NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Autumn of nations

The Autumn of Nations is the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various communist satellite states of the Soviet Union were overthrown in the space of a few months^[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions of 1848, known as the Spring of Nations. ^[1] The Autumn of Nations began in Poland^[2] and sparked similar, mostly peaceful revolutions in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, while Romania was the only Eastern bloc country to violently overthrow its Communist regime and execute its head of state.^[3] This event drastically altered the world's balance of power, marking (together with the Collapse of the Soviet Union) the end of the Cold War and the begining of the Post-Cold War era. Regions of Europe Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Current division of Europe into five (or more) regions: one definition of Eastern Europe is marked in orange Eastern Europe as a region has several alternative definitions, whereby it can denote: the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Central Europe and Russia. ... OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx Autumn (also fall in North American English) is one of the four temperate seasons, the transition from summer into winter. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ... Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. ... It has been suggested that The Gathering Storm: Before the Revolutions of 1848 be merged into this article or section. ... National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area - Total - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 kmÂ² Negligible Creation -Abolition 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German Mark Time zone â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... Balance of power is a central concept of realist theories of international relations. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Clockwise from top: United States President John F. Kennedy and Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev meet in a 1961 summit held in Vienna; East German border guards at the Berlin Wall; the first Soviet nuclear weapon Joe 1 is tested; American soldiers land in Vietnam during the Vietnam War; Sputnik... The post-Cold War era is a time period following the end of the Cold War. ...

History

The Autumn of Nations can be traced to the election of Polish bishop, Karol Wojtyła, as Pope John Paul II, and to the 1980s, when the Gdańsk Agreement led to the creation of Polish trade union Solidarity.^[4] It was given further momentum when Mikhail Gorbachev became, in 1985, the First Secretary of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev introduced a set of reforms (perestroika and glasnost) and signaled that the Soviet Union was less likely to 'come to the rescue' of its falling satellite states. Image File history File links W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki. ... Image File history File links W_samo_poludnie_4_6_89-Tomasz_Sarnecki. ... Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... 1942 US government war poster. ... Contract Sejm (Polish: ) is a term commonly applied to the Polish Parliament elected in the Polish parliamentary elections of 1989. ... Pope John Paul II (1978-2005) The winner of the October 1978 conclave. ... Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), born Karol JÃ³zef WojtyÅ‚a (May 18, 1920 â€“ April 2, 2005) reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church for almost 27 years, from October 16, 1978 until his death, making his the second-longest pontificate. ... The GdaÅ„sk Agreement was a strike that took place in GdaÅ„sk, Poland in which workers up and down the Baltic coast joined the revolution â€œin Solidarityâ€. They demanded the right to form free trade unions, the right to strike, freedom of speech, the release of political prisoners, and... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... (helpÂ· info) (Russian: ), IPA: (commonly anglicized as Gorbachev), born March 2, 1931, was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ... First Secretary may refer to: First Minister General Secretary 1st Secretary Categories: Disambiguation ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (ÐŸÐµÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¹ÐºÐ°) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

In 1988 the weakened government of Poland engaged in negotiations with the anti-communist opposition, resulting in the Polish Round Table Agreement. This agreement paved the way for the Solidarity victory in the Polish elections of 1989, marking the end of the People's Republic of Poland. Tadeusz Mazowiecki became the first non-communist premier of Poland since 1945, and Lech Wałęsa became the president of Poland. Round-table negotiations. ... Contract Sejm (Polish: ) is a term commonly applied to the Polish Parliament elected in the Polish parliamentary elections of 1989. ... The Peoples Republic of Poland or Polish Peoples Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989, during its period of rule by the Communist party, officially called the Polish United Workers Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, or PZPR). ... Tadeusz Mazowiecki (born April 18, 1927 in PÅ‚ock) is a Polish author, journalist, social worker and politician, formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement, and the first non-communist prime minister in Central and Eastern Europe after World War II. Tadeusz Mazowiecki Tadeusz Mazowiecki as Prime Minister... The Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland represents the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) and directs their work, supervises territorial self-government within the guidelines and in ways described in the Constitution and other legislation, and acts as the superior for all government administration workers (heading the public service... Office President of Poland Term of office from December 22, 1990 until December 23, 1995 Profession Electrician and shipyard worker Political party none, see Solidarity for details Spouse Danuta WaÅ‚Ä™sa Date of birth September 29, 1943 Place of birth Popowo, Poland Date of death Place of death Lech Wa... Following are the successive heads of state of Poland. ...

The events in Poland were mirrored in Hungary, where negotiations between government and the opposition led to constitutional change in October 1989. At the same time, increasing migration from East Germany to Federal Republic of Germany resulted in the fall of the Berlin Wall November 9, 1989; formal German reunification occurred October 3, 1990. In November 1989, the Czechoslovakian Velvet Revolution led the overthrow of that country's communist government; on 7 December, the government of Bulgaria started talks with the opposition; later that same month, the Romanian Revolution deposed and executed communist dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu. National motto: none Official languages German Capital East Berlin Largest city East Berlin Area - Total - % water Ranked 106th 108,333 kmÂ² Negligible Creation -Abolition 7 October 1949 3 October 1990 Currency East German Mark Time zone â€“ in summer CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) National anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen Internet... Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003. ... Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English commonly called East Germany) were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, in... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... The Velvet Revolution (Czech: samatovÃ¡ revoluce, Slovak: neÅ¾nÃ¡ revolÃºcia) (November 16 - December 29, 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ...

Within a year, the Autumn of Nations reached the Soviet Union itself. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared independence. The collapse of the Soviet Union would take place 2 years later, in 1991, with many former Soviet republics (such as the Baltic States, Ukraine and Belarus), breaking away from Russia and becoming independent countries. 11 March is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... This article is about the year. ... The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... In its final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), often called simply Soviet republics. ... Baltic states and the Baltic Sea The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a term which nowadays refers to three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia Latvia Lithuania Prior to World War II, Finland was sometimes considered, particularly by the Soviet Union, a fourth Baltic state. ...

Consequences

The Autumn of Nations drastically altered the worldwide balance of power, and marked the end of the Cold War. Many former Soviet satellites have formed alliances with the 'West', abandoning state communism and structures like the Warsaw Pact and COMECON, and, over the following decades, becoming members of (or aspiring to membership in) NATO and the European Union. The Soviet Union also renounced communism and transformed into modern Russia, and as its influence waned its troops (and nuclear weapons) were largely pulled back within its own borders. Clockwise from top: United States President John F. Kennedy and Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev meet in a 1961 summit held in Vienna; East German border guards at the Berlin Wall; the first Soviet nuclear weapon Joe 1 is tested; American soldiers land in Vietnam during the Vietnam War; Sputnik... The term Western world or the West can have multiple meanings depending on its context. ... Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ... A Soviet poster reading COMECON: Unity of Goals, Unity of Action The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON / Comecon / CMEA / CEMA), 1949 – 1991, was an economic organisation of communist states and a kind of Eastern European equivalent to the European Economic Community. ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan, 1945, rose some 18 km (11 mi) above the epicenter. ...

See also

Color revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that have developed in post_communist societies in Eastern Europe and are possibly spreading elsewhere. ... Flag of the CIS The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (in Russian: Ð¡Ð¾Ð´Ñ€ÑƒÐ¶ÐµÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ ÐÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ñ‹Ñ… Ð“Ð¾ÑÑƒÐ´Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð² (Ð¡ÐÐ“) - Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv) is a confederation, or alliance, consisting of 11 former Soviet Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. ... January Events (Lithuanian: Sausio Ä¯vykiai) is a series of events that occurred on January 11-13, 1991 in Vilnius, Lithuania. ... Germans dancing on the Berlin Wall. ... The Yugoslav wars were a series of violent conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia that took place between 1991-2001. ...

Notes and References

Cold War - Navigate Through History:

Main events (1945-1967)

Main events (1968-1991)

Specific articles

Primary participants

Other important figures

1940s: Piotr Sztompka is a Polish sociologist. ... Clockwise from top: United States President John F. Kennedy and Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev meet in a 1961 summit held in Vienna; East German border guards at the Berlin Wall; the first Soviet nuclear weapon Joe 1 is tested; American soldiers land in Vietnam during the Vietnam War; Sputnik...

1950s: The M+A, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from February 4 to 11, 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. ... Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam The Potsdam Conference was a conference held at Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Germany (near Berlin), from July 17 to August 2, 1945. ... The Iran crisis an international crisis concerning Iran in 1946. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalist Party Chinese Communist Party Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 3,600,000 circa June 1948 2,800,000 circa June 1948 The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: åœ‹å…±å†…æˆ°; Simplified Chinese: å›½å…±å†…æˆ˜; Hanyu Pinyin: ; literally Nationalist-Communist Civil War) was a conflict in China between the Kuomintang (Chinese... The Truman Doctrine was part of the United States political response to perceived aggression by the Soviet Union in Europe and the Middle East, illustrated through the communist movements in Iran, Turkey and Greece. ... // Introduction An ELAS soldier The Greek Civil War was fought between 1946 and 1949, and was the first example of a post-war Communist insurgency. ... Map of Europe showing the countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... The Berlin Blockade, one of the first major crises of the Cold War, occurred from June 24, 1948 - May 11, 1949 when the Soviet Union blocked Western railroad and street access to West Berlin. ...

1960s: Overview map of the Korean War The Korean War from June 25, 1950 to cease-fire on July 27, 1953 (the war has not ended officially), was a conflict between North Korea and South Korea. ... Protesters marching through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin The Uprising of 1953 in East Germany took place in June and July 1953. ... Combatants Soviet Union Hungary Commanders Yuri Andropov PÃ¡l MalÃ©ter, Gergely PongrÃ¡tz Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks 100,000+ demonstrators (some later armed), unknown number of soldiers Casualties 7,000 KIA 25,000 - 50,000 The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, also known as the Hungarian Uprising or... Combatants Israel, France, United Kingdom Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan (CoS of the IDF) General Sir Charles Keightley (C-in-C), Vice-Admiral Pierre Barjot (Deputy) Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 45,000 British, 34,000 French, 175,000 Israeli 300,000 Egyptians Casualties 189 Israelis KIA, unknown number WIA, 16 British... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 1,250,000+ US dead: 58,226 US wounded... Sputnik 1 The Sputnik crisis was a turn point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. ...

Sino-Soviet split
U-2 Crisis of 1960
Guatemalan Civil War
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Missile Crisis

1960s (continued): The Sino-Soviet split was a major diplomatic conflict between the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), beginning in the late 1950s, reaching a peak in 1969 and continuing in various ways until the late 1980s. ... The U-2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. ... Guatemala experienced a 36 years civil war which had a profound impact on this Latin American country. ... Combatants Cuban Government Forces Cuban exiles trained by the US Commanders Fidel Castro Grayston Lynch Pepe San Roman Erneido Oliva Strength 51,000 1,500 Casualties 2,200; estimated 114 dead 1,189 captured Cuban poster warning before invasion showing a soldier armed with an RPD machine gun. ... U.S.A.F. spy photo of one of the suspected launch sites The Cuban Missile Crisis refers to the tense confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. ...

1970s: Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003. ... People in a cafÃ© watch Soviet tanks roll past The Prague Spring (Czech: PraÅ¾skÃ© jaro, Slovak: PraÅ¾skÃ¡ jar, Russian: Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð¶ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐ½Ð°) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia starting January 5, 1968, and running until August 20 of that year when the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies... The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... DÃ©tente is French for relaxation. ...

1980s: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. ... Map of Angola Following the end of Portuguese colonial rule in April 1974, newly-independent Angola descended into a devasting civil war which became Africas longest running conflict. ... Combatants USSR Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mujahideen Rebels supported by nations such as the United States, Pakistan, and China Commanders General Boris Gromov Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Sibghatullah Mojadeddi Ahmed Shah Massoud Abdul Ali Mazari Indirect and Minor roles Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Osama Bin Laden Casualties Over 15,000 Soviet military...

1990s: Solidarity (Polish: SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union Solidarity â€” NiezaleÅ¼ny SamorzÄ…dny ZwiÄ…zek Zawodowy SolidarnoÅ›Ä‡) is a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the GdaÅ„sk Shipyards, and originally led by Lech WaÅ‚Ä™sa. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika â–¶ (helpÂ· info) (ÐŸÐµÑ€ÐµÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¹ÐºÐ°) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ... Remnant of the Berlin Wall near Potsdamer Platz, June 2003. ... The Velvet Revolution (Czech: samatovÃ¡ revoluce, Slovak: neÅ¾nÃ¡ revolÃºcia) (November 16 - December 29, 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Dissolution of the USSR

Other conflicts: // The rise of Gorbachev Although reform in the Soviet Union stalled between 1969â€“1982, a generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... // 1940s January 7: Republic of Austria is reconstituted, with its 1937 borders, but divided into four zones of control: American, British, French, and Soviet. ... Europe at the time of the Iron Curtain The Iron Curtain is a Western term made famous by Winston Churchill referring to the boundary which symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly... Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement The Non-Aligned Movement, or NAM, is an international organization of over 100 states which consider themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ... Containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. ... See rollback (data management) for the operation that returns a database to some previous state or Wikipedia:Rollback for the specific rollback function of Wikipedia. ... An arms race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. ... US (blue) and USSR/Russian (red) nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945-2004. ... Nuclear fireball. ... For other uses, see Space Race (disambiguation). ... Political cartoon of the era depicting an anarchist attempting to destroy the Statue of Liberty. ... McCarthyism took place during a period of intense suspicion in the United States primarily from 1950 to 1954, when the U.S. government was actively countering American Communist Party subversion, its leadership, and others suspected of being Communists or Communist sympathizers. ... // Browder, Golos and Peters By the mid to late 1920s, there were three elements of Soviet power operating in the United States, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations, the Comintern, military intelligence or GRU, and the forerunner of the KGB, the GPU. The Comintern was the dominant arm, though... Ostpolitik or Eastern Politics describes the realisation of the Change through Rapprochement principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in 1963, by the effort of Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, to normalize relations with Eastern European nations including East Germany. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The KGB emblem and motto: The sword and the shield KGB (transliteration of ÐšÐ“Ð‘) is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee, (Russian: (helpÂ· info); Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti). ...

Political leaders: Israel (in blue color) and the Arab League states (in green, Comoros is not shown). ... Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ or Yuxarı Qarabağ, literally mountainous black garden or upper black garden; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, translit. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_NATO.svg The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). ... NATO 2002 Summit in Prague The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for collective security established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, DC, on 4 April 1949. ... Image File history File links Seal of the Warsaw Pact. ... Seal of the Warsaw Pact Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement among airlines about financial liability. ...

United States

Soviet Union

Political leaders: Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... FDR (January 30, 1882 â€“ April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 â€“ December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945â€“1953), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. ... Dwight David Eisenhower, (October 14, 1890 â€“ March 28, 1969, popularly known as Ike) was an American soldier and politician. ... John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 â€“ November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. ... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 â€“ January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963â€“1969). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 â€“ April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. ... For the submarine, see USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23). ... Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 â€“ June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981â€“1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967â€“1975). ... George Herbert Walker Bush, GCB, (born June 12, 1924 in Milton, MA) was the 41st President of the United States (1989â€“1993). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... (helpÂ· info) is the form usually used in English for the Russian name of Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Ð˜Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ„ Ð’Ð¸ÑÑÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð¡Ñ‚Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð½), born with the Georgian name Ioseb Jugashvili (Georgian: áƒáƒ˜áƒ¡áƒ”áƒ‘ áƒ¯áƒ£áƒ¦áƒáƒ¨áƒ˜áƒšáƒ˜, Russian: Ð˜Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ„ Ð”Ð¶ÑƒÐ³Ð°ÑˆÐ²Ð¸Ð»Ð¸); (18 December [O.S. 6 December] 1878[1] â€“ 5 March 1953). ... Georgy (alternatively spelled Georgii) Maximilianovich Malenkov (Ð“ÐµÐ¾ÌÑ€Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ ÐœÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ð°ÌÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐœÐ°Ð»ÐµÐ½ÐºÐ¾ÌÐ²) (GHYOR-ghee mah-leen-KOF) (oficcialy-January 8, 1902 [December 26, 1901, Old Style];November 23 1901 was really - January 14, 1988) was a Soviet politician and Communist Party leader, and a close collaborator of Joseph Stalin. ... (helpÂ· info) (Russian: ) IPA: (commonly anglicized as Khrushchev) April 17, 1894 â€“ September 11, 1971, was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. ... Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (helpÂ· info) (Russian: ) (December 19 [O.S. December 6] 1906 â€“ November 10, 1982) was the effective ruler of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982, though at first in partnership with others. ... Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ð®ÌÑ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð’Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¸Ñ€Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ð¾ÌÐ¿Ð¾Ð²), (15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 â€“ February 9, 1984) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU from November 12, 1982 until his death just sixteen months later. ... Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (Russian: ) (September 24, 1911 â€“ March 10, 1985) was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the CPSU who led the Soviet Union from February 13, 1984 until his death just thirteen months later. ... (helpÂ· info) (Russian: ), IPA: (commonly anglicized as Gorbachev), born March 2, 1931, was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ...

Europe
- Winston Churchill
- Charles de Gaulle
- Josip Broz Tito
- Imre Nagy
- Willy Brandt
- Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Alexander Dubček
- Todor Zhivkov
- Erich Honecker
- Pope John Paul II
- Margaret Thatcher
- Lech Wałęsa

Asia:
- Mao Zedong
- Chiang Kai-shek
- Kim Il-sung
- Ho Chi Minh

Latin America:
- Fidel Castro
- Che Guevara

Categories: 1989 | History of Europe | Revolutions Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The Rth Hon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_France. ... Charles AndrÃ© Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( (helpÂ· info)) (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970), in France commonly referred to as le gÃ©nÃ©ral de Gaulle, was a French military leader and statesman. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslavia. ... Marshal Josip Broz Tito Josip Broz Tito (ÐˆÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¿ Ð‘Ñ€Ð¾Ð· Ð¢Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾) (helpÂ· info) (May 7, (originally May 25th on the official birth certificate) 1892 â€“ May 4, 1980) was the dictator of Yugoslavia between the end of World War II and his death in 1980. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ... Imre Nagy (born in KaposvÃ¡r, Hungary June 7, 1896, executed June 16, 1958) was Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Willy Brandt (December 18, 1913 â€“ October 8, 1992) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany from 1969 to 1974. ... Image File history File links File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Nicolae CeauÅŸescu (IPA ) (January 26, 1918 - December 25, 1989) was the leader of Communist Romania from 1965 until shortly before his execution. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. ... Alexander DubÄek Alexander DubÄek (November 27, 1921 â€“ November 7, 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969), famous for his attempt to reform the Communist regime (Prague Spring). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bulgaria. ... Todor Zhivkov Todor Khristov Zhivkov (Cyrillic: ToÐ´Ð¾Ñ€ XpÐ¸cÑ‚oÐ² Ð–Ð¸Ð²ÐºÐ¾Ð²; pronounced TO-dor KHRIS-tov ZHIF-kof) (September 7, 1911â€“August 5, 1998) was the Communist leader of Bulgaria from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_East_Germany. ... Erich Honecker (25 August 1912â€“29 May 1994) was a German Communist politician who led East Germany (German Democratic Republic) from 1971 until 1989. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Vatican_City. ... Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), born Karol JÃ³zef WojtyÅ‚a (May 18, 1920 â€“ April 2, 2005) reigned as pope of the Roman Catholic Church for almost 27 years, from October 16, 1978 until his death, making his the second-longest pontificate. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS (nÃ©e Roberts, born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and a former barrister and chemist. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Poland. ... Office President of Poland Term of office from December 22, 1990 until December 23, 1995 Profession Electrician and shipyard worker Political party none, see Solidarity for details Spouse Danuta WaÅ‚Ä™sa Date of birth September 29, 1943 Place of birth Popowo, Poland Date of death Place of death Lech Wa... Asia is the largest and most populous region or continent depending on the definition. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_China. ... (helpÂ· info) (December 26, 1893 â€“ September 9, 1976; Mao Tse-tung in Wade-Giles) was the chairman of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1943 and the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1945 until his death in 1976. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China. ... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 â€“ April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_North_Korea. ... Kim Il-sung (ê¹€ì¼ì„±) (15 April 1912 â€“ 8 July 1994) was the leader of North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death, when he was succeeded by his son Kim Jong-il. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Vietnam. ... Há»“ ChÃ Minh (Chinese : èƒ¡å¿—æ˜Ž) (helpÂ· info) (May 19, 1890 â€“ September 2, 1969) was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman, who later became Prime Minister (1946-1955) and President (1955-1969) of North Vietnam. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (pron. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Cuba. ... Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 â€“ October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born, Marxist revolutionary, politician, and Cuban guerrilla leader. ...

Contents

History GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Consequences

See also

Notes and References

History