Avaris

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Avaris (Egyptian: ħ.t wʕr.t, Hatwaret, Greek: αυαρις, Auaris), thought to be located at Tell el-Dab'a (some still argue for different locations), was the ancient capital of the Hyksos dynasties in Egypt. Located in the northeastern region of the Nile Delta, Avaris was the base of the Hyksos kings of Egypt's Second Intermediate Period. The city was built atop the ruins of a Middle Kingdom town that had been captured by the Hyksos. After their takeover, the Hyksos heavily fortified the city and ruled the country using new technology, specifically the chariot which had never been witnessed before by the Ancient Egyptians,. Image File history File links Point_rouge_croix_frontier_vert_green. ... An image representing the Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose I defeating the Hyksos in battle. ... NASA satellite photograph of the Nile Delta (shown in false colour) The Nile Delta (Arabic:دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. ... The Middle Kingdom is: a old name for China a period in the History of Ancient Egypt, the Middle Kingdom of Egypt This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... For other uses, see Chariot (disambiguation). ...

The site at Tell el-Dab'a, covering an area of about 2 square kilometers, is in ruins today, but shows that at one point, it was a well-developed center of trade. Artifacts excavated at a temple erected in the Hyksos period have produced goods from all over the Aegean world. The temple even has Minoan-like wall paintings that are similar to those found on Crete at the Palace of Knossos. A large mudbrick tomb has also been excavated to the west of the temple where grave-goods, such as copper swords, have been found. A kilometre (American spelling: kilometer) (symbol: km) is a unit of length equal to 1000 metres (from the Greek words khilia = thousand and metro = count/measure). ... Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. ... The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... A portion of Arthur Evans reconstruction of the Minoan palace at Knossos. ... In archaeology and anthropology grave goods are the items interred along with the body. ...

Towards the end of the Seventeenth dynasty, Ahmose I, the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty, captured Avaris just before the Hyksos were finally expelled from Egypt, after a water-borne seige. The Hyksos capital was razed to the ground in the aftermath of the Egyptian triumph. Soon after, however, a palace compound was constructed in the early 18th dynasty. It consisted partly of mudbricks from the Hyksos citadel and seems to have functioned as a royal residence. The palace area was settled up to the reign of Amenhotep III, or possibly up to the reign of Ramesses II. Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Seventeenth Dynasty. ... Nebpehtire[4] The Lord of Strength is Re Nomen Ahmose[3] The Moon is Born Horus name Aakheperu[5] Great of Developments[6] Nebty name Tutmesut[5] Perfect of Birth[6] Golden Horus Tjestawy[5] He who Knots Together the Two Lands[6] Consort(s) Ahmose-Nefertari Gods Wife... The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, New Kingdom. ...

The town itself appears to have been mainly abandoned after the Hyksos expulsion but seems to have been reoccupied by the Nineteenth dynasty, at which time it may have taken the name of Pi-Ramesses (also spelled Pi-Ramases). Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Nineteenth Dynasty. ...

Evidence has also been unearthed in Avaris that shows contact between early Mediterranean civilizations.

Etymology of the name

Exodus Decoded, a made-for-TV documentary by Simcha Jacobovici ^[1] reported an unlikely etymology for the place name Avaris (Hatwaret/Auaris), suggesting the place name derives from the Hebrew word for "Hebrew" (Hebrew: עִבְרִי, Tiberian: ʕivɾi, Israeli: Ivri). If so, it would mean something like "the place of the Hebrews", and thus identify the Asiatic Hyksos with the biblical Hebrews. Nevertheless, while a Canaanite/Hebrew origin is plausible, it is difficult to show how the Canaanite/Hebrew word-root ʕ.b.ɾ (עבר), meaning "to pass" (whence a "Hebrew", a "passer-by", one who "goes across"), could linguistically become ħt wʕrt in Egyptian. The Exodus Decoded is a 2006 documentary created by Jewish Canadian filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici, in which new evidence regarding the escape of Hebrew slaves from Egypt is explored. ... “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Bible, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early middle ages, beginning in the 8th century. ... An image representing the Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose I defeating the Hyksos in battle. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Canaanite languages are a subfamily of the Semitic languages, spoken by the ancient Canaanite peoples. ...

Pi-Ramesses (Per-Ra-mes-su)

In the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Avaris regained its past glory when Pharaoh Ramesses II founded his new capital at this old site. The city was now called Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu, meaning "Domain of Ramesses II, Great in Victory"^[2] though it was previously served as a summer palace under Seti I. Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Nineteenth Dynasty. ... Per is the hieroglyph for house, the floor-plan of a walled building with an open doorway. ... Menmaatre Eternal is the Strength of Re[1] Nomen Seti Merenptah He of the god Seth, beloved of Ptah[2] Horus name Kanakht Khaemwaset-Seankhtawy Nebty name Wehemmesut Sekhemkhepesh Derpedjetpesdjet Golden Horus Wehemkhau Weserpedjutemtawnebu[3] Consort(s) Queen Tuya Issue Tia, Amennefernebes, Ramesses II, Henutmire (?) Father Ramesses I Mother Sitre...

The decision by Ramesses II to transfer his government and official residence this far north from Thebes may have been caused by geopolitical reasons. The troublesome Egyptian vassal states in Philistia lay much closer as did the border with the hostile Hittite empire. Intelligence and diplomats would reach the Pharaoh much quicker. The main corps of the army were also encamped in the city and could quickly be mobilized. Thebes Thebes (, ThÄ“bai) is the Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian niwt (The) City and niwt-rst (The) Southern City. It is located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile (). Thebes was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome... The historic Philistines (see note Philistines below) were a people that inhabited the southern coast of Canaan around the time of the arrival of the Israelites, their territory being named Philistia in later contexts. ... Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (the modern village of Boğazköy in todayss north-central Turkey), through most of the second millennium BC. The Hittite kingdom, which at...

Pi-Ramesses flourished for a century and poems were written over its splendour. The demise of Egyptian authority abroad during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt made the city less significant and it was largely abandoned by c.1130 BC onwards as a royal residence^[3] When the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt established their capital of Lower Egypt at another site called Tanis in the Egyptian Delta to the north-west of Pi-Ramesses, stone from the abandoned Ramesside temple in Pi-Ramesses was reused and recycled for the creation of great new temples at Tanis by the 21st Dynasty kings.^[4] The Pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt also transported many old Ramesside obelisks, stelas, statues and sphinxes from Pi-Ramesses to Tanis. The changing waterways of the Nile river Delta likely also have made the site less accessible for river transports. The Twentieth Dynasty of ancient Egypt was founded by Setnakhte, but its only important member was Ramesses III, who modelled his career after Ramesses II the Great. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-First Dynasty. ... Tanis or The ruins of Tanis in 2004 Tanis (Τάνις), the Greek name of ancient Djanet (modern صان الحجر Ṣān al-Ḥaǧar), is a city in the north-eastern Nile delta of Egypt. ... Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Twenty-First Dynasty. ...

The removal of the monuments of Pi-Ramesses to Tanis led early archaeologists to erroneously identify Tanis as the site of Pi-Ramesses based on the "masses of broken Ramesside stonework [which] were visible in the ruins of San el-Hagar (ie. Tanis).^[5] However, more recent and thorough excavations at Tell el-Dab´a and Qantir have identified the true site of both the Hyksos capital Avaris and the Ramesside capital Pi-Ramesses. In recent decades, the site has been excavated by an Austrian team of archaeologists headed by the Austrian Egyptologist, Manfred Bietak. Manfred Bietak is the current Professor of Egyptology at the University of Vienna, Austria and Director of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo, Egypt (Professor der Ägyptologie an der Universität Wien und Leiter des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Kairo). ...

The discoveries here include the foundations of palace buildings, temples, arsenals, storehouses, and tombs. Pi-Ramesses was spread over a vast area of about 18 square kilometers, or 12 miles acres or 6 kilometres long by 3 kilometrees (2 miles) wide according to the latest estimates.^[6] This makes it one of the largest cities of ancient Egypt.

Biblical Ramses

The place name Ramses (Hebrew: רַעְמְסֵס, Tiberian: ɾaʕəmses), sometimes Raamses or Ra'amses, occurs four times in the Tanakh: Genesis 47:11; Exodus 1:11 and Numbers 33:3,5. The Septuagint equates this name with the Egyptian name Ramessu, hellenizing it as Hramessê (Greek: ραμεσση, ʰramɛsːe), whence Latin Ramesses, whence traditional English. “Hebrew” redirects here. ... Tiberian Hebrew is an oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient forms of Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Bible, that was given written form by masoretic scholars in the Jewish community at Tiberias in the early middle ages, beginning in the 8th century. ... For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band). ... For other uses, see Genesis (disambiguation). ... This article is about the second book in the Torah. ... The Book of Numbers is the fourth of the books of the Pentateuch, called in the Hebrew ba-midbar במדבר, i. ...

The location is synonymous with Goshen, the land where Joseph and his descendants settled. According to the biblical account, the Israelites departed from Ramses in their exodus from Egypt (Exodus 12:37). The Land of Goshen (Hebrew גֹּשֶׁן, Standard Hebrew Góšen, Tiberian Hebrew Gōšen) is the region around the city with the modern name Fakus in the eastern Nile delta in Egypt referenced in the Biblical story of Joseph. ... Joseph interprets the dream of the Pharaoh. ... “The Twelve Tribes” redirects here. ... The Exodus or Ytsiyat Mitsrayim (Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, Tiberian: , the going out of Egypt) refers to the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt. ...

Archeologists have not yet pinpointed the time or place of both major cities in the Exodus namely Pithom and Raamses, and some dispute its historicity. The Biblical Raamses is acknowledged to almost certainly be Ramesses II's vast capital city of Pi-Ramesses, located today at the sites of Tell el-Dab´a and Qantir respectively, whereas the Biblical Pithom or Pi(r)-(A)tum, (literally domain or house of the god Atum is possibly located at Tell er-Retaba--as Kenneth Kitchen argues--rather than Tell el-Maskhuta as some writers previously thought.^[7] These two sites, at Qantir and Tell er-Retaba, are 15 to 17 miles apart.^[8] Pithom (Hebrew: פתם) is one of the cities which, according to Exodus 1:11, was built for the Pharaoh of the oppression by the forced labor of the Israelites. ... History Atum (alternatively spelt Tem, Temu, Tum, and Atem) is an early deity in Egyptian mythology, whose cult centred on the Ennead of Heliopolis. ... Emeritus Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen (University of Liverpool publicity photograph, 2006). ...

The Exodus or Ytsiyat Mitsrayim (Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, Tiberian: , the going out of Egypt) refers to the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt. ... The Stations list is the list of the locations visited by the Israelites following their exodus from Egypt. ... Sukkot (Hebrew:  ; booths. ...

Minoan civilization connection

Fragment of a Minoan fresco found in Avaris, Egypt. This fresco is very similar to another fresco from Knossos, Crete.

Besides Thera and Crete, only two other sites have a record of Minoan civilization besides Avaris. They are Tell Kabri, and Alalakh in Syria. It is speculated by the excavator of Tell Dab'a (Austrian, Bietak), that there was close contact with the rulers of Avaris, and the large building representing the frescoes allowed the Minoans to have a ritual life in Egypt. French archaeologist Yves Duhoux proposed the existence of a Minoan 'colony' on an island in the Nile delta.^[9] These finds may also imply the later arrival of the Sea Peoples. It might be of interest that the Minoan hieroglyph system (Linear A) contains some signs bearing a resemblance to Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 532 pixelsFull resolution (3008 × 2000 pixel, file size: 1. ... A portion of Arthur Evans reconstruction of the Minoan palace at Knossos. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... Santorini (Greek Σαντορίνη, IPA: ) is a small, circular archipelago of volcanic islands located in southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km south-east from Greeces mainland. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... The Minoan civilization was a bronze age civilization which arose on Crete, an island in the Aegean Sea. ... Alalakh, or Alalah, is the name of an ancient city and its associated city-state of the Amuq River valley, located in the Hatay region of southern Turkey near the city of Antakya (ancient Antioch), and now represented by an extensive city-mound known as Tell Atchana. ... Manfred Bietak is the current Professor of Egyptology at the University of Vienna, Austria and Director of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo, Egypt (Professor der Ägyptologie an der Universität Wien und Leiter des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Kairo). ... The Budgie People is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty, and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. ... Hieroglyphs or hieroglyphics can be: Characters from a logographic or partly logographic writing system, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs Anatolian hieroglyphs (also known as Luwian hieroglyphs) Cretan hieroglyphs Mayan hieroglyphs (the best known of about half a dozen documented Mesoamerican writing systems) Míkmaq hieroglyphic writing Colloquially, any handwritten characters which...

References

1. ^ http://www.bib-arch.org/bswbOOexodusbeware.html
2. ^ K.A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, William B. Eerdmans Co., 2003. p.255
3. ^ Kitchen, op. cit., pp.255-256
4. ^ Kitchen, op. cit., p.255
5. ^ Kitchen, op. cit., p.255
6. ^ Kitchen, op. cit., p.255
7. ^ Kitchen, op. cit., pp.258-259
8. ^ Kitchen, op. cit., p.258
9. ^ Duhoux, Yves (2003). Des minoens en Egypte? "Keftiou" et "les îles au milieu du Grand vert". Liège: Univ. Press. ISBN 90-429-1261-8. 

• Reeves, Nicholas. Ancient Egypt, The Great Discoveries, a Year-by-Year Chronicle, Nicholas Reeves, (Thames and Hudson Ltd, London), c 2000. See 1987, Avaris and the Aegean: Minoan Frescoes in Egypt.

• International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. IV, pg. 38. Entry on "Rameses" by Dr. R. W. Pierce, (William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids MI) 1988.

• Bietak, Manfred. "Avaris : the capital of the Hyksos: recent excavations at Tell el-Dab´a" (British Museum Press for the Trustees of the British Museum, London) 1996.

Coordinates: 30°47′N, 31°50′E Carl Nicholas Reeves (born 28 September 1956) is an English Egyptologist. ... Ramesses II, Abu Simbel Ramesses II (also known as Ramesses the Great and alternatively transcribed as Ramses and Rameses) was an Egyptian pharaoh. ... Manfred Bietak is the current Professor of Egyptology at the University of Vienna, Austria and Director of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Cairo, Egypt (Professor der Ägyptologie an der Universität Wien und Leiter des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Kairo). ... The centre of the museum was redeveloped in 2000 to become the Great Court, surrounding the original Reading Room. ... Thebes Thebes (, ThÄ“bai) is the Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian niwt (The) City and niwt-rst (The) Southern City. It is located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile (). Thebes was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome... The current capital of Egypt is Cairo. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...