archaeologists working with and guided by surviving members of a local Aboriginal community began to unearth the foundations of houses and rediscover the irrigation system. For the episode of South Park by that name, see Chickenpox. ...
Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a highly contagious disease unique to humans. ...
Negatively stained flu virions. ...
Sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), are diseases that are commonly transmitted between partners through some form of sexual activity, most commonly vaginal intercourse, oral sex, or anal sex. ...
Families Suborder Anguilloidei Anguillidae (freshwater eels) Heterenchelyidae Moringuidae (worm eels) Xenocongridae (false morays) Muraenidae (moray eels) Myrocongridae Suborder Nemichthyoidei Nemichthyidae (snipe eels) Serrivomeridae (sawtooth snipe eels) Cyemidae (bobtail snipe eels) Suborder Congroidei Congridae (congers) Muraenesocidae (conger pikes) Nettastomatidae (witch eels) Nessorhamphidae (duckbilled eels) Derichthyidae (neck eels) Ophichthidae (snake eels) Macrocephenchelyidae...
In calendars based on the Christian Era or Common Era, such as the Gregorian calendar, the 21st century is the current century, as of this writing. ...
In the arid centre of the continent, where small communities were spread over a vast area, the population decline was less marked, and Aboriginal communities were able to continue in an approximation of their traditional lifestyle for considerably longer—in many cases, until the late 19th century and in a few instances well into the 20th.
Nevertheless, European settlers gradually made their way into the interior, appropriating small but vital parts of the land for their own exclusive use (waterholes and soaks in particular), and introducing sheep, rabbits and cattle, all three of which ate out previously fertile areas and degraded the ability of the land to carry the native animals that were vital to Aboriginal economies. Aboriginal hunters would often spear sheep and cattle, incurring the wrath of graziers, after they replaced the native animals as a food source. Binomial name Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 A sheep is any of several woolly ruminant quadrupeds, but most commonly the Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), which probably descends from the wild moufflon of south-central and south-west Asia. ...
A European Rabbit in Australia In Australia, rabbits are the most serious mammalian pests, an invasive species, and are responsible for the extinction of about as many native animals as the fox. ...
Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle (called simply cows in vernacular usage) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ...
In general, the first European colonisers were welcomed, or at least not opposed, but there were violent conflicts from time to time frequently culminating in killings. In the Northern Territory, both isolated Europeans (usually travellers) and visiting Japanese fishermen continued to be speared to death occasionally until the start of the Second World War in 1939. It is known that some European settlers in the centre and north of the country shot Aboriginal people during this period. One particular series of killings became known as the Caledon Bay Crisis, and became a watershed in the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th-century conflict that...
1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...
In 1932-1934, a series of killings in Caledon Bay in Northern Australia threatened to create even deeper rifts between Indigenous Australians and non-Indigenous Australians, but, largely because of one man, it instead became a turning point towards reconciliation. ...
The 20th century Australian independence from Britain changed little in the relationship between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. As the European pastoral industries developed, several economic changes came about. The appropriation of prime land and the spread of European livestock over vast areas made a traditional Aboriginal lifestyle less viable, but also provided a ready alternative supply of fresh meat for those prepared to risk taking advantage of it.
As large sheep and cattle stations came to dominate outback Australia, Aboriginal women, men and children became a significant source of labour (primarily as domestic servants or station-hands), sometimes on a voluntary basis, but often under conditions that amounted to virtual slavery. For European workers, life in the outback was harsh, dangerous and ill-paid; for Aboriginal workers it was usually worse yet. Most indigenous labour was unpaid, instead indigenous workers received rations in the form of food, clothing and other basic necessities. However many indigenous workers were never paid for their work. Thousands of Aboriginal workers across several generations lost an estimated $500 million because of the Queensland Government's negligence, through diverting withheld wages to raise government revenue, and through misuse of Trust monies. There has been a similar scandal in New South Wales, where 'stolen wages' have been estimated at between $64 and $80 million dollars. The Buxton Memorial Fountain, celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the British Empire in 1834, London. ...
(Several other northern industries, notably pearling, also employed Aboriginal workers.) Pearls from Toba Pearl Island, Japan A pearl is a hard, rounded object produced by certain mollusks, primarily oysters. ...
During the first half of the 20th century, native welfare boards were established in the various states. These instituted a policy of separating children from their parents based upon racial stereotyping. Pale-skinned Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families, so that they could be brought up in a European manner. Aboriginal parents often darkened up their children to keep them. This aspect of Aboriginal history is also open to considerable debate. See Stolen Generation. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
The Australian Constitution originally did not permit indigenous people to be counted in the census (except under the category, 'Flora and Fauna'), thereby effectively denying their right to vote. In 1967, a referendum was held to allow indigenous Australians to be counted in the census and to allow the Federal Government to make laws for the benefit of indigenous Australians. This referendum was successful with a huge majority (90.77%, the largest majority ever obtained by a referendum on any question in Australian history[1] [2]) favouring the constitutional amendments. The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (in full, An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia) is the primary constitutional text of the Commonwealth of Australia. ...
1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The referendum of 27 May 1967 approved two amendments to the Australian constitution relating to Aboriginal people. ...
Recent history
 Torres Strait Islander Flag The Australian Aboriginal population is for the most part urbanised, but a substantial number live in settlements (often located on the site of former church missions) in what are considered remote areas. The health and economic difficulties facing both groups are substantial. For example, life expectancy of Aboriginal people is 20 years shorter than the wider Australian population. Aboriginal people, particularly youths, are substantially more likely to be imprisoned than the general population, and the rate of suicides in police custody remains quite high. Rates of unemployment, health problems and poverty are likewise higher than the general population; and school retention rate and university attendance is lower. The Torres Strait Islander flag, officially an Australian flag since July 14, 1995. ...
The Torres Strait Islander flag, officially an Australian flag since July 14, 1995. ...
A Mission station is a location for missionary work. ...
A prison is a place in which people are confined and deprived of a range of liberties. ...
Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of willfully ending ones own life; it is sometimes a noun for one who has committed or attempted the act. ...
The Australian government has begun a process it calls "Reconciliation". Some notable former Prime Ministers, such as Bob Hawke and Malcolm Fraser have made many symbolic gestures and speeches in support of respect for Aboriginal culture. Many Aboriginal leaders such as Isabell Coe reject such moves, demanding actual sovereignty instead. A prime minister may be either: chief or leading member of the cabinet of the top-level government in a country having a parliamentary system of government; or the official, in countries with a semi-presidential system of government, appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of...
Robert James Lee Hawke (born December 9, 1929), Australian trade union leader and politician, was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia. ...
John Malcolm Fraser (born 21 May 1930), Australian politician and 22nd Prime Minister of Australia, came to power in the circumstances of the dismissal of the Whitlam government. ...
Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty is a political movement amongst Australian aborigines in the 20th century, demanding control of parts of Australia by native peoples. ...
In 1972, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy was established on the steps of Parliament House in Canberra, the Australian capital. The continuous protest has remained in place for over thirty years to demand sovereignty for the Aboriginal peoples. 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ...
Despite its rickety appearance, the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra has survived for over thirty years. ...
Hon John Howard MP, Prime Minister of Australia and leader of the Liberal Party Hon Kim Beazley MP, Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Australian Labor Party The politics of Australia take place within the framework of parliamentary democracy. ...
Canberra is the capital of the Commonwealth of Australia and, with a population of just over 323,000, is also Australias largest inland city. ...
In 1992, the Australian High Court handed down its decision in the Mabo Case, declaring the previous legal concept of terra nullius to be invalid. This decision legally recognised certain land claims of indigenous Australians in Australia prior to British Settlement. Legislation was subsequently enacted and later amended to recognise Native Title claims over land in Australia. 1992 was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (commonly known as Mabo) is a landmark Australian court case which was decided by the High Court of Australia on June 3, 1992. ...
Terra nullius is a Latin expression deriving from Roman Law mearning empty land or no mans land. Modern applications of the term stem from 16th and 17th century doctrines describing land that was unclaimed by a sovereign entity recognized by European authorities as land that was not owned at...
Native title, or indigenous land rights, is a concept in the law of Australia that recognises the continued ownership of land by local Australian Aborigines or Torres Strait Islanders. ...
In 1999 a referendum was held to change the Australian Constitution to include a preamble that, amongst other topics, recognised the occupation of Australia by indigenous Australians prior to British Settlement. This referendum was defeated by a huge majority, though the recognition of indigenous Australians in the preamble was not a major issue in the preamble referendum discussion, and the preamble question attracted secondary attention compared to the question of becoming a republic (see republicanism in Australia for more details on the 1999 referendum). 1999 is a common year starting on Friday Anno Domini (or the Current Era), and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. ...
The 1999 Australian referendum put forward proposals for the establishment of a republic, and the addition of a preamble to the Australian constitution. ...
Australian republicanism is a movement within Australia to replace the countrys existing status as a Commonwealth realm under a constitutional monarchy with a republican form of government. ...
Most recently, in 2004, the Australian Government has abolished The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), which had been Australia's peak indigenous organisation. The Commonwealth cited corruption and in particular, has made allegations concerning the misuse of public funds, as the principal reason. Indigenous specific programs have been mainstreamed, that is, reintegrated and transferred to departments and agencies serving the general population. The Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination has been established within the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs to coordinate the government-wide effort. 2004(MMIV) is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) (1990–2005) was the Australian Government body through which Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders were formally involved in the processes of government affecting their lives. ...
Mainstream is, generally, the common current of thought. ...
The Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination (OIPC) is part of the Australian Government Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA). ...
The Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA) is an Australian government department, part of the part of the Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs Portfolio. ...
In June 2005, Richard Frankland, founder of the 'Your Voice' political party, in an open letter to Prime Minister John Howard, advocated that the eighteenth-century conflicts between indigenous and colonial Australians "be recognised as wars and be given the same attention as the other wars receive within the Australian War Memorial”. In its editorial on 20 June 2005 the Melbourne Age newspaper, said that “Frankland has raised an important question” and asks whether moving “work commemorating Aborigines who lost their lives defending their land … to the War Memorial [would] change the way we regard Aboriginal history.” A prime minister may be either: chief or leading member of the cabinet of the top-level government in a country having a parliamentary system of government; or the official, in countries with a semi-presidential system of government, appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of...
John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939), Australian politician and 25th Prime Minister of Australia, came to office on 11 March 1996 and gained re-election in 1998, 2001 and 2004. ...
ANZAC Day Dawn Service at AWM, 25 April 2005, 90th anniversary The War Memorial is set amongst parkland The Australian War Memorial is Australias national memorial to the members of all its armed forces and supporting organizations who have died in the wars of the modern state of Australia. ...
The Age is a broadsheet daily newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, founded on October 17, 1854. ...
Terminology controversy The names used for the indigenous inhabitants of Australia and its surrounding islands are sometimes controversial. Various words are considered politically charged or derogatory by some.
The word aboriginal, in use in English since the 17th century to mean "first or earliest known, indigenous", was used in Australia as early as 1789; it was soon capitalised and became the standard name for indigenous Australians. Indigenous peoples are: Peoples living in an area prior to colonization by a state Peoples living in an area within a nation-state, prior to the formation of a nation-state, but who do not identify with the dominant nation. ...
1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...
Strictly speaking Aboriginal is an adjective and Aborigine is a noun.
Some indigenous Australians consider the term "Aborigine" derogatory, linking it to negative aspects of Australia's colonial history. The once-common abbreviation Abo is generally considered highly offensive (roughly equivalent to calling somebody a nigger in the United States). The word native, common in literature before about 1960, is now also considered offensive.
Today the preferred usages are Aboriginal People (as in "This is what Aboriginal people want") or Indigenous Australians (which also includes Torres Strait Islanders). Torres Strait Islander Flag Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. ...
There are also names from Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography, including Koori (or Koorie) in New South Wales and Victoria, Murri in southern Queensland, Noongar in southern Western Australia, Nunga in southern South Australia, Anangu in northern South Australia, and neighbouring parts of Western Australia and Northern Territory and Palawah (or Pallawah) in Tasmania. Jump to: navigation, search Koori (also spelled Koorie) is a word which some Indigenous Australians in New South Wales and Victoria use to identify themselves, and has become a well established term to mean Indigenous Australians from south eastern Australia. Many Indigenous Australians dislike the terms Aborigine and Aboriginal because...
Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Murri is a politically correct term applied generally to indigenous Australians in Queensland in particular, but also sometimes elsewhere. ...
Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Nickname: Sunshine State/Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Australian aboriginal flag The Noongar (alternate spellings: Nyungar /Nyoongar)[1], are an Australian Aboriginal people who live in the south west corner of Western Australia from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. ...
Motto: Cygnis Insignis (Distinguished by its swans) Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Nunga People have lived throughout Australia for MANY Tens of Thousands of years, despite the English defining Australia to be Terra Nullis and void of habitation by people. ...
Motto: United for the Common Wealth Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Governor Premier Const. ...
Anangu is a word that means people in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including, but not limited to: Arrente Western Arrente Eastern Arrente Central Arrente Pitjantjatjara Ngaanyatjarra Yankunytjatjara Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjara refer to themselves as Anangu, which originally just meant people in general, but has now come to...
Motto: None Nickname: ? Other Australian states and territories Capital Darwin Government Administrator Chief Minister Const. ...
Palawah or Pallawah is a term of self-reference for Aboriginal people of Tasmania. ...
Motto: Ubertas et Fidelitas (Fertility and Faithfulness) Nickname: The Apple Isle Other Australian states and territories Capital Hobart Government Governor Premier Const. ...
These large groups are further subdivided, for example, Anangu, meaning a person from Australia's central desert area, consists of Yankunytjatjara, Pitjantjatjara, Ngaanyatjara, Luritja and Antikirinya. Pitjantjatjara is the name of both an Aboriginal people (or Anangu) of the Central Australian desert and their language. ...
Luritja is both an Australian Aboriginal country, a group of people and a language. ...
Prominent Aboriginal Australians - Main article: Category:Indigenous peoples of Australia
Note: some Aboriginal cultures consider the mentioning of deceased persons, whether in name or in image, to be taboo. In such cases there may be a special word such as 'Kumantjayi' (IPA /kumencai/), used by the Warlpiri) which will be used to refer to the deceased instead of their name. It is common for Australian media to give warnings prior to mentioning by name or displaying images of deceased Aboriginal persons. This page deals with the cessation of life. ...
A taboo is a strong social prohibition (or ban) relating to any area of human activity or social custom declared as sacred and forbidden; breaking of the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society. ...
The International Phonetic Alphabet. ...
The Warlpiri are an indigenous Australian (or Aboriginal) ethnic group, many of whom speak a language also called Warlpiri. ...
- Politics and public service
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Bob Bellear was the first Australian Aboriginal High Court Judge. ...
A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. ...
Neville Bonner Neville Bonner (28 March 1922 - 5 February 1999), Australian politician, was the first Aboriginal person to be elected to the Parliament of Australia. ...
Australian Senate chamber Entrance to the Senate The Australian Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. ...
Gary Foley (born 11 May 1950-) is an aboriginal activist, academic, writer and actor. ...
Pearl Gibbs (1901 — 1983) was an Aboriginal Australian activist, and the most prominent female activist within the Aboriginal movement in the early 20th century. ...
Categories: Possible copyright violations ...
Lowitja (Lois) ODonoghue (born 1932 in South Australia) is an Aboriginal woman who was formerly the head of ATSIC (the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission). ...
Pat OShane is an Australian magistrate of Aboriginal decent. ...
A magistrate is a judicial officer with limited authority to administer and enforce the law. ...
Noel Pearson (born in June 1965 in Cooktown, Australia) is an Australian lawyer and aboriginal land rights activist. ...
Charles Nelson Perkins (born June 16, 1936 in Alice Springs, died October 19, 2000) was an Australian Aboriginal activist. ...
Aden Ridgeway Aden Derek Ridgeway (born 18 September 1962), Australian politician, was a member of the Australian Senate for New South Wales, from 1999 to 2005, representing the Australian Democrats. ...
Australian Senate chamber Entrance to the Senate The Australian Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. ...
Galarrwuy Yunupingu (1948-) is a leader in the Australian Indigenous community, he has been involved in the fight for Land Rights throughout his career. ...
Mandawuy Yunupingu (b. ...
Arthur Henry Beetson born 22 January 1945 in Roma, Queensland, was a leading Rugby League player for Queensland and Australia from 1964 to 1981. ...
Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Laurie Daley is a five-eight in the Rugby League. ...
Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ...
Condello is an all round nice guy and Zotidis is a 8 year old who hasnt hit pubity. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Catherine Astrid Salome Freeman (born February 16, 1973) is an Australian athlete. ...
Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ...
Jason Neil Gillespie (born April 19, 1975 in Sydney) is an Australian cricketer (right arm fast bowler). ...
Jump to: navigation, search A cricket match in progress. ...
Adam Goodes (born January 8, 1980) is an Australian rules football player. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Evonne Fay Goolagong Cawley, born July 31, 1951 at Griffith, New South Wales, Australia, was a professional tennis player. ...
Tennis balls This article is about the sport, tennis. ...
Chris Johnson (b. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Patrick Johnson is an Indigenous Australian athlete who trains at the Australian Institute of Sport. ...
Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Michael Long was an Australian Rules footballer and outspoken critic of racism in sport. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Unaarrimin or Johhny Mullagh (Born 13 August 1841 died 14 August 1891), was part of the famous Aboriginal australian_cricket_team|Australian cricket team]] that toured England in 1868. ...
Jump to: navigation, search A cricket match in progress. ...
Anthony The Man Mundine is a boxer and former Australian Rugby League player. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ...
Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Stub ...
Athletics, also known as track and field or track and field athletics, is a collection of sport events. ...
David Peachey David Peachey (born February 21, 1974 in Dubbo, NSW) is an Australian Rugby League player for the Cronulla Sharks in the National Rugby League competition and also for Australia & New South Wales. ...
Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ...
Lionel Rose (born June 21, 1948) and raised at Jacksons Track near Drouin. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Dave Sands, born David Ritchie, (February 4, 1926-August 11, 1952) was an Australian Aborigine boxer, he was a member of the Dunghutti tribe. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
Born July 27 1973, Gorden Tallis is widely regarded as one of the best rugby league players in the late 90s and early 00s. ...
Rugby league is one of the two codes of rugby, the other being rugby union. ...
Gavin Wanganeen (born 16 June 1973) is one of the most talented Australian Rules footballers of the last decade. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
Darryl White (b. ...
Australian rules football at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. ...
This is a list of Australian Aboriginal musicians. ...
Australian Aboriginal art refers to art done by Australian Aborigines, covering art that elelepholigical European colonisation as well as contemporary art by Aborigines based on traditional culture. ...
Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ...
Harold Blair (1924-1976) was an Australian singer and Aboriginal activist. ...
Ernie Dingo (born 31 July 1956) is an Aboriginal Australian actor and television personality. ...
Actors in priod costume sharing a joke whilst waiting btween takes during location filming. ...
A celebrity is a person who is widely recognized in a society. ...
David Gulpilil (sometimes given as David Gumpilil) (b. ...
Actors in priod costume sharing a joke whilst waiting btween takes during location filming. ...
Emily Kame Kngwarreye (1910-1996), Australian Aboriginal artist from the Utopia community in the Northern Territory. ...
Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ...
Deborah Mailman (born 1973), Australian actor, was the first indigenous Australian actor to win the AFI Best Actress Award and played the character Kelly on successful Australian television series, The Secret Life of Us. ...
Actors in period costume sharing a joke whilst waiting between takes during location filming. ...
Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ...
// Introduction Tracey Moffat(1960- ), Australian artist using primarily photography and video in her works. ...
This is a list of notable photographers in the art, documentary and fashion traditions. ...
The film director, on the right, gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, whilst filming a costume drama on location in London. ...
Sally Jane Morgan (née Milroy, born 18 January 1951 in Perth, Western Australia) is an Australian Aborigine author, scriptwriter and artist. ...
The term writer can apply to anyone who creates a written work, but the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ...
Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ...
Albert Namatjira (28 July 1902 – 1959), born Elea Namatjira is an Australian Aborigine artist of the Arrernte (Aranda) tribe. ...
Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ...
Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath Walker) (November 3, 1920 - September 16, 1993) was an Australian poet, actress, writer, teacher, artist and a campaigner for Aboriginal rights. ...
Actors in priod costume sharing a joke whilst waiting btween takes during location filming. ...
Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri (1933-2002), Australian Aboriginal art artist. ...
Artist is a subjective term which describes a person creative in, innovative in, or adept at, their endeavors. ...
Leah Purcell (born 14 August, 1970) is an Australian actress from Murgon in the Kingaroy district of Queensland. ...
Actors in period costume sharing a joke whilst waiting between takes during location filming. ...
Archie Roach (born 1956, Mooroopna, Victoria) is an Australian musician. ...
A musician is a person who plays or composes music. ...
David Unaipon (born 28th September 1872, Point Macleay (Raukkan) Mission; died 7th February 1967, ) was an Australian Aboriginal preacher, inventor and writer. ...
Sir Douglas Doug Ralph Nicholls, KCVO, OBE (1906–1988) was an Australian Aborigine from the Yorta Yorta people of New South Wales. ...
Portrait (signed W.W.) thought to depict Bennelong Bennelong (c. ...
Pemulwuy (born about 1760, died 1802) was an Australian Aboriginal who came to public attention in 1790 when he was accused of the Cooks River killing of Governor Philips gamekeeper John Macentire. ...
The Eora (sometimes spelt Iora or Iyora) people were the aboriginal occupants of the Sydney region in 1788 when the first European colonists arrived. ...
Tommy Windich (c. ...
Tullamareena(or Tullamarine, Dullamarin) was a senior man of the Wurundjeri, a Koori, (Aboriginal) people of the Melbourne area, at the time of the British settlement in Victoria, Australia, in 1835. ...
Portrait of Yagan, from Dale (1834)1 Yagan (c. ...
Events and Trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday Dutch-speaking farmers known as Voortrekkers emigrate northwards from the Cape Colony Croquet invented in Ireland Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States Egba refugees fleeing the Yoruba civil wars found the city of Abeokuta in south-west Nigeria...
See also External references ausanthrop. ...
Australian Aboriginal flag There are several hundred Australian Aboriginal communities in Australia, which are often referred to as being tribes. ...
Australian Aborigines are the native peoples of Australia. ...
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. ...
Australian Aboriginal art refers to art done by Australian Aborigines, covering art that elelepholigical European colonisation as well as contemporary art by Aborigines based on traditional culture. ...
The rainbow serpent, the Waugal The Dreamtime, also called The Dreaming, is the central, unifying theme in Aboriginal culture. ...
The Aborigines of Australia have a polytheistic, animistic religion. ...
Roderick Flanagan (1 April 1828 – 13 March 1862) was an Australian historian, anthropologist, poet, newspaper proprietor and journalist. ...
Words of Australian Aboriginal origin, have entered many languages. ...
The black arm band theory of history is a claim made by right-wing Australian politicians and intellectuals that Australian history is told as a story of atrocities and mourning. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
External links Listed alphabetically: - ABC Message Stick Indigenous News Online
- ABC Message Stick Indigenous Gateway
- Aboriginal Links International - Australian Links
- Aboriginal Studies WWW Virtual Library
- ABS Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population
- ABS estimates
- Bibliography for Aboriginal Studies
- DFAT Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ABS Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population
- Indigenous Australia - Australian Museum educational site
- KooriWeb
- Norman B. Tindal's Catalogue of Aboriginal Tribes
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