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Fascism
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What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments is a highly disputed subject that has proved complicated and contentious. ...
Flag of the Arrow Cross Party The Arrow Cross Party (Hungarian: Nyilaskeresztes Párt – Hungarista Mozgalom, literally Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement) was a pro-German anti-Semitic national socialist party led by Ferenc Szálasi which ruled Hungary from October 15, 1944 to January 1945. ...
The famous Integralist salute, Anauê!, which means you are my brother! (believed by some to have originated in a Tupi language expression) Integralist banner Brazilian Integralism (Portuguese: Integralismo brasileiro) was a Brazilian political movement created in October 1932. ...
Clerical fascism is an ideological construct that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with theology or religious tradition. ...
Ioannis Metaxas From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas akin to that of Francos Spain. ...
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Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...
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Léon Degrelle Rexism was a fascist political movement in the first half of the twentieth century in Belgium. ...
An Ustaše guard pose among the bodies of prisoners murdered in the Jasenovac concentration camp The Ustaše (also known as Ustashas or Ustashi) was a Croatian extreme nationalist movement. ...
This article discusses regimes and movements that are alleged to have been either fascist or sympathetic to fascism. ...
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Ioannis Metaxas From 1936 to 1941, Greece was ruled by an authoritarian regime under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas akin to that of Francos Spain. ...
Fascio (plural: fasci) is an Italian language word which was used in the late 19th century to refer to radical political groups of many different (and sometimes opposing) orientations. ...
This is the history of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars. ...
Anthem Giovinezza (The Youth)¹ Capital Salò Language(s) Italian Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic Head of State Benito Mussolini Historical era World War II - Established September 23, 1943 - Disestablished April 25, 1945 ¹ External link The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI) was a Nazi puppet state led by...
For the movie by Dino Risi, see March on Rome (film) The March on Rome was a pseudo-coup détat by which Mussolinis National Fascist Party came to power in Italy. ...
Actual Idealism was a form of idealism developed by Giovanni Gentile that grew into a grounded idealism contrasting the Transcendental Idealism of Immanuel Kant and the Absolute idealism of Georg Hegel. ...
Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in Eindhoven in September 1944. ...
Mussolini redirects here. ...
For the 1970 film see Black Brigade (film) Black Brigades (Italian: Brigate Nere) were one of the fascist paramilitary groups operating in the Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy), during the final years of World War II, and after the signing of the Italian Armistice in 1943. ...
For the University of Nebraska–Lincoln football teams defense, see Blackshirts (football). ...
Volksgemeinschaft was an attempt by the German Nazi Party to establish a national community of unified mind, will and spirit. ...
Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian: corporativismo) refers to a political or economic system in which power is given to civic assemblies that represent economic, industrial, agrarian, social, cultural, and professional groups. ...
The economics of fascism refers to the economic policies implemented by fascist governments. ...
Yoke and Arrows. ...
There are numerous debates concerning fascism and ideology and where fascism fits on the political spectrum. ...
As there were many different manifestations of fascism, especially during the interwar years, there were also many different symbols of Fascist movements. ...
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Giovanni Gentile (IPA:) (May 30, 1875 - April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. ...
The Grand Council of Fascism (Italian: ) was the main body of Mussolinis Fascist government in Italy. ...
Adolf Hitler and others at a Nazi party rally in Nuremberg, Germany, performing the salute. ...
Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ...
National Syndicalism is typically associated with the right-wing labor movement in Italy which would later become the basis for Mussolini’s Fascist Party. ...
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The Oath of the Horatii (1784), by Jacques-Louis David The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight, with palm down. ...
During the late 1920s and early 30s, Communist Party leaders linked to the Communist International (such as Rajani Palme Dutt and Joseph Stalin) argued that capitalist society had entered a third period in which social fascism posed a threat. ...
International Third Position was a group formed by Nick Griffin and Derek Holland as a continuation of the Political Soldier movement. ...
Enrico Corradini (1865, near Montelupo Fiorentino—1931, Rome) was an Italian novelist, essayist, journalist, and nationalist political figure. ...
| Austrofascism is a term which is frequently used by historians to describe the authoritarian rule installed in Austria between 1934 and 1938. It was based on a ruling party, the Fatherland Front (Vaterländische Front) and the Heimwehr (Homeguard) paramilitary units. Leaders were Engelbert Dollfuß and, after Dollfuß's assassination, Kurt Schuschnigg, who originally were politicians of the Christian Social Party, which was quickly integrated into the new movement. Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The movements flag. ...
The Heimwehr (German Home Guard) were a Nationalist, initially paramilitary grouping, operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s; they were similar in methods, organisation, and ideology to Germanys Freikorp. ...
Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 - July 25, 1934) was an Austrian politician and dictator. ...
Kurt Schuschnigg in a propagando manifesto. ...
The Christian Social Party (CS) was an Austrian political party from 1893 to 1933 and a predecessor of the contemporary Austrian Peoples Party. ...
Origins The Austrofascist movement's origin lies in the Korneuburg Oath, a declaration released by the Christian social paramilitary organization Heimwehr on 18 May 1930. The declaration condemned both "Marxist class struggle" and "liberal-capitalistic economical structures" and also explicitly rejected "the Western democratic parliamentary system and the [multi]-party state" Christian socialism generally refers to those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and socialist and who see these two things as being interconnected. ...
The Heimwehr (German Home Guard) were a Nationalist, initially paramilitary grouping, operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s; they were similar in methods, organisation, and ideology to Germanys Freikorp. ...
Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ...
A parliamentary system, or parliamentarism, is distinguished by the executive branch of government being dependent on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, often expressed through a vote of confidence. ...
The declaration was directed mainly at the Social Democratic opposition, largely in response to the Linz Program of 1926, and was not only taken by the Heimwehr but also by many Christian Social politicians, setting Austria on a course to an authoritarian system. The Christian Social Party (CS) was an Austrian political party from 1893 to 1933 and a predecessor of the contemporary Austrian Peoples Party. ...
Ideologically, Austrofascism was partly based on a fusion of Italian fascism, as expounded by Gentile, and Austria's Political Catholicism. Italian fascism (in Italian, fascismo) was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ...
Giovanni Gentile (IPA:) (May 30, 1875 - April 15, 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. ...
As with any officially established religion, the Roman Catholic Church has had constantly evolving relationships with various forms of government, some of them controversial in retrospect. ...
Transition to the Ständestaat The election in Vienna in 1932 made it likely that the coalition of Christian Social Party, the Landbund, and the Heimwehr would lose their majority in the national parliament, depriving the Dolfuß government of its parliamentary basis. As a result, the government aimed at transferring Austria into a authoritarian system. These efforts were supported from abroad by Benito Mussolini. The Christian Social Party (CS) was an Austrian political party from 1893 to 1933 and a predecessor of the contemporary Austrian Peoples Party. ...
The Landbund (Rural Federation) was an Austrian political party during the period of the First Republic (1918-1934). ...
The National Council or Nationalrat is one of the two houses of the Federal Assembly, the bicameral federal parliament of the Federal Republic of Austria. ...
The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. ...
Mussolini redirects here. ...
The opportunity for such a transition arrived on 4 March 1933 when the national parliament was paralysed by procedural disputes. Dolfuß branded this as the "self-elimination of the Parliament" and proceeded to rule on the basis of the Wartime Economy Authority Law. This law had been passed in 1917 during World War I to enable the government to issue decrees ensuring the supply of necessities. The law had never been explicitly revoked and was now used by the Dollfuß government to usher in an authoritarian state. “The Great War †redirects here. ...
On 7 March 1933 the Council of Ministers issued a ban on assembly and protests. Press regulations were also levied with under the Wartime Economy Authority Law and touted as economic safeguards. The law allowed for the government to require approval of a newspaper which had already been printed up to two hours before its distribution under certain circumstances, for instance if "through damage to patriotic, religious or moral sensibility, a danger to public peace, order and security" would arise. This allowed for pure censorship of the press, but the government was eager to avoid the appearance of open censorship, which was forbidden by the constitution. The opposition made a final attempt to reverse the changes in parliament, which was met by police power on 15 May 1933. As Social Democrats and Großdeutsche, who advocated a merger with Germany, arrived at the Parliament building, the government sent 200 detectives to the Parliament who prevented the representatives from taking their places in the assembly hall. For other uses, see Censor. ...
On 31 March the government dissolved the Republican Schutzbund. On 10 April the "Glöckel-Erlass", authored by former Social Democratic Education Minister Otto Glöckel made participation in the state religion mandatory.[citation needed] On 10 May, all federal, state and local elections were disbanded. The Communist Party of Austria was dissolved on 26 May, the National Socialist Workers' Party (NSDAP) on 19 June, and the Free Thinkers Guild on 20 June.
The Hotel Schiff, an asylum of the Social Democrats in Linz, was raided by the police in February of 1934. The Social Democrats resisted, leading to the February Uprising, which was quelled with military and paramilitary force. Afterwards, the Social Democratic Party was banned in Austria. In February 1934, Austrian socialists rose against the Austrian state when police searched for weapons belonging to the outlawed Republikanischer Schutzbund, the armed militia associated with the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiter Partei (SdAP), in Linz. ...
On 30 April 1934 National parliament, in its last session, passed a law that authorised the government with all the powers previously held by parliament.
One day later, on 1 May, the government used its new authority to proclaim a new constitution. This May Constitution avoided the term Republic and instead used as the official name of the state Federal State of Austria (Bundesstaat Österreich), though the constitution actually reduced the individual states' autonomy. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...
Chancellor Dollfuß was killed in July 1934, during an attempt by Austria's National Socialist to topple the regime and seize power for themselves. Despite Dollfuß's death, the attempt failed and Kurt Schuschnigg succeeded as Chancellor and ruled until the demise of the regime in 1938.
Elements of Austrofascism
Legal process After the parliament was dissolved, the government also dissolved the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshot). The four Christian Social members of the Constitutional Court had resigned, and the government banned the nomination of new judges, effectively closing the court. A Constitutional Court is a high court found in many countries which deals primary with constitutional law. ...
In September of 1933 the government established internment camps for political opposition members. Social Democrats, socialists, communists, and anarchists were all considered dissidents condemned to internment. After the July Putsch of 1934, National Socialists were also regularly interned. Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ...
Socialism is any economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled collectively or a political philosophy advocating such a system. ...
This article is about communism as a form of society, as an ideology advocating that form of society, and as a popular movement. ...
Anarchists can refer to several things, among which: The movie Anarchists Supporters of the principles of anarchism The Anarchists (Les Anarchistes), a famous song from Léo Ferré A List of anarchists This is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ...
The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). ...
On 11 November 1933 the government reinstated the death penalty for the crimes of murder, arson, and "public violence through malicious damage to others' property". In February of 1934, rioting (Aufruhr) was added to the list of capital offenses. Judges were instructed that, if they did not pass down a death penalty verdict within three days, they would be removed from the case and it would be brought to a jury trial. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ...
The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Jury. ...
Education By 1933 a series of laws had already been passed to bring the educational system in Austria into line with Austrofascism. The Catholic Church was, under the new government, able to exert significant influence on educational policy, which had previously been secularised. In order to pass the Matura (the test required for graduation), a student had to have taken religious education classes. Educational opportunities for women were significantly limited under the new regime.
Post-secondary education was also targeted by the new regime. The number of professors and assistants fell as the government produced legal grounds for deposing those who were critical of the new regime. Disciplinary actions, previously the responsibility of individual universities, were relegated to the government. Only members of the Fatherland Front were allowed to become university officials.
Economic policy By 1930, foreign trade to and from Austria moved away from a free market system and became an extension of the autocratic government. Chief among the changes was the closing of the Austrian market to foreign trade in response to the New York stock exchange crisis in 1929. Black Thursday can mean February 6, 1851, when fires severely burnt Victoria, Australia and reports of the temperature reaching 117°F (or 47°C) in the capital of Melbourne, but since the Bureau of Meteorology had not been established, this has never been verified or considered official. ...
Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Unemployment grew drastically under the Austrofascist regime (over 25% between 1932 and 1933). In response, the government removed unemployment benefits from the national budget. Additionally, the government created the so-called "Cooperations" of workers and enterprisers charged with undermining workers' movements. International trade was restricted and eventually banned.
Culture The official cultural policy of the Austrofascist government was the affirmation of the Baroque and other "pre-revolutionary" styles. The government encouraged a cultural mindset reminiscent of the times before the French Revolution. This recalled images of the "Threat from the East" -- the invasion of Europe by the Ottoman Turks -- which were then projected onto the Soviet Union. In this way the government warned its people against what it called "cultural Bolshevism," a force which it claimed posed a great threat to Austria. For other uses, see Baroque (disambiguation). ...
The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...
Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1683, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–1365) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (1453–1922) Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 (first) Osman I - 1918–22 (last) Mehmed VI Grand Viziers - 1320...
Bolshevik Party Meeting. ...
Ideology and ideals The ideology of the "community of the people" (Volksgemeinschaft) was different from that of the National Socialists. They were similar in that both served to attack the idea of a class struggle by accusing leftism of destroying individuality, and thus help usher in a totalitarian state. Dolfuß claimed he wanted to "over-Hitler" (überhitlern) National Socialism. Volksgemeinschaft is a Nazi term for peoples community. It was an attempt by the German Nazi Party to establish a national community of unified mind, will and spirit. ...
The South African Police Crush Another Demonstration by the Shack dwellers Movement Abahlali baseMjondolo, 28 September, 2007 Class struggle is the active expression of class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective. ...
Austrofascism, however, focused on the history of Austria. The Catholic Church played a large role in the Austrofascist definition of Austrian history and identity, which served to alienate Austrian and German culture. According to this philosophy, Austrians were "better Germans." (By this time, the majority of the German population was Protestant.) The monarchy was elevated to the ideal of a powerful and far-reaching state, a status which Austria lost after the Treaty of Saint-Germain. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ...
For the documentary series, see Monarchy (TV series). ...
The Treaty of Saint-Germain, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new republic of Austria on the other. ...
Involvement of the Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church officially supported the Austrofascist regime. Cardinal Innitzer of Vienna proclaimed the dissolution of the parliament as the "advent of a new era" which he compared to the Counter-Reformation. Pope Pius XI endorsed the state, saying Austria was ruled "so well, so positively, so Christian." The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ...
Pope Pius XI (Latin: ; Italian: Pio XI; May 31, 1857 – February 10, 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922 and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939. ...
Antisemitism There was no official policy of Antisemitism between 1933 and 1938. Public violence against Jews was rare. As the Austrofascist state saw itself under the growing pressure by Nazi Germany which penalized its citizen for travelling to Austria with a 1000 Mark fee, and even more so after the failed nazi coup against the Austrian government in July 1934, many Jews supported the regime. Austrofascist officials supported the Salzburg Festival which employed famous Jewish artists like Herbert Graf, Alexander Moissi, Max Reinhardt, Richard Tauber, Margarete Wallmann, or Bruno Walter. Walter also was a leading conductor for the Vienna State Opera until 1938 and conducted several concerts given by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Therefore the festival was harshly criticised by German officials and boycotted by German artists like Richard Strauss, Wilhelm Furtwängler, or Clemens Krauss. The Festival also came under attack by Austrian antisemites and exponents of right-wing parties. Many Jews fled Germany and found a new refuge in Austria. Artists like filmmaker Henry Koster and producer Joe Pasternak could not work in Germany any longer and continued to produce films in Austria. Vienna's Theater in der Josefstadt provided many Jewish actors, playwrights and directors with the opportunity to continue their work, among them Reinhardt, Albert Bassermann, Egon Friedell, Hans Jaray, Otto Preminger (the theater's managing director until 1935), Ernst Lothar (managing director until 1938), Franz Werfel. The Salzburg Festival (Salzburger Festspiele) is a prominent festival of music and drama. ...
Herbert Graf(1903-1973) was an Austrian-American opera producer. ...
Aleksander Moisiu (April 2, 1879–March 22, 1935) (aka Alexander Moissi) was a famous Albanian stage actor. ...
Richard Tauber (16 May 1891 – 8 January 1948) was an Austrian tenor acclaimed as one of the greatest singers of the 20th century. ...
Bruno Walter (Bruno Walter Schlesinger) (September 15, 1876 – February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor and composer. ...
Vienna State Opera (German: Wiener Staatsoper), located in Vienna, Austria, is one of the most important opera companies in Europe. ...
The Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (in German: Wiener Philharmoniker) an orchestra in Austria, regularly considered as one of the finest in the world. ...
This article is about the German composer of tone-poems and operas. ...
Wilhelm Furtwängler (January 25, 1886 – November 30, 1954) was a German conductor and composer. ...
Clemens Krauss (born in Vienna, March 31, 1893 – buried at Mexico City, May 16, 1954) was an Austrian conductor famed for his interpretations of the music of Richard Strauss, Richard Wagner and other German composers. ...
Henry Koster (May 1, 1905-September 21, 1988) was born Herman Kosterlitz in Berlin, Germany. ...
Joseph Pasternak (September 19, 1901 – September 13, 1991) was a Hungarian-born American film director in Hollywood. ...
Theater in der Josefstadt The Theater in der Josefstadt is a theater in Vienna in the eight district of Josefstadt. ...
Albert Basserman (September 7, 1867 – May 15, 1952) was an actor. ...
Egon Friedell born Egon Friedmann 21 January 1878 in Vienna, died 16 March 1938 in Vienna, was a prominent Austrian philosopher, historian, journalist, actor, cabaret performer and theatre critic. ...
Otto Ludwig Preminger (December 5, 1906 – April 23, 1986) was a film director. ...
Ernst Lothar ([ló:tar]), born Ernst Lothar Müller (October 25, 1890, Brünn - October 30, 1974, Wien) was a Moravian-Austrian writer, producer (Regisseur) and theater manager (Theaterleiter). ...
Franz Werfel, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1940 Werfels grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna Franz Werfel (September 10, 1890 – August 26, 1945) was an Austrian-Bohemian novelist, playwright, and poet who wrote in German. ...
Jewish athletes made the SC Hakoah Wien one of the most successful athletic clubs in Austria before 1938. Its athletes excelled on many occasions throughout Europe. Hakoah Vienna football team, 1925 Sport Club Hakoah Wien or Hakoah Vienna is a Viennese athletic club which was the largest of its time in the early 20th century. ...
Yet there was a purge of public offices, and many Jews were fired from their posts on the accusations that they were communist or social-democratic sympathizers. There were occasional outbursts of Antisemitism in right-wing newspapers.
However, Jews continued to be an integral part of Austria society until March of 1938. But some of them lost their hopes for a fruitful future and left Austria before 1938, especially following the Juliabkommen 1936 between Austria and Germany which provided an amnesty for illegal Nazis. Among those who left Austria before 1938 were Stefan Zweig and Otto Preminger. Stefan Zweig Stefan Zweig (November 28, 1881, Vienna, Austria – February 23, 1942, Petrópolis, Brazil) was an Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer. ...
Demise -
The regime lasted as long as the favour of Fascist Italy under Mussolini protected it against the expansionist aims of Nazi Germany. However, when Mussolini sought the alliance with Hitler, in the axis of 1938, Austria was left alone to face increasing German pressure. German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
Blue: Axis powers, co-belligerents and controlled areas Capital Not applicable Political structure Military alliance Historical era World War II - Tripartite Pact September 27, 1940 - Anti-Comintern Pact November 25, 1936 - Pact of Steel May 22, 1939 - Dissolved 1945 This article is about the independent countries (states) that comprised the...
To protect Austria's independence, Schuschnigg reached an agreement with Hitler, under which 17,000 Austrian Nazis received amnesty and were integrated into the fold of the Fatherland Front. Arthur Seyß-Inquart, the leader of the Austrian Nazis, was appointed Minister of the Interior and Security. As Nazi pressure continued, now supported from within the government, Schuschnigg tried to rally popular support for Austria's independence by a referendum. Hitler reacted by alleging an attempt at a fraudulent vote and demanded that Schuschnigg should hand over the government to the Austria Nazis or face invasion. Schuschnigg, unable to find support in France or Great Britain, resigned to avoid bloodshed. After an interlude, in which Nazis had gained control of Vienna, President Miklas, who had at first refused, appointed Seyß-Inquart Chancellor, who then requested military occupation by the German army. The next day, Hitler entered Austria and declared it a part of the German Reich. http://www. ...
Criticism of the term Although the term "Austrofascism" was used by the proponents of the regime itself, it is still disputed today. It is predominantly used by left-wing historians, while most historians prefer the term Ständestaat. On a political level, criticism sometimes comes from representatives of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP; the post-WW2 successors of the Christian Social Party), some of whom do not distance themselves from the authoritarian Austrian regime of the Patriotic Front. They usually stress the Austro-fascists' merits in fighting for Austria's independence and against Nazism. The Austrian Peoples Party (de:Österreichische Volkspartei, or ÖVP) is an Austrian political party. ...
Nazism in history Nazi ideology Nazism and race Outside Germany Related subjects Lists Politics Portal Nazism or National Socialism (German: Nationalsozialismus), refers primarily to the ideology and practices of the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers Party, German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) under Adolf Hitler. ...
While it is undisputed that the regime was an authoritarian dictatorship in character (it locked away members of the opposition, mostly nazis, communists and social-democrats, in concentration camps called Anhaltelager or imprisonment centers), some historians argue that it lacked certain characteristics of true fascism. Although the Patriotic Front used fascist-like symbols (such as the Kruckenkreuz) and was meant to be a party of the masses, it lacked a solid basis in the population, especially among labourers who tended to support the Communists or the Nazis. The Austrian government also did not target minorities or engage in any sort of expansionism. A concentration camp is a large detention centre created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ...
This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...
National Socialism redirects here. ...
According to some historians, Austrofascism was a contrived and desperate attempt to "out-Hitler" ("überhitlern") the Nazis, a term used by Dollfuß himself. They argue that Dollfuß was interested in a renaissance of Catholicism rather than in a totalitarian state, meaning that he wanted to return to the time before the ideas of the French Revolution of 1789 took hold. Ernst Hanisch, for example, speaks of semi-fascism. Some parallels to Spain under Francisco Franco cannot be overlooked, however. Austrofascism is sometimes also called imitation fascism. This is the history of Austria. ...
Image File history File links Austria_Bundesadler. ...
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture during the local Bronze Age, and introduced the Iron Age. ...
Noricum in ancient geography was a celtic kingdom in Austria and later a province of the Roman Empire. ...
German map showing the marcha orientalis (upper right) within the Duchy of Bavaria. ...
Originally from Bamberg in Franconia, now northern Bavaria, the Babenbergs or Babenberger ruled Austria as counts of the march and dukes from 976 - 1248, before the rise of the house of Habsburg. ...
The Privilegium Minus (as opposed to the later Privilegium Maius, which was a forgery), is a document issued by Emperor Frederick I on September 17, 1156. ...
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ...
This article is about the medieval empire. ...
susan kroh was a very important asset to austrias devolepment The Archduchy of Austria (German: ) was one of the most important states within Holy Roman Empire, the center of the Habsburg Monarchy, the predecessor of the Austrian Empire. ...
The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...
Anthem Volkshymne (Peoples Anthem) The Austrian Empire Capital Vienna Language(s) German Hungarian Romanian Czech Slovakian Slovenian Croatian Serbian Italian Polish Ruthenian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy History - Established 1804 - Ausgleich 1867 The Crown of the Austrian Emperor The Austrian Empire (German: ) was a modern era successor empire founded...
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire, which had been abolished in 1806. ...
Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ...
A new plaque commemorating the exact location of the Sarajevo Assassination On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot to death in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a...
“The Great War †redirects here. ...
The Republic of German Austria (German: ) was the initial rump state successor to Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I for areas with a predominantly ethnic German population. ...
Capital Vienna Language(s) German Religion Roman Catholicism Government Republic President - 1919–20 Karl Seitz - 1920–28 Michael Hainisch - 1928–38 Wilhelm Miklas Chancellor - 1918–20 Karl Renner (first) - 1922–29 Ignaz Seipel (brief absence 1924–26) - 1932–34 Engelbert Dollfuß - 1934–38 Kurt Schuschnigg - 1938 Arthur Seyß-Inquart (last...
German troops march into Austria on 12 March 1938. ...
Austria at the time of National Socialism describes in particular the time frame of the history of Austria from March 12, 1938 when the German annexation of Austria made Austria part of the German Third Reich. ...
Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...
Occupation zones in Austria (1945) Capital Vienna Political structure Military occupation Governors (1945) - UK zone Gen. ...
The Second Austrian Republic was founded in 1945 with the re-establishment of Austrian independence in the aftermath of World War II. The First Republic is considered to have come to an end either in 1938, with Germanys annexation of the country (the Anschluss), or with the establishment of...
As a Christian ecclesiastical term, Catholic—from the Greek adjective , meaning general or universal[1]—is described in the Oxford English Dictionary as follows: ~Church, (originally) whole body of Christians; ~, belonging to or in accord with (a) this, (b) the church before separation into Greek or Eastern and Latin or...
Totalitarianism is a term employed by some political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ...
The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on...
Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ...
“Franco†redirects here. ...
References - This article includes information translated from the German-language Wikipedia article de:Austrofaschismus. The German-language article cites the following sources:
- Stephan Neuhäuser: “Wir werden ganze Arbeit leisten“- Der austrofaschistische Staatsstreich 1934, ISBN 3-8334-0873-1
- Emmerich Tálos, Wolfgang Neugebauer: Austrofaschismus. Politik, Ökonomie, Kultur. 1933-1938. 5th Edition, Münster, Austria, 2005, ISBN 3-8258-7712-4
- Hans Schafranek: Sommerfest mit Preisschießen. Die unbekannte Geschichte des NS-Putsches im Juli 1934. Czernin Publishers, Vienna 2006.
- Hans Schafranek: Hakenkreuz und rote Fahne. Die verdrängte Kooperation von Nationalsozialisten und Linken im illegalen Kampf gegen die Diktatur des 'Austrofaschismus'. In: Bochumer Archiv für die Geschichte des Widerstandes und der Arbeit, No.9 (1988), pp.7 - 45.
- Jill Lewis: Austria: Heimwehr, NSDAP and the Christian Social State (in Kalis, Aristotle A.: The Fascism Reader. London/New York)
- Lucian O. Meysels: Der Austrofaschismus - Das Ende der ersten Republik und ihr letzter Kanzler. Amalthea, Vienna and Munich, 1992
- Erika Weinzierl: Der Februar 1934 und die Folgen für Österreich. Picus Publishers, Vienna 1994
- Manfred Scheuch: Der Weg zum Heldenplatz. Eine Geschichte der österreichischen Diktatur 1933-1938. Publishing House Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 2005, ISBN 978-3-218-00734-4
Literature - (German) Andreas Novak: Salzburg hört Hitler atmen: Die Salzburger Festspiele 1933 - 1944. DVA, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-421-05883-0.
- (German) David Schnaiter: Zwischen Russischer Revolution und Erster Republik. Die Tiroler Arbeiterbewegung gegen Ende des "Großen Krieges". Grin Verlag, Ravensburg (2007). ISBN-10: 3638742334, ISBN-13: 978-3638742337
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