NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Australian Defence Force

The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Australia. It consists of the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force and a number of 'tri-service' units. Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... The Australian Army is Australias military land force. ... The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... The main offices of the Department of Defence and the ADFs administrative headquarters are located in the Russell Offices complex in Canberra The Australian Defence Organisation is an Australian Government organisation which consists of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the civilian personnel supporting the ADF. The Chief of... The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. ... This article is about the Governor-General of Australia. ... Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor; born 21 April 1926) is Queen of sixteen sovereign states, holding each crown and title equally. ... List of Australian Ministers for Defence (see Australian Defence Force, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, and Royal Australian Air Force. ... Dr. Brendan John Nelson (born 19 August 1958), Australian politician, has been a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives since March 1996, representing the Division of Bradfield, New South Wales. ... Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, current CDF The Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) is the most senior appointment in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns in RAF No 1 Dress uniform Air Chief Marshal (Air Chf Mshl or ACM) is a senior air officer rank in the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom As well as the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and air forces of many Commonwealth... Air Chief Marshal Allan (Angus) Grant Houston, AO, AFC, is the Chief of the Australian Defence Forces as of 4 July 2005. ... Number of active troops per country This is a list of countries sorted by the total number of active troops where the military manpower of a country is measured by the total amount of active troops within the command of that country. ... ISO 4217 Code AUD User(s) Australia, Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island Inflation 2. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Thales Group (Euronext: HO) is a major French electronics company delivering mission-critical information systems and services for the Aerospace, Defence, and Security markets. ... Tenix Pty Ltd is the parent company of the Tenix Group, Australiaâ€™s largest locally-owned defence and technology contractor. ... The Military history of Australia spans several centuries and includes Australias involvement in wars. ... Australian Defence Force Ensign The following image shows the badges of rank and special insignia for officers and enlisted personnel in the Australian Defence Force (ADF) three service branches. ... Image File history File links Adf. ... Alternate cover US 1979 and 2002 reissue cover, also known as paint spatter cover For the military meaning, see Armed forces. ... The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... The Australian Army is Australias military land force. ... The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. ...

During the first decades of the 20th century, the Australian Government established three separate armed services. Each service had an independent chain of command. In 1976, the government made a strategic change and established the ADF to place the services under a single headquarters. Over time, the degree of integration has increased and tri-service headquarters, logistics and training institutions have supplanted many single-service establishments. The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy, a federation, and a parliamentary democracy. ... For the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, see Chain of Command (Star Trek: The Next Generation). ...

The ADF is technologically sophisticated but relatively small. Although the ADF's 51,000 full-time active-duty personnel and 19,400 reservists make it the largest military in Oceania, it is much smaller than most Asian militaries. Nonetheless, the ADF is able to deploy forces in multiple locations outside Australia. A military reserve force is a military organization composed of part-time military personnel, and sometimes civilians, who are available to fight when a nation mobilizes for total war or to defend against invasion. ... For other uses, see Oceania (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Asia (disambiguation). ...

Role

Legal standing

The ADF's legal standing draws on the Executive Government sections of the Australian Constitution. Section 51(vi) gives the Commonwealth Government the power to make laws regarding Australia's defence and defence forces. Section 114 of the Constitution prevents the States from raising armed forces without the permission of the Commonwealth and Section 119 gives the Commonwealth responsibility for defending Australia from invasion and sets out the conditions under which the government can deploy the defence force domestically.^[1] The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (in full, An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia) is the primary constitutional text of the Commonwealth of Australia. ... The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy, a federation, and a parliamentary democracy. ...

Section 68 of the Constitution sets out the ADF's command arrangements. The Section states that "the command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative." The Constitution does not mention the Air Force as aircraft had not been invented when it was written. Subsequent legislation places the Air Force under the same command structure. In practice, the Governor General does not play an active part in the ADF's command structure and the elected Australian Government controls the ADF. The Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control. The Minister acts on most matters alone, though the National Security Committee of Cabinet considers important matters. The Minister then advises the Governor-General who acts as advised in the normal form of executive government.^[2] The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. ... Judicial High Court Lower Courts Constitution State and territory governments Executive Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Legislative Parliaments and Assemblies State electoral systems ACT - NSW - NT - Qld. ... The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy, a federation, and a parliamentary democracy. ... List of Australian Ministers for Defence (see Australian Defence Force, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, and Royal Australian Air Force. ... U.S. President Abraham Lincolns active involvement in the conduct of the American Civil War, which frequently involved pressing his generals to undertake more aggressive actions, set a precedent for the power of the civilian Commander-in-Chief. ... The Cabinet of Australia (whose members also serve in the Executive Council of Australia) is the council of senior ministers, responsible to parliament. ... In political science and constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. ...

Current priorities

In 2000, the Australian Government developed a White Paper to guide all aspects of its defence policy. The White Paper sets out and explains the ADF's priorities. The paper states that the ADF has three priorities. The first of these priorities is to maintain the capability to defend Australian territory from any credible attack, without relying on help from the combat forces of any other country. The second priority is to contribute to the security of Australia's immediate neighbourhood through working with neighbouring countries and participating in United Nations-sanctioned peacekeeping operations. The third priority for the ADF is to contribute to international coalitions of forces outside of Australia's immediate neighbourhood where Australian interests are engaged. The ADF is also responsible for contributing to coastal surveillance and responding to emergencies, including natural disasters.^[3] UN and U.N. redirect here. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ...

Australia's National Security. A Defence Update 2007 is the most recent Australian Government review of its national security policies. This document states that "because of the increasing complexity of the international security environment, Australia must prepare for a range of possible events, both close to home and further afield, with lessened forewarning of crises.".^[4] To meet these events it is argued that the ADF must be capable of acting independently within Australia's region to deter or defeat threats to Australia's territory and interests. This includes possessing a capability to conduct military operations at short notice.^[5] The document also states that the ADF must be able to make a significant contribution to international coalition operations outside Australia's region. The ADF is not expected to be capable of acting independently outside this region, however.^[6]

History

The Military history of Australia spans several centuries and includes Australias involvement in wars. ... The Royal Australian Navy was established in 1909 and has seen action in all the worlds oceans during both World Wars and numerous other conflicts. ... // The Two Armies: Militia and Permanent forces 1870â€“1947 For more than 80 years after the first British settlement, the only professional soldiers in Australia were members of British Army garrisons. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Formation of the Australian Defence Force

Australia has maintained military forces since federation as a nation in January 1901. Upon Federation, the Australian Government established the Australian Army and Commonwealth Naval Force. In 1909, the Government established the Royal Australian Navy, which absorbed the Commonwealth Naval Force. The Army established the Australian Flying Corps in 1912 although this separated to form the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921. The services were not linked by a single chain of command, as they each reported to their own separate Minister and had separate administrative arrangements. The three services saw action around the world during World War I and World War II. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... HMS Majestic (R77) was the lead ship of her class of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy. ... The federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed a federation. ... The Australian Army is Australias military land force. ... The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... An Australian WWI recruiting poster, titled Would you stand by while a bushfire raged?. When WWI broke out in 1914, all of the Commonwealth nations, including Australia, were called to defend Great Britain. ... Australia entered World War II shortly after the invasion of Poland. ...

The importance of 'joint' warfare was made clear to the Australian Military during World War II when Australian naval, ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands. Following the war, several senior officers lobbied for the appointment of a commander in chief of the three services. The government rejected this proposal and the three services remained fully independent.^[8] The absence of a central authority resulted in poor coordination between the services with each service organising and operating on the basis of a different military doctrine.^[9] Joint warfare is a military doctrine which places priority on the integration of the various service branches of a states armed forces into one unified command. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... A Commander-in-Chief is the commander of a nations military forces or significant element of those forces. ... Military doctrine is a level of military planning between national strategy and unit-level tactics, techniques, and procedures. ...

The need for an integrated command structured received more emphasis during the Australian military's experiences in the Vietnam War.^[10] In 1973, the Secretary of the Department of Defence, Arthur Tange, submitted a report to the Government that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service into a single Department of Defence and the creation of the post of Chief of the Defence Force Staff. The government accepted these recommendations and the Australian Defence Force was established on 9 February 1976.^[11] Images on the back wall of the Vietnam Forces National Memorial, Canberra The Vietnam War was a conflict in which the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV, or North Vietnam) and its allies fought against the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, or South Vietnam) and its allies. ... The Department of Defence is an Australian government department. ... Sir Arthur Harold Tange AC, CBE (18 August 1914 â€“ 10 May 2001) was a prominent Australian senior public servant of the middle to late 20th century. ...

Defence of Australia era

Until the 1970s, Australia's military strategy centred on the concept of 'forward defence', in which the role of the Australian military was to cooperate with Allied forces to counter threats in Australia's region. In 1969, when the United States began the Guam Doctrine and the British withdrew 'east of Suez', Australia developed a defence policy emphasising self-reliance of the Australian continent. This policy was the Defence of Australia (DOA) Policy. Under DOA, the focus of Australian defence planning was to protect Australia's northern maritime approaches (the 'air-sea gap') against enemy attack.^[13] In line with this goal, the ADF was restructured to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases and to counter raids on continental Australia. The ADF achieved this by increasing the capabilities of the RAN and RAAF and relocating regular Army units to northern Australia.^[14] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Nixon Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by Richard Nixon. ... East of Suez was a term used in British military and political discussions. ... The Defence of Australia Policy was Australias dominant defence policy between 1972 and 1997. ... The term northern Australia is generally considered to include the Australian states and territories of Queensland and the Northern Territory. ...

At this time, the ADF had no military units on operational deployment outside Australia. In 1987, the ADF made its first operational deployment as part of Operation Morris Dance, in which several warships and a rifle company deployed to the waters off Fiji in response to the 1987 Fijian coups d'état. While broadly successful, this deployment highlighted the need for the ADF to improve its capability to rapidly respond to unforeseen events.^[15] HMAS Tobruk during an exercise in 1987 Operation Morris Dance was an Australian military operation conducted in May 1987 in response to the first of the 1987 Fijian coups dÃ©tat. ... The Fiji coups of 1987 resulted in the overthrow of the elected government of Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra and in the declaration of a republic. ...

Since the late 1980s, the Government has increasingly called upon the ADF to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world. While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists, several led to the deployment of hundreds of personnel. Large peacekeeping deployments were made to Namibia in early 1989, Cambodia between 1992 and 1993, Somalia in 1993, Rwanda between 1994 and 1995 and Bougainville in 1994 and from 1997 onwards.^[16] Location of North Solomons (Bougainville) Province in Papua New Guinea This article is about the island; Bougainville is also the name of a commune in the Somme dÃ©partement of France. ...

The Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War was the first time Australian personnel were deployed to an active war zone since the establishment of the ADF. Although the warships and clearance diving team deployed to the Persian Gulf did not see combat, the deployment tested the ADF's capabilities and command structure. Following the war the Navy regularly deployed a frigate to the Persian Gulf or Red Sea to enforce the trade sanctions imposed on Iraq.^[17] HMAS Sydney in the Persian Gulf in 1991. ... For other nations commando frogmen, and information about frogmen in general, see Frogman. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... HMAS Darwin in the Persian Gulf in March 2005. ... United Nations sanctions against Iraq were imposed by the United Nations in 1990 following Iraqs invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and continued until the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. ...

East Timor and after

In 1996, John Howard led the Liberal Party's election campaign and became Prime Minister. Subsequently, there were significant reforms to the ADF's force structure and role. The new government's defence strategy placed less emphasis on defending Australia from direct attack and greater emphasis on working in cooperation with regional states and Australia's allies to manage potential security threats.^[18] In line with this new focus, the ADF's force structure changed in an attempt to increase the proportion of combat units to support units and to improve the ADF's combat effectiveness. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a four-engine turboprop cargo aircraft and the main tactical airlifter for many military forces worldwide. ... John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is an Australian politician and the 25th Prime Minister of Australia. ... The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. ... RG Casey House, Canberra, is the headquarters of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the department responsible for the formulation and enactment of Australian foreign policy. ...

The ADF's experiences during the deployment to East Timor in 1999 led to significant changes in Australia's defence policies and to an enhancement of the ADF's ability to conduct operations outside Australia. This successful deployment was the first time a large Australian military force had operated outside of Australia since the Vietnam War and revealed shortcomings in the ADF's ability to mount and sustain such operations.^[19] In 2000, the Government released a new Defence White Paper, Defence 2000 - Our Future Defence Force that placed a greater emphasis on preparing the ADF for overseas deployments. The Government committed to improve the ADF's capabilities by improving the readiness and equipment of ADF units, expanding the ADF and increasing real Defence expenditure by 3% per year.^[20] In 2003 and 2005, the Defence Updates emphasised this focus on expeditionary operations and the result has been an expansion and modernisation of the ADF.^[21] Australian soldiers and an ASLAV in East Timor in 1999. ... Nominal value is the value of anything expressed in money of the day, versus real value which removes the effect of inflation. ...

Since 2000, the ADF's expanded force structure and deployment capabilities have been put to the test on a number of occasions. Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Australia committed a special forces task group and an air-to-air refuelling aircraft to operations in Afghanistan, and naval warships to the Persian Gulf as Operation Slipper. In 2003, approximately 2000 ADF personnel, including a special forces task group, three warships and 14 F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, took part in the invasion of Iraq. Later in 2003, elements of all three services deployed to the Solomon Islands as part of the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands. In late 2004, over 1000 ADF personnel deployed to Indonesia in Operation Sumatra Assist following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.^[22] In May 2006, approximately 2000 ADF personnel deployed to Timor Leste (East Timor) in Operation Astute following unrest between elements of the Timor Leste Defense Force. A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center The September 11, 2001 attacks (often referred to as 9/11â€”pronounced nine eleven or nine one one) consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks upon the United States, predominantly... For other uses, see Special forces (disambiguation). ... Aerial refueling, also called in-flight refueling (IFR) or air-to-air refueling (AAR), is the practice of transferring fuel from one aircraft to another during flight. ... Map of the Persian Gulf. ... Operation Slipper is the Australian Defence Force (ADF)contribution to the International Coalition against Terrorism. ... The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F/A-18 Hornet is a modern all-weather carrier-capable strike fighter jet, designed to attack both ground and aerial targets. ... An Australian SAS patrol in western Iraq. ... Map of the Solomon Islands The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), also known as Operation Helpem Fren, was created in 2003 in response to a request for international aid by the Governor-General of the Solomon Islands. ... Australian and Indonesian military personel work together to unload an Australian C-130 Hercules at Banda Aceh Operation Sumatra Assist was the Australian Defence Forces (ADFs) contribution to disaster relief in Indonesia following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. ... The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake,[1] was a great undersea earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004 with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. ... The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor, is an island nation in Southeast Asia, consisting of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, a political exclave of East Timor situated on the western side of... It has been suggested that Timeline of Operation Astute be merged into this article or section. ... The ForÃ§as de Defesa de Timor Leste (Tetum: Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosae English: Timor Leste Defence Force) or FALINTIL-FDTL (often F-FDTL) - the Military of East Timor - comprises an Army and a small Naval component. ...

Current operations

In July 2007 around 3850 Australian Defence Force personnel were deployed on overseas operations. An additional 450 personnel were also deployed on domestic maritime security tasks.^[23] While these deployments have placed pressure on some elements of the military, and particularly the Army, the ADF is not currently 'overstretched'.^[24] ADF deployments as at June 2007. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 55 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 Ã— 625 pixel, file size: 55 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

The ADF currently has two-large scale deployments in the Middle East. The ADF's contribution to the rehabilitation of Iraq, Operation Catalyst, forms the largest ADF deployment. As of July 2007, 1575 ADF personnel were deployed to the Middle East as part of this operation. The other main ADF operation in the Middle East is Operation Slipper, Australia's contribution to the international coalition against terrorism. In July 2007 approximately 970 ADF personnel were also deployed as part of this operation.^[25] The Australian force in Afghanistan will be expanded to more than 1000 personnel over 2007 and 2008.^[26] The ADF also maintains three small contributions totalling 52 personnel to peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and Africa.^[27] A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... An Australian SAS patrol in western Iraq. ... Operation Slipper is the Australian Defence Force (ADF)contribution to the International Coalition against Terrorism. ... This article is about U.S. actions, and those of other states, after September 11, 2001. ...

ADF units are currently deployed on two operations in Australia's immediate neighbourhood. Approximately 1100 personnel, most of whom form part of the joint Australia-New Zealand ANZAC Battle Group, are deployed to Timor Leste on peacekeeping duties as part of Operation Astute. A rifle company group of 140 personnel is also deployed in the Solomon Islands as the ADF's contribution to the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands.^[28] The ANZAC Battle Group is an Australian-led battle group deployed to Timor Leste as part of Operation Astute. ... The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor, is an island nation in Southeast Asia, consisting of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, a political exclave of East Timor situated on the western side of... It has been suggested that Timeline of Operation Astute be merged into this article or section. ... Map of the Solomon Islands The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), also known as Operation Helpem Fren, was created in 2003 in response to a request for international aid by the Governor-General of the Solomon Islands. ...

Future trends

Australia's changing security environment will lead to new demands being placed on the Australian Defence Force. Although it is not expected that Australia will face any threat of direct attack, terrorist groups and tensions between nations in East Asia pose threats to Australian security. The unstable governments in many South Pacific countries may lead to some of these countries becoming 'failed states' in the future. Such 'failed states' may require military-led interventions to restore civil government.^[29] This article is becoming very long. ... East Asia Geographic East Asia. ... For Noam Chomskys 2006 book, see Failed States (book). ...

Australian demographic trends will put pressure on the ADF in the future.^[30] Excluding other factors, the aging of the Australian population will result in smaller numbers of potential recruits entering the Australian labour market each year. Some predictions are that population aging will result in slower economic growth and increased government expenditure on pensions and health programs. As a result of these trends, the aging of Australia's population may worsen the ADF's manpower situation and may force the Government to reallocate some of the Defence budget.^[31] In addition, the current labour shortages across much of the Australian economy may frustrate the ADF's expansion plans and delay the introduction of new equipment.^[32] Population, 1961-2004 The demographics of Australia cover basic statistics, most populous cites, ethnicity and religious affiliation. ... Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the market for labour. ... Throughout this article, the unqualified term dollar and the $ symbol refer to the Australian dollar. ...

The increasing cost of defence equipment also poses a challenge to the ADF. The Australian Strategic Policy Institute estimates that the cost of purchasing and operating the equipment in the Defence Capability Plan may exceed the projected Defence Budget. If additional resources are not made available to correct this funding shortfall the government may be forced to reduce the ADF's size.^[33] The Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) is an Australian Government-funded think tank which was established in 2001. ...

The ADF has developed strategies to respond to Australia's changing strategic environment and population base. These strategies include expanding the ADF and introducing new equipment in order to increase Australia's 'strategic weight'. To maintain Australia's qualitative lead over neighbouring states the ADF intends to introduce new technologies and maintain the high quality of Australian military training. The ADF is also seeking to develop and implement improved military tactics based upon the integration of technology and better cooperation between the services.^[34]

Current structure

The Australian Defence Force and Australian Department of Defence together make up the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO). A diarchy of the Chief of the Defence Force and the Secretary of Defence administers the ADO. The ADF is the military component of the ADO and consists of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The Department of Defence is staffed by both civilian and military personnel and includes agencies such as the Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO), the Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) and the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO). The DMO purchases and maintains defence equipment. The DSTO provides science and technology support to the defence forces. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Air Marshal Geoffrey David Shepherd AO is Chief of Air Force (CAF) of the Royal Australian Air Force, as of 4 July 2005, replacing Air Marshal Angus Houston. ... Lt Gen Peter Leahy walks among US Marine Corps recruits in 2004 Lieutenant General Peter Francis Leahy AC is the current Chief of the Australian Army. ... Air Chief Marshal Allan (Angus) Grant Houston, AO, AFC, is the Chief of the Australian Defence Forces as of 4 July 2005. ... Vice Admiral Russ Shalders, AO, CSC, RAN Vice Admiral Russell Edward Shalders, AO, CSC, RAN (b. ... The Department of Defence is an Australian government department. ... The main offices of the Department of Defence and the ADFs administrative headquarters are located in the Russell Offices complex in Canberra The Australian Defence Organisation is an Australian Government organisation which consists of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and the civilian personnel supporting the ADF. The Chief of... Diarchy (or dyarchy) is a society or an organization with two rulers on an equal standing. ... Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, current CDF The Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) is the most senior appointment in the Australian Defence Force (ADF). ... In times of armed conflict a civilian is any person who is not a combatant. ... The Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO) is one of Australias intelligence agencies, providing assessment of intelligence obtained by other Australian and cooperating foreign intelligence agencies, supporting Defence and Government decision_making and the planning and conduct of Australian Defence Force operations. ... The Defence Materiel Organisation (DMO) is the Australian Government agency responsible for the acquisition, through-life support and disposal of equipment for the Australian Defence Force. ... The Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) is a branch of the Australian Department of Defence which researches and develops technologies for use in the Australian Defence Industry. ...

Command arrangements

The Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) is the most senior appointment in the ADF. The CDF commands the ADF under the direction of the Minister of Defence and is notionally the equal of the Secretary of Defence, the most senior public servant in the Department of Defence. The CDF is the only four-star officer in the ADF and is a General, Admiral or Air Chief Marshal. Hugh White, a prominent academic and former Deputy Secretary in the Department of Defence, has criticised the ADF's current command structure. White argues that the Minister plays too large a role in military decision-making and does not provide the CDF and Secretary of Defence with necessary and sufficient authority to manage the ADO effectively.^[35] List of Australian Ministers for Defence (see Australian Defence Force, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, and Royal Australian Air Force. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Admiral (disambiguation). ... Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns in RAF No 1 Dress uniform Air Chief Marshal (Air Chf Mshl or ACM) is a senior air officer rank in the Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom As well as the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and air forces of many Commonwealth...

Under the current ADF command structure the day-to-day management of the ADF is distinct from the command of military operations.^[36] The services are administered through the Australian Defence Organisation, with the head of each service (the Chief of Navy, Chief of Army and Chief of Air Force) and the service headquarters being responsible for raising, training and sustaining combat forces. The Chiefs are also the Government's principal advisor on matters concerning the responsibilities of their service.^[37] Flag of the Chief of Navy The Chief of Navy is the most senior appointment in the Royal Australian Navy, responsible to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) and the Minister for Defence. ... // in reverse chronological order Lieutenant General Peter Leahy, 28 June 2002 to present Lieutenant General Peter Cosgrove, 16 July 2000 to 28 June 2002 Lieutenant General Francis Hickling, 24 June 1998 to 15 July 2000 Lieutenant General John Sanderson, 19 February 1997 to 23 June 1998 Lieutenant General John Sanderson... Air Marshal Sir Richard Williams, the first and longest-serving chief of the RAAF Chief of Air Force (CAF) is the most senior appointment in the Royal Australian Air Force, responsible to the Chief of the Defence Force (CDF) and the Secretary for Defence. ...

While the individual members of each service ultimately report to their service's Chief, the Chiefs do not control military operations. Control of ADF operations is exercised through a formal command chain headed by the Vice Chief of the Defence Force (VCDF), who reports to the CDF as the Chief of Joint Operations. As part of this structure each service is organised into an administrative headquarters (Navy, Army and Air Force headquarters) which supports the service Chief and an operational command (Fleet Headquarters, Land Command and Air Command) which reports to the VCDF. The Navy and Army also have a training command which reports to the head of the respective service (the RAAF's Training Group has formed part of Air Command since 2006). Several 'joint' operational commands also report to the VCDF. In practice, when ADF units deploy on exercises or operational deployments they are temporarily re-assigned from their respective service to the relevant operational headquarters.^[39] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 455 pixelsFull resolution (992 Ã— 564 pixel, file size: 20 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 455 pixelsFull resolution (992 Ã— 564 pixel, file size: 20 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Lieutenant General Ken Gillespie, the current VCDF The Vice Chief of the Defence Force (VCDF) is the military deputy to the Chief of the Defence Force and acts as the Chief of the Defence Force in his absence under standing acting arrangements. ...

Other countries with integrated military command structures comparable to Australia's include Canada (Canadian Forces), Britain (British Armed Forces) and New Zealand (New Zealand Defence Force). The Canadian Forces (CF) (French: Forces canadiennes (FC)) are the unified armed forces of Canada, governed by the National Defence Act, which states: The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces. ... The armed forces of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majestys Armed Forces, and sometimes legally the Armed Forces of the Crown[1], encompasses a navy, army, and an air force. ... The New Zealand Defence Force consists of three branches: the New Zealand Army; the Royal New Zealand Navy; and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. ...

Joint combat forces

Operational command of the ADF is exercised by Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC), which is currently located in Canberra. This command was initially established as Headquarters Australian Theatre in 1997 and was re-designated in 2004.^[40] The Vice-Chief of Defence Force has the additional responsibility of Chief of Joint Operations, directing the JOC. The Australian Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC) was formed from HQAST (Headquarters Australian Theatre) in 2004 to reflect the changing internal structure of the ADF (Australian Defence Forces) and the desire to provide a co-located Joint Headquarters. ...

The ADF has a number of permanent joint operational commands responsible to the Vice-Chief of Defence Force. Joint Logistics Command is responsible for managing the ADF's logistics, which it achieves through regional Joint Logistics units and contracts with private companies.^[41] Special Operations Command currently draws almost exclusively from the Army and is responsible for all of Australia's special forces assets.^[42] Northern Command, headquartered in Darwin, is responsible for operations in Northern Australia and has elements of the three services under its command at all times.^[43] The ADF also has two Deployable Joint Force Headquarters; one is based on the Army's 1st Division headquarters and the other on the Navy's Commodore Flotillas headquarters. The designation of these headquarters are DJFHQ (Land) and DJFHQ (Maritime), respectively.^[44] Temporary joint task force headquarters are also often formed during deployments and exercises.^[45] SOCOMD Badge Wyvern with Acies Acuta Soldiers from Special Operations Command during a demonstration held for the Media in May 2003 The Special Operations Command (SOC) is the newest branch of the Australian Defence Force (ADF). ... For other uses, see Special forces (disambiguation). ... The Australian Northern Command is an operational joint Australian Defence Force headquarters. ... â€œPort Darwinâ€ redirects here. ... The term northern Australia is generally considered to include the Australian states and territories of Queensland and the Northern Territory. ... The name 1st Division has been used for two different units of the Australian Army. ...

Royal Australian Navy

The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. The RAN operates over 50 vessels, including frigates, submarines, patrol boats and auxiliary ships. The RAN is one of the most modern navies in the Pacific and is responsible for defending Australian waters and undertaking operations in distant locations.^[46] The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) The British Grand Fleet, the supreme naval force of World War I A rare occurrence of a 5-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea. ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ... For other uses, see Submarine (disambiguation). ... Categories: Ship types ...

There are two parts to the RAN's structure. One is an operational command, Fleet Headquarters, and the other is a support command, Navy Systems Command.^[47] The Navy's assets are administered by seven Force Element Groups (FEGs), which report to the Commander Australian Fleet. The seven FEGs are: Australian Navy Surface Combatants Force, Amphibious Warfare Forces along with the Afloat Support Force, Naval Aviation Force, Australian Navy Submarine Force, Mine Warfare and Clearance Diving Forces, Australian Navy Patrol Boat Force and the Australian Navy Hydrographic Force.^[48] The Fleet Air Arm (more formally known as the Australian Navy Aviation Group) is the operational part of the Royal Australian Navy responsible for the operation of aircraft aboard ship. ... Crest of the Submarine Service The Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service is the collective name of the submarine element of the Royal Australian Navy. ... Australian Patrol Boat Group crest HMAS Armidale The Australian Patrol Boat Group is a force element group of the Royal Australian Navy, the groups mission is to provide patrol boat capability for the protection of Australias national interests. ... The Royal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service is the agency of the Australian Commonwealth Government responsible for the mapping and surveying of undersea terrain and irregularities on and under the waters surface (known collectively as hydrography). ...

Australian Army

The Australian Army is Australia's military land force. While the Australian Army is principally a light infantry force, it is currently being 'hardened and networked' and expanded to enable it to conduct higher-intensity operations.^[49] The Australian Army, as with many other armies of nations that were formerly part of the British Empire, is structured in a similar way to the British Army, with divisions and brigades as the main formations, subdivided into regiments and battalions. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 498 pixelsFull resolution (3017 Ã— 1878 pixel, file size: 259 KB, MIME type: image/png) The structure of the Australian Land Forces (including Special Forces Command), made by myself noclador File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 498 pixelsFull resolution (3017 Ã— 1878 pixel, file size: 259 KB, MIME type: image/png) The structure of the Australian Land Forces (including Special Forces Command), made by myself noclador File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete... Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying the enemy advance. ...

Land Command is the authority responsible for the operations of Australian land forces and has its headquarters in Sydney. The organisation of the Australian Army's combat forces is as follows. There are two high-readiness regular brigades, one combined regular-reserve brigade, six Army Reserve brigades, an aviation brigade and a logistics brigade.^[50] The Army's main tactical formations are battlegroups formed around the headquarters of a battalion-sized formation. The Australian Army is currently capable of fielding up to nine battlegroups (one armoured, two cavalry, five infantry and one aviation), though it would not be feasible to deploy all nine battlegroups simultaneously. The 'hardened and networked' Army initiative will add two further battlegroups.^[51] The six Army Reserve brigades suffer from serious shortfalls in personnel and equipment and are not capable of being deployed as formed units or providing full strength sub-units at short notice.^[52] This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The battlegroup is the basic building block of an armys fighting formation. ... Symbol of the Austrian 14th Armoured Battalion in NATO military graphic symbols This article is about the military unit. ...

While the Australian Army has two divisional headquarters, only one (the 1st Division) is deployable as the Deployable Joint Force Headquarters (Land). The Headquarters of the 2nd Division performs administrative functions only and supports the five Army Reserve brigades located outside the state of Queensland. The Australian Army has not deployed a divisional sized formation since 1945 and does not expect to do so in the future.^[53] Symbol of the Polish 1st Legions Infantry Division in NATO code A division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to twenty thousand soldiers. ... 11th Battalion posing on the Great Pyramid of Giza, 1915. ... // The Australian 2nd Division was formed from reinforcements training in Egypt on July 10, 1915 as part of the Australian Imperial Force to fight in World War I. It fought at Gallipoli during the latter stages of the campaign and then moved to the Western Front in France where it...

Royal Australian Air Force

The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the air force branch of the Australian Defence Force. The RAAF has modern combat and transport aircraft and a network of bases in strategic locations across Australia. // Air Force Structure Formations ~A Junior Officer is a Pilot Officer, Flying Officer or Flight Lieutenant Common Appointments Chief of Defence Force (CDF) Air Chief Marshal (Only when RAAF Officer) Vice Chief of Defence Force (VCDF) Air Marshal (Only when RAAF Officer) Deputy Chief of Air Force (DCAF) Air Vice... For a particular Air Force, see List of air forces. ... Military aircraft are airplanes used in warfare. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Unlike the other services, the RAAF has only a single operational command, Air Command, which includes the Air Force Training Group. Air Command is the operational arm of the RAAF and also consists of the Air Combat Group, Air Lift Group, Surveillance and Response Group, Combat Support Group and Aerospace Operational Support Group. Each group consists of a number of wings. The RAAF currently has seventeen flying squadrons; four combat squadrons, two maritime patrol squadrons, five transport squadrons, five training squadrons (including three operational conversion units) and one Airborne Early Warning & Control squadron, which is currently forming. A large number of ground support units support these flying squadrons, including three expeditionary combat support squadrons, three airfield defence squadrons and communications, radar and medical units.^[54] Air Command is the operational arm of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). ... RAAF Training Command is responsible for providing training to the Royal Australian Air Force. ... The Royal Australian Air Forces Air Combat Group (ACG) is the air force group which commands the RAAFs fighter and bomber aircraft. ... Air Lift Group is one of five Force Element Groups in the Royal Australian Air Force, which is responsible for Airlift and Air-to-Air refuelling capabilities. ... Category: ... Category: ... The Aerospace Operational Support Group is a support group of the Australian Defence Force based at RAAF Base Edinburgh. ... Wing is a term used by different air forces for a unit of command. ... This is a list of Royal Australian Air Force aircraft squadrons. ... An Operational Conversion Unit (OCU) is a unit within an air force whose role is to support preparation for the operational missions of a specific aircraft type by providing trained personnel. ... An Airborne Early Warning (AEW) system is a radar system carried by an aircraft which is designed to detect other aircraft. ... The Airfield Defence Guards (ADG)- commonly called ADGies - are the Royal Australian Air Forces ground security force. ...

Logistic support

The Australian Defence Force's logistics are managed by the Defence Material Organisation. The DMO was created in 2000 by merging the ADF's Support Command Australia with the Department of Defence's Defence Acquisition Organisation and National Support Division.^[56] The DMO purchases all forms of equipment and services used by the ADF and is also responsible for maintaining this equipment. The DMO is not responsible for directly supplying deployed ADF units; this is the responsibility of the ADF's logistics units. These units include the Navy's Systems Command and replenishment ships, the Army's 17th Combat Service Support Brigade and the RAAF's Combat Support Group.^[57] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 365 KB) Summary Photo taken (2nd Nov 2002) and supplied by Nachoman-au. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1280x960, 365 KB) Summary Photo taken (2nd Nov 2002) and supplied by Nachoman-au. ... CHC Helicopter Corporation (sometimes known as Canadian Helicopter Corporation or HÃ©licoptÃ¨res Canadiens) (TSX: FLY.SV.A TSX: FLY.MV.B NYSE: FLI) is the worldâ€™s largest global commercial helicopter operator. ... The current Australian 17 Combat Service Support Brigade (or 17 CSS Brigade or simply 17 Brigade) is the home of the Australian Armys deployable logistics elements. ... Category: ...

The increasing role of the private sector forms an important trend in the ADF's logistics arrangements. During the 1990s many of the ADF's support functions were transferred to the private sector to improve the efficiency with which they were provided. Since these reforms most of the 'garrison' support services at military bases have been provided by private firms. The reforms also led to many of the ADF's logistics units being disbanded or reduced in size.^[58] Private firms have increasingly been contracted to provide critical support to ADF units deployed outside Australia. This support has included transporting equipment and personnel and constructing and supplying bases.^[59] The ADF's use of contractors to support military operations is not as extensive as that of the United States and British militaries, however, and there may be scope for further 'outsourcing'.^[60] The private sector of a nations economy consists of all that is outside the state. ... A private military company (PMC) provides specialised expertise or services of a military nature, sometimes called or classified as mercenary (soldiers for hire).[1] Such companies are equally known as Private Military Corporations, Private Military Firms, Military Service Providers, and generally as the Private Military Industry. ...

Military intelligence

The Australian Defence Force's intelligence collection and analysis capabilities are considerable. These capabilities include each of the services' intelligence systems and units, two joint civilian-military intelligence gathering agencies and two strategic and operational-level intelligence analysis organisations. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... The AN/FPS-117 is a phased array, 3-dimensional air search radar. ... Military intelligence (abbreviated MI, int. ... Intelligence Gathering Disciplines HUMINT - Human Intelligence - gathered from a person on the ground. ... Intelligence analysis is the process of producing formal descriptions of situations and entities of strategic importance. ...

Each of the three services has its own intelligence assets.^[61] RAN doctrine states that "all maritime units" contribute to the collection of intelligence and many of the RAN's ships are capable of collecting communications and electronic transmissions. The Collins class submarines are particularly effective in this role.^[62] The Army's intelligence units include the 1st Intelligence Battalion, 7th Signals Regiment (Electronic Warfare), three Regional Force Surveillance Units and the Special Air Service Regiment.^[63] The RAAF's intelligence assets include the Jindalee Operational Radar Network and other air defence radars, AP-3 Orion and RF-111 aircraft and No. 87 Squadron.^[64] The Collins class submarines are the newest class of Australian submarines, built in Australia for the Royal Australian Navy. ... The Regional Force Surveillance Units (RFSUs) are specialised units of the Australian Army responsible for patrolling northern Australia. ... The Special Air Service Regiment (SASR) is a Special Forces regiment modelled on the original British SAS and also drawing on the traditions of the Australian World War II Z Special Force commando unit, as well as the Independent Companies which were active in the South Pacific during the same... The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar network that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000km2. ... The Lockheed P-3 Orion is a maritime patrol aircraft of numerous militaries around the world, used primarily for maritime patrol, reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. ... The General Dynamics F-111 is a medium-range strategic bomber, reconnaissance, and tactical strike aircraft designed in the 1960s. ... No. ...

The Defence Intelligence and Security Group within the Department of Defence supports the services. This Group consists of the Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO), Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) and Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO). The DIGO is responsible for geospatial intelligence and producing maps for the ADF, the DSD is Australia's signals intelligence agency and the DIO is responsible for the analysis of intelligence collected by the other intelligence agencies.^[65] The DIO and the Joint Operations Intelligence Centre within Headquarters Joint Operations Command are responsible for analysing the information collected and disseminating this analysis to the relevant sections of the ADF and the Australian Government. The Australian Defence Intelligence Group, which comes under the auspices of the Deputy Secretary for Intelligence and Security, is an affiliation of three Australian defence intelligence agencies. ... The Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) is a Australian government agency responsible for the tasking (collection), exploitation (analysis), and dissemination (distribution) of geospatial intelligence (GEOINT). ... The Defence Signals Directorate (DSD) is Australias signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection agency. ... The Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO) is one of Australias intelligence agencies, providing assessment of intelligence obtained by other Australian and cooperating foreign intelligence agencies, supporting Defence and Government decision_making and the planning and conduct of Australian Defence Force operations. ... GEOINT stands for GEOspatial INTelligence, which is an intelligence discipline comprising the exploitation and analysis of satellite information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. ... SIGINT stands for SIGnals INTelligence, which is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether by radio interception or other means. ...

Personnel

The Australian military has been an all-volunteer force since conscription's abolition in 1972.^[66] Both women and men can enlist in the ADF, though there are some restrictions on the positions women may fill. ADF recruits must be either Australian citizens or a permanent resident eligible for Australian citizenship. The minimum age for ADF recruits is 17 and the retirement age is 55 years for permanent personnel and 60 years for reservists.^[67] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 535 pixelsFull resolution (2250 Ã— 1506 pixel, file size: 494 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Sourced from: http://www. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 535 pixelsFull resolution (2250 Ã— 1506 pixel, file size: 494 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Sourced from: http://www. ... A volunteer military or all-volunteer military is one which derives its manpower from volunteers rather than conscription or mandatory service. ... Conscription in Australia, or mandatory military service also known as National Service, has a controversial history dating back to the first years of nationhood. ...

Personnel numbers

In the 2005–2006 financial year, the ADF had an average strength of 51,151 permanent (full-time) and 19,464 reserve (part-time) personnel. The Army is the largest service, followed by the RAAF and RAN. In that time, the ADO also employed an average of 13,577 civilian members of the Australian Public Service (APS) and 1,319 contracted non-APS staff.^[68] The Australian Public Service (APS) is the Australian civil service, the group of people employed by Departments and courts under the Government of Australia, to administer the working of the public administration of the Commonwealth of Australia. ...

Under current Government policies the ADF will expand to 57,000 full time personnel. This will require around 6,500 recruits each year. However, between 2003–2004 and 2005–2006 ADF membership shrank by 891 personnel despite increasing expenditure on recruitment and retention.^[71] In the 2005–2006 financial year the ADF enlisted 4,145 permanent personnel and 3,297 reservists. These numbers fell short of the ADF's recruitment targets and represent 84% of the permanent force recruitment target and 77% of the reserve force target. This represented an improvement on the achievements against the targets for the 2004–2005 financial year (80% and 70% respectively), however.^[72] During 2005–2006 11% of ADF personnel left the military.^[73] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 507 pixelsFull resolution (1014 Ã— 643 pixel, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This graph shows the permanent average strengths of the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force for each financial year between 1990-91... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 507 pixelsFull resolution (1014 Ã— 643 pixel, file size: 38 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This graph shows the permanent average strengths of the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army and Royal Australian Air Force for each financial year between 1990-91...

The ADF is suffering serious shortfalls in some categories of skilled personnel. The Navy and Army are short of medical personnel, engineers, linguists and junior personnel with technical qualifications. The RAAF states that its personnel situation is sound.^[74] The strong civilian labour market is one cause of these shortages. The ADF's high operational tempo is another cause, with the disruption frequent deployments cause to family life being a common reason why ADF personnel decide to leave the military.^[75]

The Government has introduced new policies to increase recruitment and reduce the ADF's separation rate. These policies include reforms to speed the recruitment process, the relaxation of some minimum standards for recruits and the introduction of retention bonuses for personnel in critical positions and with important skills.^[76] The 2007–2008 Commonwealth Budget also provided increased funding to advertise the ADF as an employment option and attract apprentices to the services.^[77] In June 2007 Air Chief Marshal Houston told a Senate inquiry that these reforms appear to have increased the number of recruits joining the ADF.^[78] The increased enlistments have caused in some difficulties, however, with the Army Recruit Training Centre being too small to accommodate the larger numbers of recruits.^[79] Australian Senate chamber Entrance to the Senate The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. ... Army Recruit Training Centre entrance sign Army Recruit Training Centre is the official name denoted by the Australian Army Department of Defence since December 1, 1998 [1] for its Recruit Training Centre situated at Kapooka, an outer suburb of Wagga Wagga, in the Riverina region of New South Wales. ...

Training

Individual training of Australian servicemen and women is generally provided by the services in their own training institutions. Each service has its own training organisation which manages this individual training. Where possible, however, individual training is increasingly being provided through tri-service schools.^[80]

Military academies include HMAS Creswell for the Navy, Royal Military College, Duntroon for the Army, and the Officer Training School - RAAF Base Williams for the Air Force. The Australian Defence Force Academy is a Tri-Service university for officer cadets of all services wishing to attain a university degree through the Australian Defence Force. Navy recruit training is conducted at HMAS Cerberus, Army recruits are trained at the Army Recruit Training Centre and Air Force recruits at RAAF Base Edinburgh.^[81] HMAS Creswell is a shore establishment of the Royal Australian Navy, a part of the Australian Defence Force, and consists of the Royal Australian Naval College (RANC), The RAN School of Survivability and Ships Safety, Kalkara Flight, and the Beecroft Weapons Range and an administrative support department. ... Royal Military College The Royal Military College, Duntroon is Australias military academy where Staff Cadets train for commissioning into the Australian Army as a part of the Australian Defence Force There are two streams of Cadets: from the Australian Defence Force Academy, and by direct entry. ... RAAF Base Williams comprises the two bases of Point Cook and Laverton. ... ADFA redirects here, for the Welsh village see Adfa (village). ... U.S. Army recruits learn about bayonet fighting skills in an infantry Basic Combat Training at Fort Benning, Georgia. ... HMAS Cerberus is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. ... Army Recruit Training Centre entrance sign Army Recruit Training Centre is the official name denoted by the Australian Army Department of Defence since December 1, 1998 [1] for its Recruit Training Centre situated at Kapooka, an outer suburb of Wagga Wagga, in the Riverina region of New South Wales. ... RAAF Base Edinburgh is a Royal Australian Airforce base in the northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. ...

Women in the ADF

Women first served in the Australian military during World War II when each service established a separate female branch. The RAAF was the first service to fully integrate women into operational units, doing so in 1977, with the Army and RAN following in 1979 and 1985 respectively.^[82] The ADF initially struggled to integrate women, with integration being driven by changing Australian social values and Government legislation rather than a change in attitudes within the male-dominated military.^[83] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 530 pixelsFull resolution (2464 Ã— 1632 pixel, file size: 320 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The name of this image (or all images in this article or category) is misspelled, incomplete, misleading, cryptic, or does not conform to an established... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 530 pixelsFull resolution (2464 Ã— 1632 pixel, file size: 320 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The name of this image (or all images in this article or category) is misspelled, incomplete, misleading, cryptic, or does not conform to an established...

The number of positions available to women in the ADF has increased over time. Although servicewomen were initially barred from combat positions, these restrictions began to be lifted in 1990.^[84] In 2006 approximately 97% of employment categories in the ADF were available to females as well as males. The only positions which women are currently excluded from are those in which there is a high probability of 'direct combat', which includes all infantry positions and other positions in which there is a high probability of hand to hand combat.^[85] As a result, while almost all positions in the Navy and Air Force are open to women, women are excluded from a high proportion of Army positions.^[86] Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, bicycles, or other means. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Close Quarters Combat. ...

Despite the expansion in the number of positions available to women, there has been only limited growth in the percentage of female permanent defence personnel. In the 1989–1990 financial year women filled 11.4% of permanent ADF positions. In the 2005–2006 financial year women occupied 13.3% of permanent positions and 15.6% of reserve positions. During the same period the proportion of civilian positions filled by women in the Australian Defence Organisation increased from 30.8% to 40.3%.^[87] The percentage of female members of the Australian labour force increased from approximately 41% to 45% between June 1989 and June 2006.^[88] In economics the labor force is the group of people who have a potential for being employed. ...

Defence expenditure and procurement

The Australian Government allocated $A22 Billion to the Australian Defence Organisation in the 2007–2008 financial year. This level of expenditure is equivalent to approximately 2.0 percent of Australian Gross Domestic Product^[90] and 9.3 percent of the Government's planned expenditure over the 2007–2008 financial year.^[91] In the 2006–07 budget, the Government announced that it would continue to increase real Defence spending by at least 3 percent each year until 2015–2016.^[92] The Federal Opposition has promised to maintain this expenditure if it wins office in the Federal election expected in late 2007.^[93] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 505 pixelsFull resolution (986 Ã— 622 pixel, file size: 24 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 505 pixelsFull resolution (986 Ã— 622 pixel, file size: 24 KB, MIME type: image/png) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article is about GDP in the context of economics. ... ALP redirects here. ... The 2007 election for the federal Parliament of Australia will take place on 24 November. ...

In relative terms, Australia's defence expenditure as a proportion of GDP is greater than that of most developed Western nations, but is smaller than the proportion allocated to defence by Australia's larger neighbours. However, as Australia's GDP is larger than those of its neighbours, Australia actually spends more on Defence in dollar terms.^[94]

The 2006–16 Defence Capability Plan (DCP) identifies the ADF's procurement needs over the next nine years. The projects in the DCP had a total value of $A51 billion at the time the Plan was published.^[96] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 750 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (3000 Ã— 2400 pixel, file size: 629 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: http://www. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 750 Ã— 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (3000 Ã— 2400 pixel, file size: 629 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: http://www. ... The F-35 Lightning II is a single-seat, single-engine, stealth-capable military strike fighter, a multi-role aircraft that can perform close air support, tactical bombing, and air-to-air combat. ... ISO 4217 Code AUD User(s) Australia, Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island Inflation 2. ...

The largest projects that the DCP sets out are the replacement of the RAAF's combat aircraft (almost certainly with up to 100 F-35 Lightning II aircraft), the air warfare destroyer project, the replacement of the RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft, the replacement of the RAN's anti-submarine helicopters, the replacement of the ADF's entire fleet of field vehicles and the purchase of two large amphibious ships. Other significant purchases that the DCP sets out include the purchase of MRH-90 transport helicopters for the Army and Navy and M1A1 Abrams tanks to reequip the Army's only armoured regiment.^[97] The F-35 Lightning II is a single-seat, single-engine, stealth-capable military strike fighter, a multi-role aircraft that can perform close air support, tactical bombing, and air-to-air combat. ... The Hobart class of destroyers, known during their planning phase as the Australian Air Warfare Destroyer or SEA 4000, is a class of three ships scheduled to enter service with the Royal Australian Navy in 2013. ... The Australian government has approved a AU$2 billion project to build two Canberra class large amphibious ships for the Royal Australian Navy. ... The NHI NH90 is a medium sized, twin-engine, multi-role military helicopter manufactured by NHIndustries, a company established by Agusta, Eurocopter and Stork Fokker Aerospace. ... The M1 Abrams main battle tank is the principal combat tank of the United States Army. ... A Leopard AS1 MBT of the 1st Armoured Regiment during an exercise in Queensland; June 25, 2005. ...

The ADF has also been funded to purchase equipment that the DCP will not provide. These include the acquisition of 24 F/A-18F Super Hornet fighter aircraft, four C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft and the equipment needed to implement the 'Hardened and Networked Army' initiative.^[98] Four F/A-18 E/F Super Hornets assigned to the Black Aces of Strike Fighter Squadron Forty One (VFA-41) fly over the Western Pacific Ocean in a stack formation. ... The Boeing (formerly McDonnell Douglas) C-17 Globemaster III is an American strategic airlifter manufactured by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, and operated by the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, and the Canadian Forces. ...

Current equipment

While the Australian Defence Force seeks to be a high-technology force, much of its equipment is approaching obsolescence and is scheduled to be replaced or upgraded in the near future.^[99] Australia does not possess weapons of mass destruction and has ratified the Biological Weapons Convention, Chemical Weapons Convention and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.^[100] This is a list of the current Royal Australian Navy ships as of 2005: // Major Surface Combatants HMAS Anzac ANZAC class Frigate (6) HMAS Anzac (FFH 150) HMAS Arunta (FFH 151) HMAS Warramunga (FFH 152) HMAS Stuart (FFH 153) HMAS Parramatta (FFH 154) HMAS Ballarat (FFH 155) HMAS Darwin Adelaide... A soldier armed with a F88 AuSteyr fitted with a grenade launcher A Bushmaster (left) and ASLAV (right) in Iraq Soldiers and a M113 M198 Howitzers firing during an exercise From left to right, a Chinook, Blackhawk and Tiger helicopter Australian soldiers and an ASLAV in Iraq A MH-90... The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. ... Australia does not currently possess weapons of mass destruction, although it has participated in extensive research into nuclear, biological and chemical weapons in the past. ... For the Xzibit album, see Weapons of Mass Destruction (album). ... Biological Weapons Convention Opened for signature April 10, 1972 at Moscow, Washington and London Entered into force March 26, 1975 Conditions for entry into force ??? Parties ??? The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to... Chemical Weapons Convention Opened for signature January 13, 1993 in Paris Entered into force April 29, 1997 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by 50 states and the convening of a Preparatory Commission Parties 181 (as of Oct. ... Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Opened for signature July 1, 1968 in New York Entered into force March 5, 1970 Conditions for entry into force Ratification by the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. ...

Although most of the ADF's weapons are only used by single service, there is an increasing emphasis on commonality. The three services use the same small arms and the FN Herstal 35 is the ADF's standard hand gun, the F88 Austeyr the standard rifle, the F89 Minimi the standard light support weapon, the FN Herstal MAG-58 the standard light machine gun and the Browning M2HB the standard heavy machine gun.^[101] The Browning Hi-Power is a semi-automatic, single-action, 9 mm pistol. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The FN Minimi is a squad automatic weapon â€” the name coming from Mini-mitrailleuse (French: mini-machine gun. It is a 5. ... The FN MAG (or MAG-58) is a machine gun manufactured by Fabrique Nationale (FN), Belgium. ... It has been suggested that K6 HMG be merged into this article or section. ...

The Royal Australian Navy operates a large number of ships and submarines. The Navy's 13 frigates are its most capable surface combatants. The five Adelaide class frigates (of which four are being upgraded) provide the RAN's surface offensive capability and the eight Anzac class frigates are general purpose escorts.^[102] The RAN's submarine force has six Collins class submarines, which currently rank among the most effective conventional submarines in the world.^[103] There are currently eleven Armidale class patrol boats for border security and fisheries patrol duties in Australia's northern waters. This patrol boat force will expand to 14 when an additional three boats are commissioned. The RAN's amphibious force comprises two Kanimbla class landing platform amphibious, the Landing Ship Heavy HMAS Tobruk and six Balikpapan class Landing Craft Heavy. The Navy's minesweeping force operates six Huon class minehunters, two of which are currently operating as patrol boats, and three are auxiliary minesweepers. An auxiliary tanker, a fleet replenishment ship and six Survey vessels support these combatants. The Fleet Air Arm has 46 helicopters, including 11 SH-2G Super Seasprite aircraft that are not yet operational.^[104] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x587, 195 KB)050315-N-5345W-140 Persian Gulf (15 March 2005) â€“ The Royal Australian Navy frigate HMAS Darwin (FFG04) underway in the waters of the Persian Gulf alongside the Nimitz class aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x587, 195 KB)050315-N-5345W-140 Persian Gulf (15 March 2005) â€“ The Royal Australian Navy frigate HMAS Darwin (FFG04) underway in the waters of the Persian Gulf alongside the Nimitz class aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75). ... HMAS Darwin operating in support of Operation Enduring Freedom HMAS Darwin (04), named for the capital city of the Northern Territory, is an Adelaide class guided missile armed frigate laid down by Todd Shipyards at Seattle in Washington on 2 July 1981, launched on 26 March 1982 and commissioned on... The Adelaide class is the name given to the Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates in service in the Royal Australian Navy. ... HMAS Anzac operating in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. ... The Collins class submarines are the newest class of Australian submarines, built in Australia for the Royal Australian Navy. ... Armidale class patrol boat are a new class of patrol boats in construction for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) to replace the Fremantle class patrol boats. ... Categories: Ship types ... HMAS Manoora The Kanimbla class is a class of two amphibious transport ships in the Royal Australian Navy, HMAS Kanimbla and HMAS Manoora. ... HMAS Tobruk (L 50) is a Landing Ship Heavy (LSH) of the Royal Australian Navy, based on the design of the Sir class of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. ... HMAS Brunei on the hardstand in Dili harbour Australian Army M-113 armoured personnel carriers land from a LCH during an exercise in 2001 The Balikpapan class LCH (Landing Craft, Heavy) were originally a class of eight vessels built for the Australian Army. ... The Huon Class Minehunters are a group of minehunters built for the Royal Australian Navy to meet the need for an advanced mine detection platform to secure Australian waters. ... A survey ship is a vessel designed to conduct hydrographic and oceanographic research. ... For other uses, see Helicopter (disambiguation). ... The Kaman SH-2 Seasprite was a United States Navy ship-based helicopter with anti-submarine, anti-surface threat capability, including over-the-horizon targeting. ...

The Australian Army is primarily a light infantry force equipped with equipment which may be carried by individual soldiers. However, the Army's equipment includes a substantial quantity of armoured vehicles and artillery. Moreover, the Army is introducing additional armoured vehicles into service as part of the 'hardened and networked army' initiative.^[105] The Army's armoured, mechanised and motorised units are currently equipped with 59 M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks, 700 M113 armoured personnel carriers (of which 350 are to be upgraded) and 257 ASLAV armoured reconnaissance vehicles.^[106] 693 Bushmaster Infantry Mobility Vehicles are being introduced into service (including 12 which will be used by the RAAF).^[107] The Army's artillery holdings consist of 349 105 mm calibre towed guns, 36 155 mm towed howitzers, 296 81 mm mortars and 30 RBS-70 surface-to-air missiles.^[108] Australian Army Aviation is equipped with 104 helicopters, including 6 of the 22 Eurocopter Tiger armed reconnaissance helicopters which have been ordered. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 571 pixelsFull resolution (2100 Ã— 1500 pixel, file size: 684 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: http://jccc. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 571 pixelsFull resolution (2100 Ã— 1500 pixel, file size: 684 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Source: http://jccc. ... Phase 3 ASLAV before hand-over to Defence by GDLS-A. The Australian Light Armoured Vehicle (ASLAV), is an Australian version of the Mowag Piranha. ... Traditionally light infantry (or skirmishers) were soldiers whose job was to provide a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying the enemy advance. ... It has been suggested that Mechanized warfare be merged into this article or section. ... Mechanized infantry are infantry troops that use armoured fighting vehicles for transport and as heavy weapons support in combat. ... Motorised infantry is infantry which is transported by trucks or other motor vehicles. ... The M1 Abrams main battle tank is the principal combat tank of the United States Army. ... The US M1A1 Abrams tank is a typical modern main battle tank. ... The M113 is an armored personnel carrier family of vehicles in use with the US military and many other nations. ... Armoured personnel carriers (APCs) are armoured fighting vehicles developed to transport infantry on the battlefield. ... Phase 3 ASLAV before hand-over to Defence by GDLS-A. The Australian Light Armoured Vehicle (ASLAV), is an Australian version of the Mowag Piranha. ... The Bushmaster Infantry Mobility Vehicle is an Australian built wheeled armoured vehicle designed by Perry Engineering in Adelaide with some technical support from Irish company Timoney Technology Ltd. ... The word caliber (American English) or calibre (British English) comes from the Italian calibro, itself from the Arabic quâlib, meaning mould. ... 19th century 12 pounder (5 kg) mountain howitzer displayed by the National Park Service at Fort Laramie in Wyoming, USA A howitzer is a type of artillery piece that is characterized by a relatively short barrel and the use of comparatively small explosive charges to propel projectiles at trajectories with... A winter firing of the RBS 70 during an exercise in Boden, Sweden in March 2001. ... Badge of Australian Army Aviation The colour AAAvn badge Australian Army Aviation (AAAvn) is a Corps of the Australian Army (although the word corps does not appear in their name or on their badge). ... The Eurocopter Tiger is an attack helicopter manufactured by the Eurocopter Group. ...

The Royal Australian Air Force operates combat, maritime patrol, transport and training aircraft. The combat aircraft force comprises 26 F-111 bombers and 71 F/A-18 Hornet fighters. The maritime patrol force is equipped with 19 recently upgraded AP-3C Orion aircraft. The air transport force operates 20 C-130 Hercules, 14 DHC-4 Caribou and two C-17 Globemaster IIIs. Two further Globemasters have been ordered and will be delivered by early 2008. The RAAF operates three Bombardier Challenger and two Boeing Business Jet 737 aircraft as VIP transports and three Boeing 707 tanker/transports. The 707s will be replaced with 5 Airbus KC-30B Multi-Role Tanker Transports from 2009. The RAAF also operates 67 Pilatus PC-9, 33 Hawk 127 and eight Beechcraft B300 King Air training aircraft.^[109] The RAAF has ordered six Boeing 737 AEW&C aircraft which are currently scheduled to enter service in 2009.^[110] 24 F/A-18F Super Hornets have also been ordered to avoid a capability gap between the retirement of the F-111s in 2010 and the expected arrival of the F-35s in 2013.^[111] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (4368 Ã— 2912 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (4368 Ã— 2912 pixel, file size: 1. ... The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F/A-18 Hornet is a modern all-weather carrier-capable strike fighter jet, designed to attack both ground and aerial targets. ... The Boeing 707 is an American four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. ... A U.S. Air Force F-111 The General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark (the nickname was unofficial for most of its lifespan, but it was officially named Aardvark at its retirement ceremony for the United States Air Force) is a long-range strategic bomber, reconnaissance, and tactical strike aircraft. ... The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) F/A-18 Hornet is a modern all-weather carrier-capable strike fighter jet, designed to attack both ground and aerial targets. ... The Lockheed P-3 Orion is a patrol aircraft of the United States military used primarily for anti-submarine warfare. ... The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is a four-engine turboprop cargo aircraft and the main tactical airlifter for many military forces worldwide. ... The de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou (known in the US military as CV-2 and C-7 Caribou) was designed as a specialized transport with short takeoff and landing (STOL) capability. ... The Boeing (formerly McDonnell Douglas) C-17 Globemaster III is an American strategic airlifter manufactured by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, and operated by the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, and the Canadian Forces. ... The Bombardier Challenger 600 series is a family of business jets designed by Bill Lear and produced first by Canadair until that company was bought by Bombardier Aerospace in 1986. ... The Boeing Business Jet series are factory conversions of Boeing airliners for the corporate jet market, initially the 737 series airliners. ... The Boeing 737 is an American short to medium range, single aisle, narrow body jet airliner. ... A RAAF Boeing Business Jet at an airshow in 2006 The Royal Australian Air Force has operated a number of specialised aircraft to transport senior members of the Australian Government and other dignitaries. ... The Boeing 707 is an American four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner developed by Boeing in the early 1950s. ... This article is about the airliner manufacturer. ... The Airbus A330 Multi Role Tanker Transport (MRTT) is an aerial refueling tanker aircraft based on the civilian A330-200. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... BAE Hawk T.1 trainer of No. ... It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Beechcraft King Air and Beechcraft Super King Air, accessible from a disambiguation page. ... The Boeing 737 AEW&C is an Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft. ...

Current bases

The Australian Defence Force maintains bases in all the states and territories of Australia.^[112] While most of the Army's permanent force units are based in northern Australia, the majority of Navy and Air Force units are based near Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. Few ADF bases are currently shared by different services. The only permanent ADF base outside Australia is located at Royal Malaysian Air Force Base Butterworth. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (992 Ã— 744 pixel, file size: 382 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Russell Offices, Canberra. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (992 Ã— 744 pixel, file size: 382 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Russell Offices, Canberra. ... Russell Offices, together with Campbell Park Offices, is the headquaters of the Australian Defence Force. ... The Australian Defence Force is made up of the Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force and the Australian Army. ... The states and territories of Australia make up the Commonwealth of Australia under a federal system of government. ... The term northern Australia is generally considered to include the Australian states and territories of Queensland and the Northern Territory. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... For other uses, see Brisbane (disambiguation). ... Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ... RMAF Base Butterworth is an air force base operated by the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). ...

The administrative headquarters of the ADF and the three services is located in Canberra alongside the main offices of the Department of Defence and Defence Materiel Organisation and the interim headquarters of Joint Operations Command. JOC and the other operational headquarters will be co-located near Bungendore, New South Wales as part of the Headquarters Joint Operations Command Project.^[113] For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... Bungendore Railway Station, used in the filming of The Year My Voice Broke and the Mick Jagger version of Ned Kelly Country Womens Association Bungendore is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, in Palerang Council. ...

The Royal Australian Navy has two main bases; Fleet Base East in Sydney and Fleet Base West near Perth. The Navy's operational headquarters, Fleet Headquarters, is located adjacent to Fleet Base East. The majority of the Navy's patrol boats are based at HMAS Coonawarra in Darwin, Northern Territory with the remaining patrol boats and the hydrographic fleet being based at HMAS Cairns located at Cairns, Queensland. The Fleet Air Arm is based at HMAS Albatross near Nowra, New South Wales.^[114] HMAS Kuttabul badge The second HMAS Kuttabul is the name given to the administrative centre of the Royal Australian Navys main naval base on the east coast at Garden Island in Sydney (Fleet Base East). ... HMAS Stirling badge HMAS Stirling (, ) is the name given to the administrative centre of the Royal Australian Navys main naval base on the west coast (Fleet Base West), located on Garden Island just off the Western Australian coast near the city of Perth. ... Location of Perth within Australia This article is about the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. ... Categories: Ship types ... HMAS Coonawarra crest HMAS Coonawarra is located in the city of Darwin and is home to 12 fleet units of the RAN. History During World War 1 Darwin port had been used as a coaling station for naval ships, but it was not considered a naval base. ... â€œPort Darwinâ€ redirects here. ... The second HMAS Cairns is a naval base of the Royal Australian Navy based, appropriately, at Cairns in Queensland. ... Cairns redirects here. ... The Fleet Air Arm (more formally known as the Australian Navy Aviation Group) is the operational part of the Royal Australian Navy responsible for the operation of aircraft aboard ship. ... The second HMAS Albatross is the Fleet Air Arms base near Nowra in New South Wales, about 2 hours drive south of Sydney. ... Nowra shops (Junction Street) Marriot Park Nowra is a city in the South Coast region of New South Wales. ...

The Australian Army's regular units are concentrated in a small number of bases, most of which are located in Australia's northern states. The Army's operational headquarters, Land Command, is located at Victoria Barracks in Sydney. Most elements of the Army's three regular brigades are based at Robertson Barracks near Darwin, Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, Queensland and Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane. The Deployable Joint Force (Land) Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks. Other important Army bases include the Army Aviation Centre near Oakey, Queensland, Holsworthy Barracks near Sydney, Woodside Barracks near Adelaide, South Australia and Campbell Barracks in Perth. Dozens of Army Reserve depots are located across Australia.^[115] Victoria Barracks is an army base in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ... Robertson Barracks is a major Australian Army base located in Darwin, Northern Territory. ... Lavarack Barracks is a major Australian Army base located in Townsville, Queensland. ... â€Ž The Strand CBD from Museum of Tropical Queensland, features Castle Hill in background Townsville (Postcodes: 4810-4819) is an urban centre on the north-eastern coast of Australia, in the state of Queensland. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Oakey Army Aviation Centre is situated approximately 3 km from the town centre of Oakey in Queensland, Australia. ... Oakey (, postcode 4401) is a rural town situated in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia. ... Holsworthy Barracks is located in the outer south-western suburbs of Sydney. ... For other uses, see Adelaide (disambiguation). ... Campbell Barracks is an Australian Army base located in the coastal suburb of Swanborne in Perth, Western Australia. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

The Royal Australian Air Force maintains a number of air bases, including three which are only occasionally activated. The RAAF's operational headquarters, Air Command, is located at RAAF Base Glenbrook near Sydney. The Air Force's combat aircraft are based at RAAF Base Amberley near Ipswich, Queensland, RAAF Base Tindal near Katherine, Northern Territory and RAAF Base Williamtown near Newcastle, New South Wales. The RAAF's maritime patrol aircraft are based at RAAF Base Edinburgh near Adelaide and most of its transport aircraft are based at RAAF Base Richmond in Sydney. RAAF Base Edinburgh is also home to the control centre for the Jindalee Operational Radar Network. Most of the RAAF's training aircraft are based at RAAF Base Pearce near Perth with the remaining aircraft located at RAAF Base East Sale near Sale, Victoria and RAAF Base Williamtown. The RAAF also maintains a network of bases in northern Australia to support operations to Australia's north. These bases include RAAF Base Darwin and RAAF Base Townsville and three 'bare bases' in Queensland and Western Australia.^[116] Air Command is the operational arm of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). ... RAAF Base Glenbrook is the home to Headquarters Air Command. ... RAAF Base Amberley is a Royal Australian Air Force base that is located 8 km southwest of Ipswich, Queensland and 50 km southwest of Brisbane, Queensland and currently home to No. ... The tone or style of this article or section may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. ... RAAF Base Tindal (RAAF Tindal) is a Royal Australian Air Force air base located near the town of Katherine in the Northern Territory. ... Location of Katherine in Northern Territory (red) Katherine () is a town with a population of around 10,000 situated 320 km southeast of Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia. ... RAAF Base Williamtown is a Royal Australian Air Force base located north of Newcastle, New South Wales. ... This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. ... RAAF Base Edinburgh is a Royal Australian Airforce base in the northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. ... RAAF Base Richmond is one of Australias oldest surviving air force bases. ... The Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN) is an over-the-horizon radar network that can monitor air and sea movements across 37,000km2. ... RAAF Base Pearce (ICAO:YPEA, 31. ... Units based at RAAF Base East Sale: No. ... Sale is a cathedral city in the Australian state of Victoria, in Wellington Shire. ... RAAF Base Darwin shares it runway with Darwin International Airport. ... RAAF Base Townsville (Formerly RAAF Base Garbutt) is, along with RAAF Tindal and RAAF Darwin, one of northern Australias primary defence installations. ... The Royal Australian Air Force currently maintains three Bare Bases in remote areas of Northern Australia. ... Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 28 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05) - Product ($m) $158,506 (3rd... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation - House seats 15 - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06) - Product ($m) $107,910 (4th) - Product per capita $53,134/person...

Domestic responsibilities

The Australian Defence Force has a number of domestic responsibilities. In most of these tasks the ADF supports the relevant civilian authorities. These responsibilities are typically undertaken by specialised elements of the ADF, though the services' combat elements can be deployed within Australia in response to major emergencies.

The ADF makes a significant contribution to Australia's domestic maritime security. ADF ships, aircraft and Regional Force Surveillance Units conduct patrols of northern Australia in conjunction with the Australian Customs Service. This operation, which is code-named Operation Resolute, is commanded by the Border Protection Command which is jointly manned by members of the ADF and Customs. Approximately 450 personnel were assigned to Operation Resolute in July 2007.^[117] The Regional Force Surveillance Units (RFSUs) are specialised units of the Australian Army responsible for patrolling northern Australia. ... The Australian Customs Service (ACS) is responsible for overseeing international movement of trade goods and people into Australia, for the collection of customs and excises, for undertaking border management activities, and for detecting drugs coming into the country. ... Operation Resolute is the Australian Defence Forces contribution to patrolling Australias Exclusive Economic Zone. ... The Australian Governments Border Protection Command (BPC) is a multi-agency command which was established in 2005 to coordinate the protection of Australiaâ€™s offshore assets. ...

Since 1996 the Army has regularly deployed engineer units to assist remote Indigenous Australian communities. A single engineer squadron works with one community for several months each year to upgrade the community's infrastructure and provide training.^[118] Languages Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religions Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group names Indigenous... Badge of the Royal Australian Engineers The colour RAE badge The Royal Australian Engineers (RAE) is a Corps of the Australian Army (although the word corps does not appear in their name or on their badge). ...

The ADF shares responsibility for counter-terrorism with civilian law enforcement agencies. Under the Australian National Counter-Terrorism Plan the State and Territory police and emergency services have the primary responsibility for responding to any terrorist incidents on Australian territory. If a terrorist threat or the consequences of an incident are beyond the capacity of civilian authorities to resolve the ADF may be 'called out' to provide support. In order to meet its counter-terrorism responsibilities the ADF maintains two elite Tactical Assault Groups, the Incident Response Regiment and a company-sized high readiness group in each Army Reserve brigade and the 1st Commando Regiment.^[119] While these forces provide a substantial counter-terrorism capability, the ADF does not regard domestic security as being part of its 'core business'.^[120] Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... Law enforcement in Australia is served by police, sheriffs and bailiffs under the control of state, territory and the Federal governments. ... Military aid to the civil power (MACP) is assistance by the armed forces to the police in maintaining law and order. ... Members of TAG (E) during a demonstration for the media in 2002. ... The Incident Response Regiment (IRR) is an Australian regiment part of the Special Operations Command. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... 1st Commando Regiment is a mixed regular and reservist commando regiment of the Australian Army. ...

Foreign defence relations

The Australian Defence Force cooperates with militaries around the world. Australia's formal military agreements include the ANZUS Alliance with the United States of America, the Closer Defence Program with New Zealand and the Five Power Defence Arrangements with Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.^[121] Australia is currently developing closer security ties with Japan.^[122] ADF activities under these agreements include participating in joint planning, intelligence sharing, personnel exchanges, equipment standardisation programs and joint exercises.^[123] Australia is also a member of the UKUSA signals intelligence gathering agreement.^[124] Image File history File links F-111_KC-135. ... Image File history File links F-111_KC-135. ... A U.S. Air Force F-111 The General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark (the nickname was unofficial for most of its lifespan, but it was officially named Aardvark at its retirement ceremony for the United States Air Force) is a long-range strategic bomber, reconnaissance, and tactical strike aircraft. ... Seal of the Air Force. ... RG Casey House, Canberra, is the headquarters of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the department responsible for the formulation and enactment of Australian foreign policy. ... The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the military alliance which binds Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States to cooperate on defence matters in the Pacific Ocean area, though today the treaty is understood to relate to attacks in... The Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) are a defence relationship established by an agreement between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore signed in 1971, whereby the five nations will consult each other in the event of external aggression or threat of attack against Malaysia or Singapore. ... The UKUSA Community is an alliance of English-speaking nations led by the United States and United Kingdom for the purpose of gathering intelligence via signals intelligence. ...

Two countries, Singapore and the United States, maintain military facilities in Australia. Two Republic of Singapore Air Force pilot training squadrons are based in Australia; 126 Squadron at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre and 130 Squadron at RAAF Base Pearce.^[125] The Singapore Army also uses the Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area in Queensland for annual large-scale exercises.^[126] Two United States intelligence and communications facilities are located in Australia; the Pine Gap satellite tracking station near Alice Springs and Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt near Exmouth, Western Australia. Pine Gap is jointly operated by Australian and United States personnel and Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt has been an exclusively Australian-operated facility since 1999. In early 2007 the Australian Government approved the construction of a new unmanned US communications installation at the Defence Signals Directorate facility near Geraldton, Western Australia.^[127] The United States Military also frequently uses Australian exercise areas and these facilities have been upgraded to support joint Australian-United States training.^[128] The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF, Chinese: æ–°åŠ å¡ç©ºå†›éƒ¨é˜Ÿ; Malay Angkatan Udara Republik Singapura) is the air force branch of the Singapore Armed Forces, established in 1968 as the Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC). ... Singapore Armed Forces Crest The Singapore Army (Chinese: æ–°åŠ å¡é™†å†›éƒ¨é˜Ÿ, Malay: Tentera Singapura) is the land forces and one of the three services of the Singapore Armed Forces. ... Shoalwater Bay is less than 100km away from Yeppoon and is a part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. ... Pine Gap is just west of Alice Springs, near the geographic center of Australia. ... Alice Springs on a large scale map Alice Springs is a large town in the Northern Territory of Australia located at 23°42′ S 133°52′ E. Its population of 28,178 (2001 Census) makes it the second-largest settlement in the Territory (the only other towns of... Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt is located on the North West coast of Australia, 6 kms (3 miles) north of the town of Exmouth, Western Australia. ... Exmouth is a town on the tip of the North West Cape in Western Australia. ... Location of Geraldton, Western Australia Geraldton ( ) is a city and port in Western Australia located 424 km north of Perth. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ...

The ADF provides assistance to militaries in Australia's region through the Defence Cooperation Program. Under this program the ADF provides assistance with training, infrastructure, equipment and logistics and participates in joint exercises with countries in South East Asia and Oceania. The Pacific Patrol Boat Program is the largest Defence Cooperation activity and supports 22 patrol boats operated by twelve South Pacific countries.^[129] A performance audit of the Defence Cooperation Program conducted in 2001 found that while Defence does not adequately monitor the Program's performance, it was "valued highly by participating countries".^[130] Australia also directly contributes to the defence of Pacific countries by periodically deploying warships and aircraft to patrol their territorial waters. Under an informal agreement Australia is responsible for the defence of Nauru.^[131] The Pacific Patrol Boat Program (PPB) was created by Australia to provide small neighboring South Pacific nations with a maritime surveillance capability. ...

Assessment of capabilities

The Australian Defence Force's capabilities enable it to carry out a range of tasks. The size of the force that the government can deploy differs according to the likelihood of high-intensity combat and the distance from Australia. In overall terms, Dr. Mark Thomson of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute assesses the ADF's size and capability as being typical for a Western nation with Australia's economic and population base.^[132] The ADF has probably the most capable air and naval capabilities in the South-East Asia region. However, the small size of the Army and the age of much of the RAN and RAAF's equipment constrains Australia's ability to make large-scale deployments or engage in high-intensity combat.^[133] The ADF's personnel shortages may also limit its ability to quickly conduct new deployments.^[134] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... HMAS Wewak (L 130) is a Balikpapan class Landing Craft Heavy currently in service with the Royal Australian Navy. ... The Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) is an Australian Government-funded think tank which was established in 2001. ... Occident redirects here. ...

The ADF is highly capable of defeating direct attacks on Australia by conventional forces, though such attacks are highly improbable at present. The ADF's intelligence gathering capabilities should enable it to detect any attacking force before it reaches Australia. Once detected, the RAN and RAAF would be able to defeat the attacking force while it was still in Australia's maritime approaches. The Army and RAAF are also capable of defeating small raiding forces once they are detected.^[135] The ADF currently maintains sufficient forces to meet its domestic security and counter-terrorism responsibilities.^[136]

The ADF does not currently possess the resources that a prolonged large-scale deployment with high-intensity warfare would require. Although the RAN and RAAF are capable of deploying significant numbers of capable ships and aircraft, these forces are neither large nor modern enough to operate independently in a high-threat environment and would typically make up a small part of a larger international coalition force. Due to its relatively small size and lack of firepower the Army's capability for high intensity warfare presents is even more limited than that of the other services. As a result of these limitations, the ADF is capable of providing only relatively small, but high-quality, 'niche' forces for high intensity warfare. Such forces include the Navy's submarines, the Army's special forces and the RAAF's Orion aircraft.^[137] However, the ADF's logistic capabilities are insufficient to independently supply such forces deployed in areas distant from Australia. As a result, the ADF can only contribute forces to high intensity warfare outside of Australia's region when larger coalition partners provide logistical support.^[138]

The ADF is highly capable of undertaking peacekeeping operations around the world. The Navy's frigates and transport ships, the Army's light infantry battalions and the RAAF's transport aircraft are well-suited to peacekeeping. The ADF has the capability to undertake peacekeeping and low-intensity warfare operations independently in Australia's region and can sustain such deployments for a lengthy period. It is also capable of leading international peacekeeping forces in the Asia-Pacific region.^[139]

Although the ADF's capacity to participate in high-intensity warfare is limited, the Government does not presently require that the military possess such capabilities. The information released in the Defence Annual Report indicates that the ADF consistently meets most of the readiness targets which are set by the Government. The ADF's performance in meeting the Government's requirements improved between 2000–01 and 2005–06, with the majority of these targets being met. The only readiness targets to be consistently missed over this period were those set for the Army Reserve and the Army's logistic support forces.^[140]

Notes

^ Raspal Khosa (2004). Australian Defence Almanac 2004–05. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 4 and Australian Attorney-General's Department Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 4.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2000). Defence 2000 - Our Future Defence Force. Australian Department of Defence, Canberra. Pages 46–53.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007a). Australia's National Security. A Defence Update 2007. Australian Department of Defence, Canberra. Page 10.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007a). Pages 26–27.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007a). Pages 27–29.
^ David Horner (2001). Making the Australian Defence Force. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Page 55.
^ Horner (2001). Page 42.
^ Horner (2001). Page 44.
^ Horner (2001). Page 44.
^ Horner (2001). Page 47.
^ Horner (2001). Page 65.
^ Alex Tewes, Laura Rayner and Kelly Kavanaugh (2004) Australia's Maritime Strategy in the 21st century. Australian Parliamentary Library Research Brief no. 4 2004–05.
^ Horner (2001). Page 72.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 225–227.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 228–255.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 231–237.
^ Australian Army (2002). The Fundamentals of Land Warfare. Annex B.
^ Sinclair, Jenny. "Operation Chaos", The Age, 2002-19-12. Retrieved on 2007-07-06. . See also Australian National Audit Office (2002). Management of Australian Defence Force Deployments to East Timor. ANAO, Canberra.
^ Mark Thomson (2005b). 'Easier Said Than Done: At the Six-year Mark in Remaking the ADF' in Defender, Winter 2005. Page 11.
^ Mark Thomson (2006a). Defence Budget 2006/07: 'Planning on Hope or Pessimism' in Defender, Winter 2006. Pages 7–8.
^ Australian Minister for Defence media release ADF Head Home from Aceh. 24 March 2005.
^ Australian Department of Defence. Global Operations. Accessed 4 July 2007.
^ Mark Thomson (2007). The final straw: Are our defence forces overstretched? Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 11.
^ Australian Department of Defence. Operation Slipper. Accessed 16 May 2007.
^ Prime Minister of Australia John Howard (2007-04-10). More troops for Afghanistan. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-10.
^ Australian Department of Defence. Global Operations. Accessed 4 July 2007.
^ Australian Department of Defence. Global Operations. Accessed 4 July 2007.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007a). Pages 13–23.
^ Ken Henry (2005) 'Australia's Defence to 2045: The Macro-economic Outlook' in Defender, Spring 2005. Page 19.
^ Henry (2005). Pages 22–23.
^ Nicholson, Brendan. "Defence force revamp falters", The Age, 2007-06-12. Retrieved on 2007-06-12.
^ Thomson (2006a)
^ Australian Department of Defence (2006a). Submission to the Joint Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Inquiry into the Economic, Social and Strategic Trends in Australia’s Region and the Consequences for Our Defence Requirements. Australian Department of Defence. Canberra. Pages 11–14.
^ White, Hugh. "The real battle is far from the battlefield", The Sydney Morning Herald, 2006-05-25. Retrieved on 2007-06-23.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 14.
^ Horner (2001). Page 187.
^ Australian minister for Defence media release Changes to Australian Defence Force Higher Command Arrangements. 16 March 2004. Accessed 15 July 2007.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 14.
^ Horner (2001). Page 139.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2004). Defence 2004–05 Annual Report - Chapter 5. Accessed 11 December 2006.
^ Australian Minister for Defence media release New Special Operations Command. 5 May 2003.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 146–148.
^ Kathryn Spurling (2001). '1991–2001: The Era of Defence Reform' in The Royal Australian Navy. A History, David Stevens (editor), Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Page 278.
^ Sea Power Centre - Australia (2005). The Navy Contribution to Australian Maritime Operations (RAN Doctrine 2 - 2005). Defence Publishing Service, Canberra. Page 41.
^ Royal Australian Navy (2006) Australia's Navy Today. Page 3.
^ Sea Power Centre - Australia (2005). Pages 33–36.
^ Royal Australian Navy. Force Element Groups. Accessed 10 December 2006.
^ Australian Army The Hardened and Networked Army. Accessed 17 December 2006.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2006). Defence 2005–06 Annual Report - web only section. ADF Units and Establishments. Accessed 4 May 2007.
^ Australian Army The Hardened and Networked Army. Accessed 4 May 2007.
^ Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade (2000). From Phantom to Force: Towards a More Efficient and Effective Army. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Pages 124–125.
^ Horner (2001). Page 195.
^ Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 24 August 2006. Jane's Information Group. Coulsdon. Pages 23–26.
^ Australian Minister for Defence Press Release, 26 February 2004. Defence Invests in Pilot Safety. Accessed 7 July 2007.
^ Horner (2001). Page 278–279.
^ Horner (2001). Page 273.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 265–279.
^ Mark Thomson (2005). War and Profit: Doing business on the battlefield. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Pages 30–32.
^ Thomson (2005). Pages 33–34.
^ Horner (2001). Page 150.
^ Sea Power Centre - Australia (2005). Page 56.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2006). Defence 2005–06 Annual Report - web only section. ADF Units and Establishments. Accessed 6 May 2007.
^ Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 24 August 2006. Jane's Information Group. Coulsdon. Pages 23–26.
^ Australian Government (2006) The Australian Intelligence Community. Agencies, functions, accountability and oversight.
^ Australian War Memorial. Conscription. Accessed 16 December 2006.
^ Defence Jobs Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed 16 December 2006.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2006). Pages 219–220.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2006). Page 218.
^ Compiled from Khosa (2004) pages 40–41 and Australian Department of Defence annual reports
^ Mark Thomson (2006). Your Defence Dollar: The 2006–07 Defence Budget. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 4.
^ Defence Annual Report 2005–06. Pages 224–225.
^ Defence Annual Report 2005–06. Page 229.
^ Kerr, Julian. "Hard cash fights the brain drain", The Australian, 2007-26-05. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
^ Kerin, John. "Shadows linger over recruitment drive", Australian Financial Review, 2007-28-06. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
^ Prime Minister of Australia media release, Reforms to Boost ADF Recruitment and Retention, 15 December 2006.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007). Portfolio Budget Statements 2007–08. Pages 100–102.
^ Kerin, John. "Shadows linger over recruitment drive", Australian Financial Review, 2007-28-06. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
^ Backlog leaves Army recruits waiting for training. ABC News. 23 May 2007. Accessed 22 July 2007.
^ Horner (2001). Page 281.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 294–301.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 321–324.
^ Joan Beaumont (2001). Australian Defence Sources and Statistics. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Page 357.
^ Australian Parliamentary Library Women in the armed forces: the role of women in the Australian Defence Force. Accessed 16 December 2006.
^ Defence Jobs Frequently Asked Questions - Gender Restrictions. Accessed 16 December 2006.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 52.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 52 and Australian Department of Defence (2006). 2005–06 Defence Annual Report. Page 281.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force, Australia.
^ Raspal Khosa (2006). Australian Defence Almanac 2006–07. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 88.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007). Portfolio Budget Statements 2007–08. Page 19.
^ Australian Treasury. Australian Government taxation and spending. Accessed 6 July 2007.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2006). Portfolio Budget Statements 2006–07. Page 3.
^ Walters, Patrick. "A global vision, greater spending", The Australian, 2007-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
^ Mark Thomson (2005). Punching above our weight? Australia as a middle power. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 6.
^ Aldo Borgu (2004). A Big Deal: Australia's Future Air Combat Capability. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 10.
^ Defence Materiel Organisation (2006). 2006-16 Defence Capability Plan: Public Version. DMO, Canberra. Page iii.
^ Defence Materiel Organisation (2006). Page 141.
^ Thomson (2006). Page 9.
^ Mark Thomson (2005). Punching above our weight? Australia as a middle power. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Pages 9–10.
^ Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction: Australia's Role in Fighting Proliferation. DFAT, Canberra. Accessed 29 December 2006.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 23.
^ Horner (2001). Pages 171–173.
^ Tom Frame (2004). No Pleasure Cruise. The Story of the Royal Australian Navy. Allen & Unwin, Sydney. Pages 284–285.
^ Royal Australian Navy (2006) Australia's Navy Today.
^ Australian Army The Hardened and Networked Army. Accessed 17 December 2006.
^ Khosa (2004). Pages 22–23.
^ Press release issued by the Minister for Defence Bushmaster Bonanza for Bendigo, 18 August 2007.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 22.
^ Current aircraft figures from Australian Department of Defence (2006). Page 134.
^ Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 February 2007.
^ Australian Minister for Defence media release Announcement of the Australian Government's Decision to Acquire 24 F/A-18F Block II Super Hornet Multi Role Aircraft, 6 March 2007.
^ See page 42 of Australian Department of Defence 2005–06 Defence Annual Report - Web Section for the locations of the main ADF bases and training areas.
^ Australian Department of Defence, Headquarters Joint Operations Command Project - Project Purpose. Accessed 25 May 2007.
^ Royal Australian Navy (2006). Pages 44–47.
^ Australian Department of Defence 2005–06 Defence Annual Report - Web Section. Page 42.
^ Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 24 August 2006. Jane's Information Group. Coulsdon. Pages 23–26.
^ Australian Department of Defence. Operation Resolute. Accessed 4 July 2007.
^ Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Indigenous Affairs media release Army celebrates 10 years of service to Indigenous communities. 17 November 2006.
^ The Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (2004). Protecting Australia Against Terrorism. DPMC, Canberra. Pages 52–53.
^ Andrew Smith and Anthony Bergin (2006). Australian domestic security: The role of Defence. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 13.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 74.
^ Nazemroaya, Mahdi Darius (May 10, 2007). "Global Military Alliance: Encircling Russia and China". Centre for Research on Globalization.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2002). Force 2020. Australian Department of Defence, Canberra. Page 7.
^ Beaumont (2001). Page 457.
^ Scramble.nl Republic of Singapore Air Force. Accessed 7 April 2007.
^ Australian High Commission in Singapore (2006-02-15). Exchange of notes to bring into force the new Shoalwater Bay Training Area Agreement. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
^ Australian Department of Defence (2007-02-15). Australia-US Joint Communications Facility to be hosted at Geraldton. Press release. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
^ Skehan, Craig, Marian Wilkinson and Lindsay Murdoch. "New bases for US forces in far north Australia", The Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-07-09. Retrieved on 2007-04-07.
^ Khosa (2004). Page 85.
^ Australian National Audit Office (2001). Defence Cooperation Program. Audit Report No.32 2000–2001. ANAO, Canberra. Pages 9–10.
^ Central Intelligence Agency CIA World Fact Book - Nauru. Accessed 29 May 2007.
^ Thomson (2005). Page 10.
^ Mark Thomson (2003) Pay Your Money & Take Your Pick: Defence Spending Choices for Australia. Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra. Page 17.
^ Gregor Ferguson 'People and Logistics is the Key'. Australian Defence Magazine, June 2007. Page 18.
^ Thomson (2003). Page 16.
^ Smith and Bergin (2006). Page 15.
^ Thomson (2003). Pages 13–14. See also Horner (2001) page 202.
^ Albert Palazzo (2004). 'Organising and Dispatching the ADF's Expeditionary Force for the War in Iraq' in Battles Near and Far: A Century of Overseas Deployment. The Chief of Army Military History Conference 2004. Army History Unit, Canberra. Page 267.
^ Thomson (2003). Pages 14–16.
^ Thomson (2006). Pages 26–27.

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