Automobile safety is the avoidance of automobile accidents or the minimization of harmful effects of accidents, in particular as pertaining to human life and health. Numerous safety features have been built into cars for years, some for the safety of car's occupants only, some for the safety of others. Passive nuclear safety describes a safety feature of a nuclear reactor that does not require operator action or electronic feedback in order to shut down safely in the event of a particular type of emergency (usually overheating resulting from a loss of coolant or loss of coolant flow). ... A car accident in Yate, near Bristol, England, in July 2004. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Distance covered by vehicles in one second.

As a result of improvements in highway and automobile design, the incidence of injuries and fatalities per mile driven has decreased significantly, but road traffic injuries still represent about 25% of worldwide injury-related deaths (the leading cause) with an estimated 1.2 million deaths (2004) each year - World Health Organization ^[1]). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2399 KB) Copyright © 2005 David Monniaux File links The following pages link to this file: Car safety Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 2399 KB) Copyright © 2005 David Monniaux File links The following pages link to this file: Car safety Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ... WHO redirects here. ...

Major factors in accidents include driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs; inattentive driving; crash compatibility between vehicles; driving while fatigued or unconscious; encounters with road hazards such as snow, potholes, and crossing animals; or reckless driving. Drunk driving (drink driving in the UK) or drinking and driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle after having consumed alcohol (i. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Crash incompatibility, crash compatibility, vehicle incompatibility, and vehicle compatibility are terms in the automobile crash testing industry. ...

History

Car safety may have become an issue almost from the beginning of mechanised road vehicle development. The second steam-powered "Fardier" (artillery tractor), created by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1771, is reported by some to have crashed into a wall during its demonstration run. However according to Georges Ageon ^[2], the earliest mention of this occurrence dates from 1801 and it does not feature in contemporary accounts. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor who is claimed by the French government to have built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile. ...

One of the earliest recorded automobile fatalities was Mary Ward, on August 31, 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland. Scientist Mary Ward Mary Ward (b. ... is the 243rd day of the year (244th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: 53. ...

In the 1930s, plastic surgeon Claire L. Straith and physician C. J. Strickland advocated the use of seat belts and padded dashboards. Strickland founded the Automobile Safety League of America ^[3][4]. Claire L. Straith (1891-1958) was an American plastic surgeon. ... This article is about the safety device. ... A dashboard from a 1940s car The dashboard of a modern car, a Bentley Continental GT A Hayabusas dash A modern Formula 1 car has all its gauges mounted on the steering wheel A dashboard or dash board in an automobile is a panel located under the windscreen and...

In 1934 GM performed the first barrier crash test.^[5] General Motors Corporation, also known as GM, is a multinational corporation headquartered in the United States and has been the worlds most dominant automaker since 1931. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In 1949 SAAB incorporated aircraft safety thinking into automobiles making the Saab 92 the first production car first with a safety cage^[6]. Saab 92 Saab 92 is an automobile from Saab. ...

In 1942 Hugh De Haven published the classic Mechanical analysis of survival in falls from heights of fifty to one hundred and fifty feet. ^[7] Hugh De Haven was an American pilot, engineer and passive safety pioneer. ...

In the 1950s, Mercedes-Benz extensively crash tested prototypes.^[8]. This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ...

In 1958, the United Nations established the World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, an international standards body advancing auto safety. Many of the most life saving safety innovations, like seat belts and roll cage construction were brought to market under its auspices. Jan. ... UN and U.N. redirect here. ... The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations is a working party of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A specially constructed frame built around the cab of a vehicle to protect the driver from being injured in an accident, particularly in the event of a roll-over. ...

In 1966, the U.S. established the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) with automobile safety one of its purposes. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) was created as an independent organization on April 1, 1967, but was reliant on the DOT for administration and funding. However, in 1975 the organization was made completely independent by the Independent Safety Board Act (in P.L. 93-633; 49 U.S.C. 1901). The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transportation. ... The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent organization responsible for investigation of accidents involving aviation, highway, marine, pipelines and railroads in the United States. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Title 49 of the United States Code is a code that regards the role of transportation in the United States of America. ...

The NTSB and its European equivalent, EuroNCAP have each issued independent safety tests for all new automobiles, without reciprocity. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... EuroNCAP, the European New Car Assessment Programme, is a safety assessment programme for automobiles supported by several European governments, many major manufacturers and motoring organisations across the world. ... The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, often pronounced nit-suh) is a U.S. Government agency, part of the Department of Transportation, responsible for setting safety standards and verifying compliance by automobile manufacturers. ...

In 1984, New York State passed the first law requiring seat belt use in passenger cars. Seat belt laws have subsequently been adopted by all 50 states^[9], and NHTSA estimates that seat belt laws save 10,000 per year in the USA^[10]. Seat belt legislation is a law or laws put in place to enforce or require the wearing of seat belts while person is driving, or there are passengers in the front or back seats. ...

In June, 2004 the NTSB released new tests designed to test the rollover risk of new cars and SUVs. Only the Mazda RX-8 got a 5-star rating. However, the correlation between official crash test results and road deaths in vehicles is not exact. An alternative method of assessing vehicle safety is to study the road accident statistics on a model-by-model basis. Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A fourth-generation (2006-) Ford Explorer, the best-selling mid-size SUV in the United States. ... The Mazda RX-8 is a sports car manufactured by Mazda Motor Corporation. ... Although various theoretical crash testing scenarios are popular in assessing car safety in UK the Department of Transport publish the actual level of road deaths in each type of car. ...

Despite technological advances, the death toll of car accidents remains high: about 40,000 people die every year in the U.S. While this number increases annually in line with rising population and increased travel, the rate per capita and per vehicle miles travelled decreases. In 1996 the U.S. had about 2 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles, comparable to 1.9 in Germany, 2.6 in France, and 1.5 in the UK ^[11]. In 1998 there were 3,421 fatal accidents in the UK, the fewest since 1926.^[12]

A much higher number of accidents result in permanent disability.

Passenger safety

Pregnant women

When pregnant, women should continue to use seatbelts and airbags properly. A University of Michigan study found that "unrestrained or improperly restrained pregnant women are 5.7 times more likely to have an adverse fetal outcome than properly restrained pregnant women". ^[13] If seatbelts are not long enough, extensions are available from the car manufacturer or an aftermarket supplier. You can get these extensions in many car markets.

Children

Car safety is especially critical for young children, as car safety is generally designed for normal sized adults. Safety features that could save an adult can actually cause more damage to a child than if the feature was not there. It is important to review with others, who may be supervising the child, the rules for car safety. All children age 12 and under should ride in the back seat. Also children weighing less than 85 lb (40 kg) should be in the back seat. This is especially the case if there are airbags in the front seat, as airbags are only designed to protect adults and may injure children; since airbags inflate at high speeds, a child who is improperly seated may be hit by an inflating airbag. That is not just an opinion but is also law in many of the U.S. states and other countries. The Center for Injury Research and Prevention at The Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia has developed a website for parents and caregivers with extensive information about transporting children safely in automobiles.

Child safety locks prevent children from accidentally opening doors from inside the vehicle, even if the door is unlocked. The door, once unlocked, can then be opened only from the outside. To find out more about laws relating to children car safety contact your local department of transportation authority. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Infants

Newborn babies should be put in a car seat until they weigh at least 20 or 22 pounds (10 or 11 kg). These carriers are designed to be placed in the rear seat and face towards the rear with the baby looking towards the back window. Some of these carriers are "Convertibles" which can also be used forward facing for older children. With infants, these should only be used facing the rear. Harness straps should be at or below shoulder level. A human infant The word Infant derives from the Latin in-fans, meaning unable to speak. ... It has been suggested that Child carrier be merged into this article or section. ... Look up pound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A safety harness is an apparatus designed to protect a person working at an altitude from falling. ...

A rear-facing infant restraint must never be put in the front seat of a vehicle with a front passenger air bag. A rear-facing infant restraint places an infant's head close to the air bag module, which can cause severe head injuries or death if the air bag deploys. Modern cars include a switch to turn off the airbag system of the passenger seat, in which case a child-supporting seat must be installed.

Infants left in cars

Less has been written about the safety hazard of leaving a child in a parked car, but already two advocacy groups have emerged focusing on separate aspects of the problem: Harrison's Hope^[14] reminds parents never to leave a child in a car to run an errand, while KidsandCars.org^[15] has pointed out the problem of absent-minded parents.^[16]

Toddlers

Toddlers over 1 year old and between 10 and 20 kg (20 and 40 pounds) should remain in a rear-facing child restraint until they have reached either the maximum allowable weight for the seat, or the tops of the toddler's head is less than 1" away from the top of the hard shell of the seat. Once that has been reached, then the toddler can be placed in an appropriate forward-facing child restraint. Boy toddler Toddler is a common term for a a young child who is learning to walk or toddle,[1] generally considered to be the second stage of development after infancy and occurring predominantly during the ages of 12 to 36 months old. ...

Young children

Children who weigh from 40 to 80 pounds (35 kg), are younger than 8, or are shorter than 4 ft 9 in (1.4 m) are advised to use booster seats, which raise them to a level that allows the seat belts to work effectively. These seats are forward facing and must be used with both lap and shoulder belts. Make sure the lap belt fits low and tight across the lap/upper thigh area and the shoulder belt fits snug crossing the chest and shoulder to avoid abdominal injuries.

There are two main types of booster seats. If the car's back seat is lower than the child's ears, a high back booster seat should be used to help protect the child's head and neck. If the car's seat back is higher than the child's ears, a backless booster seat can be used.

Older children

Children who can sit erect with their back flat against the back of a vehicle's rear seat, and whose legs bend comfortably at the knee at the edge of the seat can wear ordinary seatbelts. Be sure the shoulder strap fits snugly across the chest and that the lap belt is placed below the abdomen across the pelvis at the top of the thighs. Children 13 and over can ride up front with little danger from an airbag.

Teenage drivers

In the UK you can get a full driving license aged 17 whereas most areas in the United States will issue a full driver's license at the age of 16, and all within a range between 14 and 18. ^[17] In addition to being relatively inexperienced, teen drivers are also cognitively immature, compared to other drivers.^[18] This combination leads to an increased risk of accidents among this demographic.^[19]

It is also recommended, and required in some areas, that new drivers stick a printed sign with the words "Novice Driver" in the lower driver's side corner of the rear window. This is to alert other drivers that the vehicle is being driven by an inexperienced and learning driver, giving them opportunity to be more cautious and to encourage other drivers to give novices more leeway.^[20]

Some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, have graduated levels of driver's licence, with special rules^[21].

Safety features

Active safety refers to systems in a vehicle which utilize feedback, using information about a car's external environment to change the response of the vehicle and improve the safety of the vehicle in the pre-crash time period, or during the crash event.

Passive safety refers to built-in features of the vehicle such as crumple zones, seatbelts, and airbags, which work passively to prevent injury and do not change their action in response to crash scenario or severity.

Active safety

Active safety features make driving safer and prevent crashes from occurring. Active safety features include:

• Intelligent speed adaptation which physically prevents vehicles from being able to exceed the speed limit through electronic throttle control governed by a GPS matched database of speed limits.
• Turn signals and brake lights, including Center High Mounted Stop Lamps (CHMSL)
• Rear end Collision Warning Lamps senses deceleration of lead vehicle and flashes amber warning strobe rearward to warn following vehicles of a pending braking or stopping event
• Variable assist power steering allows assistance to the motorist while parking, but reduces steering effort assistance at motorway speeds
• Headlight wipers/washers
• Mercedes-style ribbed tail lights to prevent snow and grime build-up
• Dynamic steering response (DSR) corrects the rate of power steering system to adapt it to vehicle's speed and road conditions.
• Traction control (TCS) actuates brakes or reduces throttle to restore traction if driven wheels begin to spin.
• Hill holder.
• Four wheel drive (AWD). Distributing power to all four wheels lessens the chances of wheel spin. It also suffers less from oversteer and understeer than front wheel drive, but more understeer than rear wheel drive. However, some four wheel drive vehicles (particularly SUVs have a higher center of gravity and are more prone to roll-over and cause injury or death to passengers.
• Reverse backup sensors, which alert drivers to nearby objects in their path, are installed in some high-end vehicles, but may also be purchased separately.
• Electronic Stability Control (ESC, also known by ESP and other numerous manufacturer-specific names). Uses various sensors to intervene when the car senses a possible loss of control. The car's control unit can reduce power from the engine and even apply the brakes to prevent the car from understeering or oversteering. See car stability
• Lateral Support : Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS).
• Directional headlights, which allow the driver to see obstacles ahead in the roadway while cornering.
• Low center of gravity and other conventional features promoting good car handling and braking, and helping to avoid rollover.
• Comfortable suspension and seating to avoid accidents from driver fatigue.
• Large (relative to weight) high performance tires, suited to the weather and road conditions, contribute to braking and handling. Soft high histeresis rubber, tread and cord design are important. See Run flat tire.
• Visibility for the driver, mirrors, elimination of blind spots and possibly other awareness aids such as radar, wireless vehicle safety communications and night vision.
• Death Brake; there is a move to introduce deadman's braking into automotive application, primarily heavy vehicles, there may also be a need to add penalty switches to cruise controls.
• Four wheel steering gives, at the cost of mechanical complexity, quicker, more accurate maneuvers at high speed and/or decreased turning circle at low speed. It may also help stability.
• Adaptive cruise control (ACC).
• AWAKE and intelligent car features.
• Precrash system
• Seatbelts might also play a minor role in active safety by keeping (via locking of the inertial reel) the driver firm on his/her seat in a high-g turn or deceleration. This has been further developed and patented by Mercedes-Benz in the PreSafe™ technology which provides a synergy between active and passive systems, helping the driver avoid a danger and preparing him/her for an imminent crash.

• Brakes
  • Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
    • Electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD)
    • Cornering Brake Control (CBC)
  • Emergency brake assist (EBA)
  • Brake assist system (BAS)
  • Forward Collision Warning System (FCW)
  • Lane Departure Warning System (LDW)
  • Dynamic Brake Control (DBC).
  • Inboard brakes allow large fade resistant discs or drums, without contributing to unsprung weight and wheel bounce, which degrade braking, handling and ride, and increase mechanical loads.

This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... Turn signals (US English) or indicators (British English) are a set of lights on a vehicle (be it a car, truck/lorry, tractor, motorcycle, etc. ... A Center High-Mounted Stop Lamp (usually seen abbreviated as CHMSL) is a third stop lamp, or brake light, mounted on the rear of a vehicle. ... Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ... DSR means: Dynamic steering response. ... Power steering is a system for reducing the steering effort on cars by using an external power source to assist in turning the wheels. ... Traction control systems, on current production vehicles, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed to prevent loss of traction (and therefore the control of the vehicle) when excessive throttle or steering is applied by the driver. ... Hill-Holder is a name for the mechanism invented by Studebaker that holds the brake until the clutch is at the friction point, making it easier to start up hills from a stop in manual transmission automobiles. ... Four wheel drive or 4x4, is a type of four wheeled vehicle drivetrain configuration that enables all four wheels to receive power from the engine simultaneously in order to provide maximum traction. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ... Front wheel drive is the most common form of engine/transmission layout used in modern passenger cars, where the engine drives the front wheels. ... Rear wheel drive was a common form of engine/transmission layout used in automobiles throughout the 20th century. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ... Reverse backup sensors Reverse backup sensors - also known as reverse parking sensors, reverse parking systems, and reverse backing systems - are a technology that allows the driver of a car, truck, van or commercial vehicle to be alerted to nearby objects in their path. ... Electronic Stability Control (ESC) is a computerized system designed to improve a vehicles handling by intervening at the limits of traction and helping the driver maintain control of the vehicle. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ... Ideally, when the car reaches the turn, the driver will steer it along the line marked with green dots. ... Look up stability in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn a car driver when his or her vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads. ... A lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn a car driver when his or her vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads. ... A headlight or headlamp is a light, usually attached to the front of a vehicle such as a car, with the purpose of illuminating the road ahead during periods of low visibility, such as night or precipitation. ... Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion, particularly during cornering and swerving. ... A rollover in Sydney, Australia on Christmas day, 2001. ... Ride quality refers to the degree of protection offered vehicle occupants from uneven elements in the road surface, or the terrain if driving off-road. ... Exhaustion redirects here. ... Firestone tire This article is about pneumatic tires. ... Hysteresis is a property of systems (usually physical systems) that do not instantly follow the forces applied to them, but react slowly, or do not return completely to their original state: that is, systems whose states depend on their immediate history. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ... // A run flat tire is a pneumatic vehicle tire that is designed to resist the effects of deflation and to enable the vehicle to continue to be driven — albeit at reduced speeds (i. ... The blue cars driver sees the green car through his mirrors but cannot see the red car without turning to check his blind spot. ... For other uses, see Radar (disambiguation). ... Wireless vehicle safety communications is a possible aid to car safety and road safety. ... Night-vision is seeing in the dark. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Vigilance control. ... A penalty switch is a device that ensures a human operator is alert and on the job and sooner or later take some action if the operator falls asleep or takes ill. ... Cruise control (sometimes known as speed control or Autocruise) is a system to automatically control the speed of an automobile. ... Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Cruise control. ... Being awake is a metabolic state which is marked by catabolic processes and which is characterized by consciousness, the opposite of sleep, an anabolic process. ... The key aim of the intelligent car flagship initiative is to accelerate the take-up and use of advanced ICT-based in-vehicle and co-operative systems that make road transport safer and cleaner, by raising user awareness of such systems and their benefits, and by facilitating their deployment. ... A precrash system is an automobile safety system designed to reduce the damage caused by a collision. ... A three-point seat belt. ... This article is about the safety device. ... This page is about the Mercedes-Benz brand of automobiles and trucks from the DaimlerChrysler automobile manufacturer. ... An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... CBC may refer to: // Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC Television CBC Radio Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation (TV 8, 900AM, 98. ... Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) is a safety system in vehicles designed to ensure maximum braking power is used in an Emergency stop situation. ... Brake Assist (BA or BAS) is a generic term for an automobile braking technology that increases braking pressure in an emergency situation. ... A lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn a car driver when his or her vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads. ... DBC may refer to: Design by contract, a methodology for designing computer software Direct Bonded Copper, a power electronic substrate Dead Brain Cells, a Canadian thrash metal band Dead Brain Cells (album), the first, self-titled album by the band Dynamic Brake Control, when the driver seeks to stop in... An inboard braking system is an automobile technology where the brakes are not located in the wheels, as is common today, but instead near the differential. ... Vehicle braking system fade, or brake fade is the reduction in stopping power that can occur after repeated application of the brakes, especially in high load or high speed conditions. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Vehicle brake. ... For other uses, see Drum (disambiguation). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ...

Passive safety

Ferrari F430 drivers steering wheel with airbag.

Passive safety refers to when a crash is imminent or actually happening, various passive safety systems work together to minimize injury to the individuals involved. Much research has been done using crash test dummies to make modern cars safer than ever. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1593x1638, 1752 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ferrari F430 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1593x1638, 1752 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Ferrari F430 Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Ferrari F430 Spider The Ferrari F430 is a high-performance sports car produced by the Italian automaker Ferrari to succeed the Ferrari 360. ... For the Mozilla crash reporting software previously called Airbag, see Breakpad. ... Crash test dummies have saved many thousands of lives. ...

• Seatbelts (or safety belts) absorb energy and limit forward motion of an occupant, and help keep occupants from being ejected from the vehicle.
• Shoulder harnesses add additional protection to seatbelts by restraining the upper body, absorbing energy and preventing injuries from second collisions where the moving occupant hits the stationary dashboard or windshield.
• Energy absorbing windshields. Beginning in 1966, windshields in cars sold in the US have had a deformable polymer layer that allows the windshield to deform on impact absorbing energy and preventing penetration of the head through the windshield.
• Airbags: There are many types of airbags, all of which should be considered supplemental restraint systems (SRS), used in addition to belts.
  • Front airbags inflate in a medium speed head on collision to cushion the impact of the head to the steering wheel (driver) or dashboard to the (front passenger) .
  • Side airbags inflate in a side impact (T-bone) collision to cushion the torso and sometimes the pelvis and head.
  • Curtain airbags protect the head and upper body of passengers in a side collision. Newer models may stay inflated for a longer period of time, and may help to keep unbelted occupants in vehicle during a rollover, but should be considered supplemental to belts and never used in place of belts.
  • Knee airbags inflate in frontal impact collisions to protect the driver's knees and are now available in many newer high end model vehicles.
• Crumple zone technology absorbs the energy of a collision by displacing the impact of a crash and diverting it from the internal (passenger compartment) critical structure of the vehicle.
• Side impact bars for protection against side on collisions
• Collapsible steering column, sometimes provided with steel sheet bellows.
• Crash compatibility can be improved by matching vehicles by weight and by matching crumple zones with points of structural rigidity, particularly for side-on collisions. Some pairs of vehicle front end structures interact better than others in crashes.
• Cage construction is designed to protect vehicle occupants. Some racing vehicles have a tubular roll cage
• Reinforced side door structural members
• Door handles secure enough for emergency occupant extrication through a winch.
• Fuel pump shutoff devices turn off gas flow in the event of a collision for the purpose of preventing gasoline fires.
• Active pedestrian protection systems [2].
• Driver State Sensor - Research, Utilizing cutting edge video processing technology, the system remotely and unobtrusively measures 3D head pose and eyelid motion parameters of the driver.
• Padding of the instrument panel and other interior parts of the vehicle likely to be struck by the occupants during a crash. Whilst largely being supplanted by airbags, it still plays an important role in preventing injuries.

A three-point seat belt. ... For the Mozilla crash reporting software previously called Airbag, see Breakpad. ... For other uses, see Head (disambiguation). ... A modern road cars steering wheel Steering wheels from different periods A steering wheel is a type of steering control used in most modern land vehicles, including all mass-production automobiles. ... A dashboard from a 1940s car The dashboard of a modern car, a Bentley Continental GT A Hayabusas dash A modern Formula 1 car has all its gauges mounted on the steering wheel A dashboard or dash board in an automobile is a panel located under the windscreen and... A passenger is a term broadly used to describe any person who travels in a vehicle, but bears little or no responsibility for the tasks required for that vehicle to arrive at its destination. ... The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ... Side Collisions are a type of car accidents. ... For other uses, see Knee (disambiguation). ... Mercedes-Benz Fintail, an early example of a car with crumple zones The crumple zone on the front of these cars absorbed the impact of a head-on collision Activated rear crumple zone The crumple zone of a vehicle such as a train or an automobile is a structural feature... Crash incompatibility, crash compatibility, vehicle incompatibility, and vehicle compatibility are terms in the automobile crash testing industry. ... A specially constructed frame built around the cab of a vehicle to protect the driver from being injured in an accident, particularly in the event of a roll-over. ... Look up gasoline in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Almost two-thirds of the 1. ...

Pedestrian safety

1974 Mini Clubman Safety Research Vehicle — SRV4 — featuring a "pedestrian-friendly" front end.^[22]

Since at least the early 1970s, attention has also been given to vehicle design regarding the safety of pedestrians in car-pedestrian collisions. Proposals in Europe would require cars sold there to have a minimum/maximum hood (bonnet) height. From 2006 the use of "bull bars" (also known as "roo bars" in Australia), a fashion on 4x4s and SUVs, became illegal. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2039x1324, 470 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mini ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2039x1324, 470 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Mini ... Volvo VESC (1972) Mercedes-Benz ESF22 (1973) Mini SRV4 (1974) Experimental Safety Vehicle (ESV) is the designation for experimental concept cars used to test car safety ideas. ... Almost two-thirds of the 1. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A bull bar (also roo bar in Australia) is a device fitted to the front of a vehicle to protect the vehicle (and its passengers) from damage in a collision with an animal. ... Four wheel drive or 4x4, is a type of four wheeled vehicle drivetrain configuration that enables all four wheels to receive power from the engine simultaneously in order to provide maximum traction. ... This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers, and should be edited to rectify this. ...

Color

A Swedish study found that pink cars are involved in the fewest accidents, with black cars being most often involved in crashes (Land transport NZ 2005).

In Auckland New Zealand, a study found that there was a significantly lower rate of serious injury in silver cars; with higher rates in brown, black, and green cars. (Furness et al, 2003) This article is about the chemical element. ...

The Vehicle Colour Study, conducted by Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC) and published in 2007, analysed 855,258 accidents occurring between 1987 and 2004 in the Australian states of Victoria and Western Australia that resulted in injury or in a vehicle being towed away ^[23]. The study analysed risk by light condition. It found that in daylight black cars were 12% more likely than white to be involved in an accident, followed by grey cars at 11%, silver cars at 10%, and red and blue cars at 7%, with no other colours found to be significantly more or less risky than white. At dawn or dusk the risk ratio for black cars jumped to 47% more likely than white, and that for silver cars to 15%. In the hours of darkness only red and silver cars were found to be significantly more risky than white, by 10% and 8% respectively.

See also

DFKI building in Saarbrücken Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz (DFKI), German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, is an important research center in Saarbrücken and Kaiserslautern. ... The Aurora was an American automobile manufactured by Father Alfred A. Juliano, a Catholic priest, from 1957 to 1958. ... An automated highway system (AHS) or Smart Roads, is an advanced Intelligent transportation system technology designed to provide for driverless cars on specific rights-of-way. ... Car redirects here. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Automotive design. ... A taxi in Kyoto, equipped with GPS navigation system An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. ... In an accident resulting from excessive speed, this concrete truck rolled over into the front garden of a house. ... In an accident resulting from excessive speed, this concrete truck rolled over into the front garden of a house. ... Car handling and vehicle handling is a description of the way wheeled vehicles perform transverse to their direction of motion, particularly during cornering and swerving. ... Crash test dummies have saved many thousands of lives. ... Californias version of the campaign includes widespread placement of these traffic signs Click It or Ticket is a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration mobilization campaign aimed at increasing the use of seat belts among young people in the United States. ... The two-second rule tells a defensive driver the minimum distance to avoid collision in ideal driving conditions. ... The driverless car is an emerging family of technologies, ultimately aimed at a full taxi-like experience for car users, but without a driver. ... Emergency road service (also called roadside assistance or onroad assistance) is provided by many motor clubs and vehicle insurances to their members. ... An emergency vehicle is any vehicle that responds to an emergency. ... The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) is a European car safety performance assessment programme founded in 1997 by the Transport Research Laboratory for the UK Department of Transport. ... Volvo VESC (1972) Mercedes-Benz ESF22 (1973) Mini SRV4 (1974) Experimental Safety Vehicle (ESV) is the designation for experimental concept cars used to test car safety ideas. ... Established October 15, 1966 Activated April 1, 1967 Secretary Mary Peters Deputy Secretary Maria Cino Budget $58 billion (2004 estimate) Employees 58,622 (2004 estimate) The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) is a Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transport. ... AMSA (American Moving and Storage Association). ... The Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile, commonly referred to as the FIA, is a non-profit association established on June 20, 1904 to represent the interest of motoring organisations and motor car users. ... First aid kit of the French Army A first aid kit is a collection of supplies and equipment for use in giving first aid, particularly in a medical emergency. ... In the case of vehicles, the term chassis means the frame plus the running gear like engine, transmission, driveshaft, differential, and suspension. ... The two-second rule tells a defensive driver the minimum distance to avoid collision in ideal driving conditions. ... A hazardous material is any solid, liquid, or gas that can cause harm to humans and other living organisms due to being flammable or explosive, irritating or damaging the skin or lungs, interfering with oxygen intake and apsorption (asphyxiants), or causing allergic reactions (allergens). ... The key aim of the intelligent car flagship initiative is to accelerate the take-up and use of advanced ICT-based in-vehicle and co-operative systems that make road transport safer and cleaner, by raising user awareness of such systems and their benefits, and by facilitating their deployment. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... A lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn a car driver when his or her vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads. ... Paradigms Progress in the area of prevention is formulated in an environment of beliefs, called paradigms as can be seen in the next table. ... This Manhattan driver is juggling two phones at once It has been argued that the distraction caused by using mobile phones while driving is responsible for many road traffic accidents. ... Motor carrier is : Large trucks and buses. ... // Motorcycles have a far higher fatality rate per unit of distance travelled when compared with automobiles. ... The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, often pronounced nit-suh) is a U.S. Government agency, part of the Department of Transportation, responsible for setting safety standards and verifying compliance by automobile manufacturers. ... The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent organization responsible for investigation of accidents involving aviation, highway, marine, pipelines and railroads in the United States. ... Night-vision is seeing in the dark. ... Almost two-thirds of the 1. ... Sticker on the rear window of a Procon-ten equipped Audi procon-ten (lower case initial p) stands for Programmed Contraction Tension and is a proprietary secondary restraint system used by car manufacturer Audi from 1986 until the mid-1990s. ... Road-traffic safety aims to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) resulting from crashes of road vehicles traveling on public roads. ... In ethology, risk compensation is an effect whereby individual animals may tend to adjust their behaviour in response to perceived changes in risk. ... This article is about the European car manufacturer. ... In Formula 1, a safety car (known in America as the pace car) is a car which limits the speed of competing cars on a racetrack in the case of a major accident or obstruction on the track. ... A smart car is an automobile with some artificial intelligence (or AI) functionality. ... Heavy Tow truck A tow truck (also called a wrecker, a breakdown truck or a breakdown lorry), is a vehicle used to take disabled motor vehicles off a roadway to another location in case of breakdown or collision, or to impound illegally parked vehicles on public or (more commonly) private... Traffic psychology is a young expanding field in psychology. ... The field of road safety is concerned with reducing the numbers or the consequences of vehicle crashes, by developing and implementing management systems based in a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, with interrelated activities in a number of fields. ... The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE) was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member states. ... Exhibit featuring the book at Henry Ford Museum, Detroit Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book detailing his claims of resistance by car manufacturers to the introduction of safety features, like seat belts, and their general... Vehicle emissions inspection station Vehicle inspection is a procedure mandated by national or subnational governments in many countries, in which a vehicle is inspected to ensure that it conforms to regulations governing safety, emissions, or both. ... Criticism of sport utility vehicles is the expression of disapproval of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) made by various groups, organisations, and individuals. ...

References

• Furness, Sue, J Connor, E Robinson, R Norton, S Ameratunga, R Jackson (2003-12-20). Car colour and risk of car crash injury: population based case control study.. British Medical Journal 327:1455-1456. BMJ Publishing Group. Retrieved on 2006-01-01.
• IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2005, "Ad Hoc Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture for Vehicle Safety Communications"
• IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2005, "The Application-Based Clustering Concept and Requirements for Intervehicle Networks"
• Safe vehicle colours.. Land transport NZ (2005). Retrieved on 2006-01-01.
• Peden M, McGee K, Sharma G. (2002). The injury chart book: a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. (PDF). Geneva, World Health Organization. Retrieved on 2006-01-01. ISBN 92-4-156220-X
• Physics Today, January 2006, "Vehicle Design and the Physics of Traffic Safety"
• Evans, Leonard (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 0975487108. 

is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The Hook is a weekly newspaper published in Charlottesville, Virginia and distributed throughout Central Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the day. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 354th day of the year (355th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• Car Safety Equipment - Frontal and Side car crash video in slow motion
• Teen Safe Driver - Drive Cam
• Vehicle Safety Site
• European safety ratings
• [6] European vs US roof strength
• American safety ratings
• National Transportation Safety Board. (USA)
• California Highway Patrol booster seat webpage
• Vehicle Research Center
• Safety Research & Strategies, motor vehicle safety
• truck safety and statistics
• Child Passenger Safety Resource
• Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Status Report Newsletters
• 2007 Used Car Safety Rating Report
• State Child Restraint Requirement
• National agency for Automotive Safety & Victim's Aid (NASVA), Japan