Republik Österreich
Republic of Austria

Flag Coat of arms
Motto: none
Anthem: Land der Berge, Land am Strome ("Land of Mountains, Land on the River")
Capital	Vienna 48°12′N 16°21′E
Largest city	Vienna
Official language(s)	German (official) Slovenian (reg.) Croatian (reg.) Hungarian (reg.) Austrian Sign Language
Government	Republic
- President	Heinz Fischer
- Chancellor	Wolfgang Schüssel
Independence
- Austrian State Treaty	October 26, 1955
Accession to EU	January 1, 1995
Area
- Total	83,871 km² (115th)
	32,383 sq mi
- Water (%)	1.3
Population
- 2005 est.	8,189,000 (92nd)
- 2001 census	8,032,926
- Density	97/km² (99th) 251/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
- Total	$267 billion (34th)
- Per capita	$32,962 (8th)
HDI (2003)	0.936 (17th) – high
Currency	Euro¹ (EUR)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD	.at
Calling code	+43
¹ Prior to 2002: Austrian Schilling

Austria (German language: Österreich, Arabic: النِمسا، Croatian: Austrija, Hungarian: Ausztria, Slovenian: Avstrija) is a landlocked country in central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. Its capital is the city of Vienna. Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Image File history File links Austria_Bundesadler. ... Civil Flag Ratio: 2:3 State Flag Ratio: 2:3 The flag of Austria has three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red. ... The Coat of Arms of Austria has been used since the end of World War I to symbolize Austria. ... This page lists state and national mottos for the worlds independent states and if applicable, their component states. ... A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is evoking and eulogizing the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognzed either by a nations government as the official national song, or by convention through use by the people. ... Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of the mountains, land on the river) is the national anthem of Austria. ... This country locator map was created by Vardion and is released into the public domain. ... This is a list of national capitals of the world in alphabetical order. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Austrians are a homogeneous people, although four decades of strong immigration have significantly altered the composition of the population of Austria. ... An official language is a language that is given a privileged legal status in a state, or other legally-defined territory. ... A regional language is a language spoken in a part of a country - it may be a small area, a federal state or province, or a wider area. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... The Leopoldine Wing of Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna: home to the offices of the Federal President. ... Heinz Fischer (born 9 October 1938) is the federal president of Austria. ... The Federal Chancellor of Austria (Bundeskanzler) is the head of government in Austria. ... Wolfgang Schüssel Wolfgang Schüssel (born on June 7, 1945 in Vienna, Austria) is a Christian Democratic Austrian politician. ... The Austrian Independence Treaty (complete form: Treaty for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria, signed in Vienna on the 15th May 1955), more commonly referred to as the Austrian State Treaty (German Staatsvertrag), was signed on May 15, 1955 in Vienna at the Schloss Belvedere between the... October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The European Union (EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 member states. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 10,000 km² and 100,000 km². ... This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by area. ... Map of countries by population This is a list of sovereign states and other territories by population, with population figures estimated for 1 July 2005 (rounded to the nearest 1,000). ... World map of the population density in 2006 Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. ... Population density by country, 2006 List of countries/dependencies by population density in inhabitants/km². The figures in the following table are based on areas including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Map of world GDP (PPP) by country using the IMF and World Bank lists for 2004 There are three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. ... Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita, based on the 2005 IMF data. ... World map indicating HDI of UN member states, 2003. ... World map indicating HDI of UN member states, 2003. ... Austrian euro coins have a unique design for each denomination, with a common theme for each of the three series of coins. ... ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... A time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. ... Central European Time (CET) is one of the names of UTC+1 time zone, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... It has been suggested that leap second be merged into this article or section. ... Map of the world color-coded with areas in blue observing daylight saving time. ... Time zones of Europe: Pale colours indicate countries without daylight saving Central European Summer Time (CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. ... It has been suggested that leap second be merged into this article or section. ... The following is a list of currently existing Internet Top-level domains (TLDs). ... .at is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Austria. ... A telephone dial This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E.164. ... The Schilling was the currency of Austria until the Euro exchange in 2002. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... A landlocked country is one that has no coastline. ... Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Night view of Taipei City. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...

Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy consisting of nine federal states and is one of six European countries that have declared permanent neutrality. Austria is a member of the United Nations (since 1955) and the European Union (since 1995). For the first half of 2006, Austria again held the seat of the Presidency of the EU. States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in orange and red—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ... Representative democracy is a form of democracy founded on the exercise of popular sovereignty by the peoples representants. ... A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ... United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Presidency of the Council of the European Union refers to the responsibility of presiding over all aspects of the Council of the European Union, when exercised collectively by a government, on a pre-established rota of the member states, of the European Union. ...

Origin and history of the name

The German name Österreich can be translated into English as the "eastern realm", which is derived from the Old German Ostarrîchi. Reich can also mean "empire", and this connotation is the one that is understood in the context of the Austrian/Austro-Hungarian Empire, Holy Roman Empire, although not in the context of the modern Republic of Österreich. The term probably originates in a vernacular translation of the Medieval Latin name for the region: Marchia orientalis, which translates as "eastern borderland", as it was situated at the eastern edge of the Holy Roman Empire, that was also mirrored in the name Ostmark applied after Anschluss to Germany. The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Old German could refer to: Old High German Old Low German (also Old Saxon) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Document in which ostarrichi was first mentioned 996 (red circle) Ostarrîchi is an Old High German name found to the famous Ostarrîchi document of 996, where it refers to the Margraviate ruled by the Babenberg Count Henry I located mostly in what is today Lower Austria. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... The vernacular is the native language of a country or locality. ... Medieval Latin refers to the Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Ostmark (Eastern March) is a modern German term to translate the term Ostarrîchi a vernacular for marcia orientalis that appears in a single later 10th century document. ... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ...

The current official designation is the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich). It was originally known after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1918 as the Republic of German-Austria (Republik Deutsch-Österreich), but the state was forced to change its name to "Republic of Austria" in 1919 peace Treaty of Saint-Germain. The name was changed again during the Austro-fascist regime (1934-1938), into Federal State of Austria (Bundesstaat Österreich), but restored after regaining independence and the birth of the Second Austrian Republic (1955-present).
During the monarchy, Austria was known as the Austrian Empire (Kaisertum Österreich), however no official designation existed since the empire was strongly multiethnic. After the Ausgleich with Hungary in 1867, the empire became known as Austria-Hungary in reflection of the dual monarchy character. Some historians argue that the term The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder und die Länder der heiligen ungarischen Stephanskrone) was the correct official name for Austria-Hungary. The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ... The Second Austrian Republic was founded in 1945 with the re-establishment of Austrian independence in the aftermath of World War II. The First Republic is considered to have come to an end either in 1938, with Germanys annexation of the country (the Anschluss), or with the establishment of... The German term Ausgleich (Hungarian kiegyezés) refers to the compromise or composition of February 1867 that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which was signed by Franz Joseph of Austria and a Hungarian delegation led by Ferenc Deák. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...

History

This is the history of Austria. ...

Austria and the Holy Roman Empire

The territory of Austria, originally known as the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, was a long time ally of Rome. It was occupied rather than conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus and made the province Noricum in 16 BC. Later it was conquered by Huns, Rugii, Lombards, Ostrogoths, Bavarii, Avars (until c. 800), and Franks (in that order). Finally, after 48 years of Hungarian rule (907 to 955), the core territory of Austria was awarded to Leopold of Babenberg in 976 after the revolt of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria. Being part of the Holy Roman Empire the Babenbergs ruled and expanded Austria from the 10th century to the 13th century. A Celtic cross. ... Noricum in ancient geography was a province of the Roman Empire. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian and East Asian tribes, most likely of diverse origin with a Turkic or Mongolian-speaking aristocracy, who appeared in Europe in the 4th century, the most famous being Attila the Hun. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, from which the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... The Ostrogoths (Gleaming Goths or Eastern Goths), in distinction to the Visigoths (Noble Goths or Western Goths), were a Germanic tribe that influenced political events of the late Roman Empire. ... Bavarii was a large and powerful tribe which emerged late in Teutonic tribal times, in what is now the Czech Republic (Bohemia). ... The Eurasian Avars were a nomadic people of Eurasia, supposedly of proto-Mongolian Turkic stock, who migrated from eastern Asia into central and eastern Europe in the 6th century. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... Leopold I, also Luitpold or Liutpold, (died 994 in Würzburg) was the first Margrave of Österreich from the Babenberg dynasty. ... Henry II the Wrangler Henry II (951–995), called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome, in German Heinrich der Zänker, was the son of Henry I and Judith of Bavaria. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ...

Battle of Vienna 1683

After Frederick II, Duke of Austria died in 1246 and left no successor, Rudolf I of Habsburg gave the lands to his sons marking the beginning of the line of the Habsburgs, who continued to govern Austria until the 20th century. Image File history File linksMetadata Juliusz_Kossak_Sobieski_pod_Wiedniem. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Juliusz_Kossak_Sobieski_pod_Wiedniem. ... Frederick II, known as the Quarrelsome (German: Friedrich der Streitbare) (1201 – June 15, 1246), from the dynasty of Babenberg, was the duke of Austria and Styria from 1230 to 1246. ... The brass of the tomb of Rudolph I in Speyer Rudolph I (Rudolph of Hapsburg) (May 1, 1218 - July 15, 1291) was a German king. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ...

With the short exception of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, Austrian Habsburgs held the position of German Emperor beginning in 1438 with Albert II of Habsburg until the end of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 14th and 15th century Austria continued to expand its territory until it reached the position of a European imperial power at the end of the 15th century. Categories: People stubs | Holy Roman emperors | Dukes of Bavaria ... The Free State of Bavaria  (German: Freistaat Bayern), with an area of 70,553 km² (27,241 square miles) and 12. ... Albert II Habsburg (August 10, 1397 - October 27, 1439), German ruler, king of Bohemia and Hungary, and (as Albert V) duke of Austria, was born on August 10, 1397, the son of Albert IV of Habsburg, duke of Austria. ... The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ...

Modern history

Just two years before the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, in 1804 the Empire of Austria was founded, which was transformed in 1867 into the dual-monarchy Austria-Hungary. The empire was split into several independent states in 1918, after the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, with most of the German-speaking parts becoming a republic. (See Treaty of Saint-Germain.) Between 1918 and 1919 it was officially known as the Republic of German Austria (Republik Deutschösterreich). After the Entente powers forbade German Austria to unite with Germany, they also forbade the name, and then it was changed to simply Republic of Austria. The democratic republic lasted until 1933 when the chancellor Engelbert Dollfuß established an autocratic regime oriented towards Italian fascism (Austrofascism). The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy The Crown of the Austrian Emperor For the history of these states before 1804, see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ... Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total dead: 8 million Military dead: 4 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total dead: 7 million The First World War, also known as... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ... European military alliances in 1915. ... Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 - July 25, 1934) was an Austrian politician and dictator. ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ...

Austria became part of Germany in 1938 through the Anschluss and remained under Nazi rule until the end of World War II. After the defeat of the Axis Powers, the Allies occupied Austria until 1955, when the country became a fully independent republic under the condition that it would remain neutral in the growing conflict between the Communist East Block and the free non-Communist West (see: Austrian State Treaty). Austria also became a member of the UN in the same year. After the collapse of communist states in Eastern Europe, Austria became increasingly involved in European affairs, in 1995 joining the European Union, and in 1999 adopting the Euro monetary system. German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ... Combatants Allies: Poland, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, France/Free France, United States, China, Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece,Norway and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Clement Atlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945 The Potsdam Conference was held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... The Austrian Independence Treaty (complete form: Treaty for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria, signed in Vienna on the 15th May 1955), more commonly referred to as the Austrian State Treaty (German Staatsvertrag), was signed on May 15, 1955 in Vienna at the Schloss Belvedere between the... This article is about one-party states governed by Communist parties. ... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... The euro (currency sign: €; banking code: EUR) is official currency in the following twelve European Union member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain; collectively also known as the Eurozone. ...

Politics

More information on politics and government of Austria can be found at the Politics and government of Austria series.

Austrian Parliament in Vienna

Austria became a federal, parliamentarian, democratic republic through the Federal Constitution of 1920. It was reintroduced in 1945 to the nine states of the Federal Republic. The head of state is the Federal President, who is directly elected. The chairman of the Federal Government is the Federal Chancellor, who is appointed by the president. The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by vote of no confidence in the lower chamber of parliament, the Nationalrat. Politics of Austria takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Chancellor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1194x546, 211 KB) Summary Full-view photo of the Austrian Parliament in Vienna, view position: Ringstraße Photo by: Atelier Schiffleitner http://www. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1194x546, 211 KB) Summary Full-view photo of the Austrian Parliament in Vienna, view position: Ringstraße Photo by: Atelier Schiffleitner http://www. ... A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ... In a broad definition a republic is a state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ... The Constitution of Austria or Österreichisches Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) is one of the charters governing political life in the Republic of Austria. ... Since Austria is a federal republic according to the constitutional framework of Austrian politics, Austrias nine provinces are customarily referred to as States of Austria or Bundesländer, singular Bundesland. ... Queen Elizabeth II, is the Head of State of 16 countries including: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, New Zealand and the Bahamas, as well as crown colonies and overseas territories of the United Kingdom. ... The Leopoldine Wing of Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna: home to the offices of the Federal President. ... The ethnically and culturally homogenous nation state of Austria is the small but prosperous remnant of Austria-Hungary, a vast multinational empire foundered in 1918. ... The Federal Chancellor of Austria (Bundeskanzler) is the head of government in Austria. ... A Motion of No Confidence, also called Motion of Non Confidence is a parliamentary motion traditionally put before a parliament by the opposition in the hope of defeating or embarrassing a government. ... The National Council or Nationalrat is one of the two houses of the Federal Assembly, the bicameral federal parliament of the Federal Republic of Austria. ...

The Parliament of Austria consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat is determined every four years by a free general election in which every citizen is allowed to vote to fill its 183 seats. A "Four Percent Hurdle" prevents a large splintering of the political landscape in the Nationalrat by awarding seats only to political parties that have obtained at least a four percent threshold of the general vote, or alternatively, have won a direct seat, or Direktmandat, in one of the 43 regional election districts. The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the formation of legislation in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the Bundesrat has a limited right of veto (the Nationalrat can - in most cases - pass the respective bill a second time bypassing the Bundesrat altogether). A convention, called the Österreich–Konvent [1] was convened in June 30, 2003 to decide upon suggestions to reform the constitution, but has failed to produce a proposal that would receive the two thirds of votes in the Nationalrat necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform. However, some important parts of the final report were generally agreed upon and are still expected to be implemented. The Austrian parliament consists of two chambers, the Nationalrat (national council) and the Bundesrat (federal council). ... The Federal Council of Austria or Bundesrat is one of the two separate councils of parliament of Austria. ... The word veto comes from Latin and literally means I forbid. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Subdivisions

A federal republic, Austria is divided into nine states, (German: Bundesländer). These states are divided into districts (Bezirke) and cities (Statutarstädte). Districts are subdivided into municipalities (Gemeinden). Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. The states are not mere administrative divisions, but have some distinct legislative authority separate from the federal government. Since Austria is a federal republic according to the constitutional framework of Austrian politics, Austrias nine provinces are customarily referred to as States of Austria or Bundesländer, singular Bundesland. ... The term state may refer to: a sovereign political entity, see state unitary state nation state a non-sovereign political entity, see state (non-sovereign). ... Since Austria is a federal republic according to the constitutional framework of Austrian politics, Austrias nine provinces are customarily referred to as States of Austria or Bundesländer, singular Bundesland. ... Local government areas called districts are used, or have been used, in several countries. ... Bezirk (district in German, pl. ... A Statutarstadt (also called a city with its own statute) is a city in Austria with its own municipal law or city statute. ...

Image File history File links BundesländerÖsterreich. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the worlds major languages. ... Since Austria is a federal republic according to the constitutional framework of Austrian politics, Austrias nine provinces are customarily referred to as States of Austria or Bundesländer, singular Bundesland. ... In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative meaning of capital) is the principal city or town associated with its government. ... Burgenland (Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék, Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko) is the easternmost state or Land of Austria. ... Eisenstadt (Hungarian Kismarton, Croatian Željezno) is a city in Austria, the state capital of Burgenland. ... Carinthia (German Kärnten) is an Austrian state or Land, located in the south of Austria. ... Lindwurm Brunnen in the center of Klagenfurt Klagenfurt (Slovenian Celovec) is the capital of the federal state of Carinthia (German Kärnten; Slovenian Koróška), in Austria, on the Glan river. ... Map of Lower Austria showing districts and the four quarters (Waldviertel in green, Weinviertel in red, Mostviertel in yellow and Industrieviertel in blue) Lower Austria (de: Niederösterreich) is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. ... St. ... Upper Austria (Ober sterreich) is one of the nine federal states or Bundesl nder of Austria. ... Map of Austria, locating Linz Linz is a city and Statutarstadt in northeast Austria, on the Danube river. ... Salzburg (area 7154 sq. ... Flag of Salzburg Salzburg (population 145,000 in 2005) is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 520,000 in 2003). ... Styria redirects here. ... The Grazer Schloßberg Clock Tower Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec IPA: /gra. ... Tyrol (Tirol in German) is a state or Land, located in the west of Austria. ... Innsbruck is a city in western Austria, and the capital of the federal state of Tyrol. ... Vorarlberg is the westernmost state (Land) of Austria. ... Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...

Geography

Topography of Austria

Austria is a largely mountainous country due to its location in the Alps. The Central Eastern Alps, Northern Limestone Alps and Southern Limestone Alps are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria (84 000 km² or 32,000 sq. mi), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft). The high mountainous Alps in the west of Austria flatten somewhat into low lands and plains in the east of the country. Austria is a small, predominantly mountainous country geographically located in Central Europe, approx. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Austria Categories: GFDL images ... File links The following pages link to this file: Austria Categories: GFDL images ... Mount McKinley (Denali) in Alaska (USA) has the largest visible base-to-summit elevation difference on Earth. ... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... The Central Eastern Alps are the core ranges of the Eastern Alps with the highest peaks, located between the Northern Limestone Alps and the Southern Limestone Alps, from which they differ in geological composition. ... The Northern Limestone Alps are the ranges of the Eastern Alps north of the Central Eastern Alps. ... The Southern Limestone Alps are the ranges of the Eastern Alps south of the Central Eastern Alps. ... A square mile is an Imperial unit of area equal to that of a square with sides each 1 statute mile (5,280 feet, 1,760 yards, 1,609. ... metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation) The metre (in the U.S., chiefly meter) is a measure of length, approximately equal to 3. ... A foot (plural: feet) is any of several old units of distance or length, measuring around a quarter to a third of a meter. ...

Map of Austria

Austria may be divided into 5 different areas. The biggest area are the Austrian Alps, which constitute 62% of Austria's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the Alps and the Carpathians account for around 12% of its area. The foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian granite plateau, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass, and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the Viennese basin comprises the remaining 4%. Map of Austria. ... Map of Austria. ... Eastern Alps is the name given to the eastern half of the Alps, usually defined as the area east of the Splügen Pass in eastern Switzerland. ... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians Souvenir from Carpathian region (Poland) The Carpathian Mountains are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and northern Hungary. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... In geology and earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat open country if the uplift was recent in geologic history. ... The Viennese Basin (German: Wiener Becken, Czech: Vídenská kotlina, Slovak: Viedenská kotlina) is a tectonic basin between the Alps and the Carpathian Mountains. ...

Climate

The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate climate zone in which humid westerly winds predominate. With over half of the country dominated by the Alps the alpine climate is the predominant one. In the East the climate shows continental features with less rain than the areas with high rainfall averages. The six highest mountains in Austria are: The Köppen Climate Classifications are the standard incriments by which geographers and climatologists classify the climate of a particular part of the world. ... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... For the climate of the mountains named the Alps, see climate) for a region above the tree-line. ...

A foot (plural: feet) is any of several old units of distance or length, measuring around a quarter to a third of a meter. ... Großglockner is, at 3798 m above sea level, Austrias highest mountain and the highest mountain in the Alps east of the Brenner Pass. ... The High Tauern (German Hohe Tauern) is the highest range of the Alps in Austria. ... Wildspitze is the tallest mountain in the Ötztal Alps and the second tallest mountain in Austria, measured by relative height (Großglockner is the tallest). ... The Ötztal Alps (Ger. ... Weißkugel is the second highest mountain in the Ötztal Alps and the third highest mountain in Austria with 3739 meters or 12,291 feet of height. ... The Ötztal Alps (Ger. ... Großvenediger is generally considered to be Austrias third highest mountain (although it can be up to sixteenth if every subsidiary summit is counted). ... The High Tauern (German Hohe Tauern) is the highest range of the Alps in Austria. ... The Ötztal Alps (Ger. ... The High Tauern (German Hohe Tauern) is the highest range of the Alps in Austria. ...

Economy

The Belvedere Palace, an example of the Baroque

Austria has a well-developed social market economy and a high standard of living. Until the 1980s many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised, however in recent years privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. Labour movements are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics. For more background on this topic, see Austria. ... Image of euro coinage. ... Upper Belvedere Lower Belvedere The Belvedere is a baroque palace complex built by Prince Eugene of Savoy in the 3rd district of Vienna, south-eastern from the citys center. ... Adoration, by Peter Paul Rubens. ... The Social market economy was the German and Austrian economic model during the Cold War era. ... The Standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. ...

Germany has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the German economy. Slow growth in Germany and elsewhere in the world affected Austria, slowing its growth to 0.8% in 2001. But since Austria became a member state of the European Union it has gained closer ties to other European Union economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to EU aspiring economies. Therefore estimates of growth in 2006 (about 2.6%) are much more favourable than in the crippling German economy. Germany is the worlds third largest economy and the largest in Europe. ...

Approximately two percent of the population lives below the poverty line.

Agriculture: Austrian farms, like those of other west European mountainous countries, are small and fragmented, and production is relatively expensive.

Industry: Although some industries, such as several iron and steel works and chemical plants, are large industrial enterprises employing thousands of people, most industrial and commercial enterprises in Austria are relatively small on an international scale.

Services: Like in other western countries, the biggest contributor to Austria's GDP is its service sector. Most notably is tourism, especially winter tourism. El Nido, Philippines Tourism is the act of travel for the purpose of recreation and business, and the provision of services for this act. ... For other senses of this word, see winter (disambiguation). ... El Nido, Philippines Tourism is the act of travel for the purpose of recreation and business, and the provision of services for this act. ...

Foreign Trade: In 2005 total exports were valued at €94.7 billion, an increase of 5.4% compared to 2004. Imports amounted to €96.5 billion, an increase of 5.9% compared to 2004. This resulted in a slightly negative trade balance of €1.8 billion.

See also: List of Austrian companies This is a list of companies from Austria. ...

Demographics

Vienna during the first half of the 18th century, painting by Canaletto.

Austria's population was estimated in July, 2005 as 8,184,691 persons. The population of the capital, Vienna, exceeds 1.6 million (2 million with suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population, and is said to constitute a melting pot of citizens from all over Central and Eastern Europe. In contrast to the capital, other cities do not exceed 1 million inhabitants: the second largest city Graz is home of 240,000 people, followed by Linz with 187,000, Salzburg with 147,000, and Innsbruck with 116,000. All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants. Austrians are a homogeneous people, although four decades of strong immigration have significantly altered the composition of the population of Austria. ... Image File history File links Canaletto_(I)_058. ... Image File history File links Canaletto_(I)_058. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... The Stonemasons Yard, painted 1726-30. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Night view of Taipei City. ... The Grazer Schloßberg Clock Tower Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec IPA: /gra. ... Map of Austria, locating Linz Linz is a city and Statutarstadt in northeast Austria, on the Danube river. ... Flag of Salzburg Salzburg (population 145,000 in 2005) is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 520,000 in 2003). ... Innsbruck is a city in western Austria, and the capital of the federal state of Tyrol. ...

German speaking Austrians, by far the country's largest group, form 91.1% of Austria's population. The Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Styria are home to a significant (indigenous) Slovenian minority with around 14,000 members (Austrian census; unofficial numbers of Slovene groups speak of about 40,000). Around 20,000 Hungarians and 30,000 Croatians live in the east-most Bundesland, Burgenland (formerly part of Hungary). The remaining number of Austria's people are of non-Austrian descent, many from surrounding countries, especially from the former East Bloc nations. So-called guest workers (Gastarbeiter) and their descendants also form an important minority group in Austria. Carinthia (German Kärnten) is an Austrian state or Land, located in the south of Austria. ... Styria redirects here. ... Burgenland (Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or Felsőőrvidék, Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko) is the easternmost state or Land of Austria. ... A number is an abstract entity that represents a count or measurement. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... A minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant plurality of the total population of a given society. ...

The official language, German, is spoken by almost all residents of the country. Austria's mountainous terrain led to the development of many distinct German dialects. All of the dialects in the country, however, belong to Austro-Bavarian groups of German dialects, with the exception of the dialect spoken in its west-most Bundesland, Vorarlberg, which belongs to the group of Alemannic dialects. There is also a distinct grammatical standard for Austrian German with a few differences to the German spoken in Germany. Wiktionary has related dictionary definitions, such as: country In political geography and international politics a country is a geographical territory. ... Austro-Bavarian or Bavarian is a major group of Upper German varieties. ... Vorarlberg is the westernmost state (Land) of Austria. ... Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family. ...

Politics concerning ethnic groups (Volksgruppenpolitik)

An estimated 25,000–40,000 Slovenians in the Austrian state of Carinthia as well as Croatians and Hungarians in Burgenland were recognized as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. The Slovenians in the Austrian state of Styria (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognized as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of July 27, 1955 states otherwise. Carinthia (German Kärnten) is an Austrian state or Land, located in the south of Austria. ... Styria redirects here. ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... 1955 (MCMLV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene- and Croat-Austrians live alongside the Germanic population(as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented. Many Carinthians are afraid of Slovenian territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars and considering that some official Slovenian atlases still show parts of Carinthia as Slovenian cultural territory. The current governor, Jörg Haider, has made this fact a matter of public argument in fall 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 states that 65% of Carinthians are not in favour of an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 have already been fulfilled according to their point of view. Another interesting phenomenon is the so called "Windischen-Theorie" [2] stating that the Slovenians can be split in two groups: actual Slovenians and Windische, based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenians, who were taught Slovenian standard language in school and those Slovenians, who spoke their local Slovenian dialect but went to German schools. To the latter group the term "Windische" (originally the German word for Slovenians) was applied, claiming that they were a different ethnic group. This theory was never generally accepted and has been ultimately rejected several decades ago. Jörg Haider in Carinthia (promotional photo) Jörg Haider (born 26 January 1950) is an Austrian politician. ...

Religion

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Austrian Habsburg ruler and one of the major figures within the Counter-Reformation.

While northern and central Germany was the origin of the Reformation, Austria (and Bavaria) were the heart of the Counter-Reformation in the 16th and 17th century, when the absolute monarchy of Habsburg imposed a strict regime to maintain Catholicism's power and influence among Austrians. The Habsburgs always saw themselves as the spearhead of Roman Catholicism and all other confessions and religions were oppressed. In 1781 Emperor Joseph II issued a Patent of Tolerance that allowed other Christian confessions a limited freedom of worship. Religious freedom was declared a constitutional right in the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich in 1867 thus paying tribute to the fact that the monarchy was home of numerous religions beside Roman Catholicism such as Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Russian, and Bulgarian Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims (Austria neighboured the Ottoman empire for centuries), Mormons and both Calvinists and Lutheran Protestants. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x2718, 347 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Austria Ghent ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1576x2718, 347 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Austria Ghent ... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... In Christianity, the term Catholicism (from Greek: καθολικός (katholikos), meaning general or universal) has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: The whole orthodox Christian church, or adherence thereto. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... 1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Joseph II (March 13, 1741 – February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790. ... Freedom of worship and freedom of religion have two totally different meanings. ... The German term Ausgleich (Hungarian kiegyezés) refers to the compromise or composition of February 1867 that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which was signed by Franz Joseph of Austria and a Hungarian delegation led by Ferenc Deák. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... A Muslim is a believer in or follower of Islam. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... The term Mormon is a colloquial name, most-often used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). ... Calvinism is a system of Christian theology and an approach to Christian life and thought, articulated by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and subsequently by successors, associates, followers and admirers of Calvin and his interpretation of Scripture. ... The Lutheran movement is a group of denominations of Protestant Christianity by the original definition. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

Still Austria remained largely influenced by Catholicism. After 1918 First Republic Catholic leaders such as Theodor Innitzer and Ignaz Seipel took leading positions within or close to the Austrian Government and increased their influence during the time of the Austrofascism—Catholicism was treated much like a state religion by dictators Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. Although Catholic leaders welcomed the Germans in 1938 during the Anschluss of Austria into Germany, Austrian Catholicism stopped its support of Nazism later on and many former religious public figures became involved with the resistance during the Third Reich. After 1945 a stricter secularism was imposed in Austria and religious influence on politics has nearly vanished. Theodor Cardinal Innitzer (born December 25, 1875 in Neugeschrei near Weipert, Northern Bohemia; died October 9, 1955 in Vienna) was Archbishop of Vienna and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. ... Ignaz Seipel (19 July 1876 - 2 August 1932) was an Austrian politician who served as Chancellor during the 1920s. ... Supporters of the Austrian Christian Social Party in 1934 Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. ... A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or creed officially endorsed by the state. ... Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892, Texing—July 25, 1934, Vienna) was an Austrian statesman, serving as chancellor for two years from 1932 until his assassination in 1934. ... Kurt Schuschnigg (14 December 1897 in Riva del Garda, Austria-Hungary (Now Riva del Garda, Italy) – 18 November 1977 in Innsbruck, Austria; Kurt von Schuschnigg until 1919) was an Austrian politician who in 1934 succeeded the assassinated Engelbert Dollfuss as dictator of Austria, as leader of the regime often called... German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ... National Socialism redirects here. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

As of the end of the twentieth century about 73% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic, while about 5% considered themselves Protestants. Both these numbers have been on the decline for decades, especially Roman Catholicism, which has suffered an increasing number of seceders of the church. Austrian Catholics are obliged to pay a mandatory tax (calculated by income—ca. 1%) to the Austrian Roman Catholic Church, which might act as an incentive to leave the church. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...

About 12% of the population declare that they do not belong to any church or religious community. Of the remaining people, about 180,000 are members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and about 7,300 are Jewish. It has to be noted that the Austrian Jewish Community of 1938 – Vienna alone counted more than 200,000, of which solely 4,000 to 5,000 remained after the Second World War. The influx of Eastern Europeans, especially from the former Yugoslav nations, Albania and particularly from Turkey largely contributed to a substantial Muslim minority in Austria—around 300,000 are registered as members of various Muslim communities. The numbers of people adhering to the Islam has increased largely during the last years and is expected to grow in the future. Buddhism, which was legally recognized as a religion in Austria in 1983, enjoys widespread acceptance and has a following of 20,000 (10,402 at the 2001 census). A 2005 survey among 8,000 people in various European countries showed that Austrians are still among the countries with the strongest belief in God. 84% of all Austrians do state they believe in God, with only Poland (97%), Portugal (90%) and Russia (87%) in front of the countries surveyed. This is a much larger figure than the European average of 71% or Germany with 67%. [3] A church building (or simply church) is a building used in Christian worship. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ... This article describes the Jewish religion; for a consideration of ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity refer to the article Jew. ... Combatants Allies: Poland, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, France/Free France, United States, China, Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece,Norway and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead... The definition of continental subregions in use by the United Nations. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... A stupa in Vienna, Austria. ... 1870 US Census for New York City A census is the process of obtaining information about every member of a population (not necessarily a human population). ... World map showing Europe Political map Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europes borders. ... The term God (capitalized in English language as a proper noun) is often used to refer to a Supreme Being. ...

See also: Buddhism in Austria, Hinduism in Austria, Islam in Austria, Paganism in the Eastern Alps A stupa in Vienna, Austria. ... Hinduism in Austria is primarily represented through Gaudiya Vaishnavism, otherwise colloquially known as Hare Krishna to some. ... Islam is the third largest religious community in Austria with 4,22 % of the population in the 2001 census, after the Catholic Church and the Protestants. ... Procession in Klagenfurt The eastern and central Alpine region is rich in traditions dating back to pagan times, the pre-Christian Germanic (1st millennium), or even the Celtic (1st millennium BC) period. ...

Culture

These are articles of the List of Austrians series

Actors

Artists & Architects

Monarchs

Mountaineers

Music

Politicians

Scientists

Sports

Writers

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Although Austria is a small country, its history as a world power and its cultural environment have generated a broad contribution to art and science. It has been the professional birthplace of many famous composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. or Gustav Mahler as well as members of the Second Viennese School such as Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern or Alban Berg. Culture on the territory of what is today Austria can be traced back to around 1050 B.C. with the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. ... Image File history File links Austria_coat_of_arms_simple. ... The following list is an election of famous Austrians. ... This is a list of Austrian actors: A Maria Anna Adamberger, actress (18th century) Rosa Albach-Retty, actress Peter Alexander, actor (born 1926) Leon Askin, actor Erich Auer actor (death 2004) B Senta Berger, born 1941 Theodore Bikel, Jewish folk singer and actor (African Queen) (born 1924) Klaus Maria Brandauer... This is a list of Austrian artists and architects. ... This is a list of margraves, dukes, archdukes, and emperors of Austria. ... This is a list of Austrian mountaineers. ... This is a list of Austrian composers, singers and conductors A Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, composer and music theorist August Wilhelm Ambros, composer (19th century) Wolfgang Ambros, singer (Austropop) Christian Anders, singer Marianne von Auenbrugger, composer and pianist 1759-1782 B Paul Badura-Skoda, pianist (born 1927) Ludwig von Beethoven, composer... This is a list of Austrian politicians. ... This is a list of Austrian scientists. ... This is a list of Austrian writers and poets. ... Ludwig Wittgenstein Text in article says image dates to 1930. ... Ludwig Wittgenstein Text in article says image dates to 1930. ... Vienna has long been an important center of musical innovation. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... (Franz) Joseph Haydn (in German, Josef; he never used the Franz) (March 31, 1732 – May 31, 1809) was a leading composer of the classical period. ... Franz Schubert. ... Anton Bruckner (portrait by Josef Büche) Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824 – 11 October 1896) was an Austrian composer who wrote the majority of his mature music near the end of the Romantic era. ... Johann Strauss I Johann Strauss I (also known as Johann Strauss Snr. ... Johann Strauss II The Waltz King coming to life in the Stadtpark, Vienna Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss the Younger, or Johann Strauss Jr. ... Gustav Mahler in 1909 Gustav Mahler (July 7, 1860–May 18, 1911) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and conductor. ... The Second Viennese School was a group of composers made up of Arnold Schoenberg and those who studied under him in early 20th century Vienna. ... Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1938 Schoenberg redirects here. ... Anton Webern (December 3, 1883 – September 15, 1945) was an Austrian composer. ... Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. ...

Complementing its status as a land of artists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers and novelists. It was the home of novelists Arthur Schnitzler, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Bernhard or Robert Musil, of poets Georg Trakl, Franz Werfel, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke or Adalbert Stifter and writer Karl Kraus. Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are Elfriede Jelinek and Peter Handke. Among Austrian artists and architects one can find painters Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele or Friedensreich Hundertwasser, photographer Inge Morath or architect Otto Wagner. Arthur Schnitzler Arthur Schnitzler (May 15, 1862 - October 21, 1931) was an Austrian writer and doctor. ... Stefan Zweig (November 28, 1881 – February 22, 1942) was an Austrian writer. ... Thomas Bernhard Thomas Bernhard (February 9, 1931 - February 12, 1989) was an Austrian playwright and novelist. ... Robert Musil (Klagenfurt, Austria, November 6, 1880 – April 15, 1942 in Geneva, Switzerland) was an Austrian writer, author of the unfinished long novel The Man Without Qualities (in German, Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften), one of the most important modernist novels. ... Georg Trakl A poem by Trakl inscribed on a plaque in Mirabell Garden, Salzburg. ... Franz Werfel, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1940 Werfels grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna. ... Franz Seraphicus Grillparzer (January 15, 1791 - January 21, 1872), Austrian dramatic poet, was born in Vienna. ... Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926) is generally considered the German languages greatest 20th century poet. ... Adalbert Stifter (23 October 1805 - 28 January 1868) was an Austrian writer, poet, painter, and pedagogue. ... Karl Kraus (April 28, 1874 - June 12, 1936) was an eminent Austrian writer and journalist, known as a satirist, essayist, aphorist, playwright, and poet. ... Elfriede Jelinek (born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian feminist playwright and novelist. ... Peter Handke (born December 6, 1942) is an avant-garde Austrian novelist and playwright. ... Gustav Klimt, 1902 Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau (Vienna Secession) movement. ... Oskar Kokoschka (March 1, 1886-February 22, 1980) was an Austrian artist and poet of Czech origin, best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes. ... Egon Schiele, Self-portrait 1911 Mutter mit zwei Kindern Die kleine Stadt II Porträt des Albert Paris von Gütersloh Egon Schiele (June 12, 1890 – October 31, 1918) was an Austrian painter. ... Grüne Zitadelle in Magdeburg, Germany Friedensreich Hundertwasser (December 15, 1928 – February 19, 2000) was an Austrian painter and sculptor. ... Inge Morath Ingeborg Morath (May 27, 1923 in Graz, Austria – January 30, 2002 in New York City) was an Austrian-born photographer. ... Otto Wagner Otto Koloman Wagner (13 July 1841–11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect. ...

Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists including physicists Ludwig Boltzmann, Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, Ernst Mach, Wolfgang Pauli, Richard von Mises and Christian Doppler, philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper, biologists Gregor Mendel and Konrad Lorenz as well as mathematician Kurt Gödel. It was home to psychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Paul Watzlawick and Hans Asperger, psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, economists Joseph Schumpeter, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises, and Friedrich Hayek (Austrian School) and Peter Drucker, and engineers such as Ferdinand Porsche and Siegfried Marcus. Ludwig Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (Vienna, Austria-Hungary, February 20, 1844 – Duino near Trieste, September 5, 1906) is an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics. ... Lise Meitner ca. ... Erwin Schrödinger, as depicted on the former Austrian 1000 Schilling bank note. ... Ernst Mach Ernst Mach (February 18, 1838 – February 19, 1916) was an Austrian-Czech physicist and philosopher and is the namesake for the Mach number and the optical illusion known as Mach bands. ... Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (April 25, 1900 – December 15, 1958) was an Austrian physicist noted for his work on the theory of spin, and in particular the discovery of the Exclusion principle, which underpins the whole of chemistry. ... Richard von Mises. ... Christian Doppler Johann Christian Andreas Doppler (November 29, 1803 in – March 17, 1853) was an Austrian mathematician and physicist, most famous for the hypothesis of what is now known as the Doppler effect which causes the frequency of a wave to apparently change as its source moves toward or away... Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (IPA: ) (April 26, 1889 – April 29, 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who contributed several ground-breaking works to contemporary philosophy, primarily on the foundations of logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind. ... Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH, KT, MA, Ph. ... Gregor Johann Mendel Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20[1], 1822 – January 6, 1884) was an Augustinian abbot who is often called the father of genetics for his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants. ... Lorenz being followed by his imprinted geese Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903–February 27, 1989) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. ... Kurt Gödel (IPA: ) (April 28, 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – January 14, 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics. ... Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (IPA: []) (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. ... Dr. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler (February 7, 1870 – May 28, 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor and psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. ... Paul Watzlawick Paul Watzlawick PhD (* July 25, 1921 in Villach, Austria) is one of the worlds leading theoreticians in Communication Theory and Radical Constructivism and very important inspiration in the field of family therapy and general psychotherapy. ... Hans Asperger (February 18, 1906 – October 21, 1980) was the Austrian pediatrician after whom Aspergers Syndrome is named. ... Mans search for meaning Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph. ... Joseph Schumpeter Joseph Alois Schumpeter (February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian economist (though not an Austrian economist in the sense of being a member of the Austrian School of economics) and a giant in the history of economic thought. ... Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (February 12, 1851 – August 27, 1914) made important contributions to the development of Austrian economics. ... Ludwig von Mises Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was a notable economist and a major influence on the modern libertarian movement. ... Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an Austrian economist and political philosopher, noted for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought in the mid-20th century. ... The Austrian School is a school of economic thought that rejects economists overreliance on methods used in natural science for the study of human action, and instead bases its formalism on a logic of action known as praxeology. ... Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909–November 11, 2005) was an Austrian author of numerous economics-related literature. ... Ferdinand Porsche Prof. ... Siegfried Marcus 1831-1898 Siegfried Samuel Marcus (born in Malchin, Mecklenburg, Germany, on 1831-09-18, died in Vienna on 1898-07-01) was a German – Austrian inventor and automobile pioneer of Jewish ancestry. ...

• List of Austrians
• Music of Austria

The following list is an election of famous Austrians. ... Vienna has long been an important center of musical innovation. ...

Miscellaneous topics

• Austrian folk dancing
• Austrian German
• Communications in Austria
• Cuisine of Austria
• Education in Austria
• Foreign relations of Austria
• Media in Austria
• Military of Austria
• Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs
• Public holidays in Austria
• Spanish Riding School
• Stamps and postal history of Austria
• Tourism in Austria
• Transportation in Austria
• List of cities in Austria

Austrian folk dancing (see Austria) is mostly associated with Schuhplattler, Landler, Polka or Waltz. ... Austrian German is any variety of the German language spoken in Austria. ... This article was imported from the CIA World Factbook and needs to be rewritten and/or reformatted in accordance with Wikipedia styles. ... The Cuisine of Austria, which is often incorrectly equated with Viennese cuisine, is derived from the cuisine of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. ... The Republic of Austria has a free and public school system, and nine years of education are mandatory. ... The 1955 Austrian State Treaty ended the four-power occupation and recognized Austria as an independent and sovereign state. ... Newspapers Broadsheet Die Presse centre-right, liberal Der Standard centre-left, liberal Salzburger Nachrichten centre-right, traditionalist Tabloid Kronen Zeitung right wing populist, catholic-traditionalist Kleine Zeitung moderate, catholic-liberal Magazines High brow Profil current events, moderate Datum current events, liberal Gewinn finance and economics Low brow News society, current... The name of the Military of Austria is Bundesheer (Federal Army). For a short while between 1918 and 1921 the Austrian semi-regular army was called Volkswehr (peoples defence), fighting against Slovenian occupation forces in Carinthia. ... Austrian Scouts and Girl Guides (German Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs, PPÖ) is the largest national scouting organization in Austria. ... Categories: Austria | Public holidays by country ... A Lipizzan horse in the Winter Riding School The Spanish Riding School of Vienna, Austria, is a traditional riding school for Lipizzan horses. ... (pre-stamp postal history here) 3-kreuzer stamp of 1850; note the rough surface of the hand-made paper. ... Visits to Austria mostly include trips to Vienna with its Cathedral, its Heurigenschenken (wine pubs) and romantic Waltz music flair. ... Railways: total: 6,123 km (3,523 km electrified) standard gauge: 5,639 km 1. ... The following is a list of cities and towns in Austria: 10 largest cities Vienna - 1,504,100 Graz - 216,100 Linz - 184,800 Salzburg - 145,800 Innsbruck - 116,400 Klagenfurt - 89,700 Villach - 57,900 Wels - 56,600 Sankt Pölten - 49,600 Dornbirn - 43,100 External links Map...

References

• References and bibliography can be found in the more detailed articles linked to in this article

External links

• Travel information on Wikitravel
• The aeiou Encyclopedia (Homepage | Table of Contents | Search)
• Austria.info Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office
• History of Austria: Primary Documents
• Federal Chancellery of Austria
• Austrian Law Information on Austrian Law
• CIA World Factbook entry on Austria
• Library of Congress Portals on the World - Austria
• Photoglobe.info Library of Congress - Country Studies - Austria Info
• US Department of State Facts and Information (updated February 2005)
• Physical Map of Austria
• Pictures of Austria
• Language in Austria

European Union members and candidates

Austria • Belgium • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Latvia • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Netherlands • Poland • Portugal • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • United Kingdom Countries acceding on January 1, 2007 (or 2008): Bulgaria • Romania Candidate countries in accession negotiations: Croatia • Turkey Candidate countries: Republic of Macedonia Potential candidate countries: Albania • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Montenegro • Serbia

edit	States of Austria
Burgenland • Carinthia • Lower Austria • Salzburg • Styria • Tyrol • Upper Austria • Vienna • Vorarlberg Since Austria is a federal republic according to the constitutional framework of Austrian politics, Austrias nine provinces are customarily referred to as States of Austria or Bundesländer, singular Bundesland. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Austria. ... Burgenland (Hungarian Várvidék, Őrvidék or FelsÅ‘Å‘rvidék, Croatian Gradišće, Slovenian Gradiščansko) is the easternmost state or Land of Austria. ... Carinthia (German Kärnten) is an Austrian state or Land, located in the south of Austria. ... Map of Lower Austria showing districts and the four quarters (Waldviertel in green, Weinviertel in red, Mostviertel in yellow and Industrieviertel in blue) Lower Austria (de: Niederösterreich) is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. ... Salzburg (area 7154 sq. ... Styria redirects here. ... Tyrol (Tirol in German) is a state or Land, located in the west of Austria. ... Upper Austria (Ober sterreich) is one of the nine federal states or Bundesl nder of Austria. ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: Beč, Czech: Vídeň, Hungarian: Bécs, Greek: Βιέννη, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Вена, Slovak: Viedeň, Slovenian: Dunaj) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... Vorarlberg is the westernmost state (Land) of Austria. ...