Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
State Party	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iii
Reference	373
Region†	Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription	1986  (10th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. † Region as classified by UNESCO.

Avebury is the site of a large henge and several stone circles in the English county of Wiltshire surrounding the village of Avebury. It is one of the finest and largest Neolithic monuments in Europe dating to around 5,000 years ago. It is older than the megalithic stages of Stonehenge, which is located about 32 kilometres (20 mi) to the south, although the two monuments are broadly contemporary overall. It lies approximately midway between the towns of Marlborough and Calne, just off the main A4 road on the northbound A4361 towards Wroughton. The henge is a Scheduled Ancient Monument^[1] and a World Heritage Site.^[2] Avebury Village framed by the Stone Circle Avebury (the traditional local pronunciation is Abury) is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Avebury Henge and Village, England File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... As of 2006, there are a total of 830 World Heritage Sites located in 138 State Parties. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... A henge is a roughly circular or oval-shaped flat area over 20m in diameter which is enclosed and delimited by a boundary earthwork that usually comprises a ditch with an external bank. ... Swinside stone circle, in the Lake District, England. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Wilshire. ... Avebury Village framed by the Stone Circle Avebury (the traditional local pronunciation is Abury) is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Megalithic tomb, Mane Braz, Brittany Bronze age wedge tomb in the Burren area of Ireland For the record label, see Megalith Records. ... For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation). ... This article is about the English town. ... , Calne is a town located in central Wiltshire, in the South West England region of the United Kingdom. ... The A4 at Hotwells in Bristol The A4 crosses Picadilly Circus in central London The A4 is a major road in England, also known as the Great West Road. ... The A361 is a major road in England. ... , Wroughton is a large village in Wiltshire in the South West England region of the UK. It is part of the Borough of Swindon and is situated some 7 km (4 miles) southeast of Swindon. ... A Scheduled Ancient Monument is defined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and the National Heritage Act 1983 of the United Kingdom government. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State...

Avebury is a National Trust property. The standard of the National Trust The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, usually known as The National Trust, is a British preservation organization. ...

The monument

Part of the outer circle

Most of the surviving structure consists of earthworks known as the dykes, consisting of a massive ditch and external bank henge 421 metres (1,381 ft) in diameter and 1.35 kilometres (0.84 mi) in circumference. The only known comparable sites of similar date (Stonehenge and Flagstones in Dorset) are only a quarter of the size of Avebury. The ditch alone was 21 metres (69 ft) wide and 11 metres (36 ft) deep, with its primary fill carbon dated to between 3400 and 2625 BC. A later date in this period is more likely although excavation of the bank has demonstrated that it has been enlarged, presumably using material excavated from the ditch. The fill at the bottom of the final ditch would therefore post-date any in an earlier, shallower ditch that no longer exists. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1953 KB) Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1953 KB) Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... “km” redirects here. ... “Miles” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation). ... Flagstones is the name of a late Neolithic causewayed enclosure in the English county of Dorset. ... Dorset (pronounced DOR-sit or [dÉ”.sÉ™t], and sometimes in the past called Dorsetshire) is a county in the south-west of England, on the English Channel coast. ... Radiocarbon dating is the use of the naturally occurring isotope of carbon-14 in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials, up to ca. ...

Within the henge is a great Outer Circle constituting prehistory's largest stone circle with a diameter of 335 metres (1,099 ft). It was contemporary with or built around four or five centuries after the earthworks. There were originally 98 sarsen standing stones some weighing in excess of 40 tons. They varied in height from 3.6 to 4.2 m as exemplified at the north and south entrances. Carbon dates from the fills of the stoneholes date between 2800 and 2400 BC. Sarsen stones are sandstone blocks found on Salisbury Plain and elsewhere. ... Standing stones, orthostats, liths or more commonly, megaliths because of their large and cumbersome size, are solitary stones set vertically in the ground. ...

Nearer the middle of the monument are two other, separate stone circles. The Northern inner ring measures 98 metres (322 ft) in diameter, although only two of its standing stones remain with two further, fallen ones. A cove of three stones stood in the middle, its entrance pointing northeast. Cove is a term used to describe a tightly concentrated group of large standing stones found in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. ...

The stone avenue

The Southern inner ring was 108 metres (354 ft) in diameter before its destruction. The remaining sections of its arc now lie beneath the village buildings. A single large monolith, 5.5 metres (18 ft) high, stood in the centre along with an alignment of smaller stones until their destruction in the eighteenth century. There is an avenue of paired stones, the West Kennet Avenue, leading from the south eastern entrance of the henge and traces of a second, the Beckhampton Avenue lead out from the western one. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1489 KB) Allee nach Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1489 KB) Allee nach Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... This page refers to the archaeological feature known as an avenue. ... Kennet Avenue or West Kennet Avenue is a prehistoric site in the English county of Wiltshire. ... The Beckhampton Avenue was a curving prehistoric avenue of stones that ran broadly south west Avebury towards The Longstones at Beckhampton in the English county of Wiltshire. ...

Aubrey Burl conjectures a sequence of construction beginning with the North and South Circles erected around 2800 BC, followed by the Outer Circle and henge around two hundred years later and the two avenues added around 2400 BC. Aubrey Burl is a British archaeologist most well known for his studies into megalithic monuments and the nature of prehistoric rituals associated with them. ...

A timber circle of two concentric rings, identified through archaeological geophysics possibly stood in the northeast sector of the outer circle, although this awaits testing by excavation. A ploughed barrow is also visible from the air in the northwestern quadrant. In archaeology, a timber circle is a circular arrangement of wooden posts. ... Electrical resistance map of ancient Aphrodisias Archaeological geophysics most often refers to geophysical survey techniques used for archaeological imaging or mapping. ... The term archaeological excavation has a double meaning. ... A tumulus (plural tumuli, from the Latin word for mound or small hill, from the root to bulge, swell also found in ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. ...

The henge had four entrances, two opposing ones on a north by northwest and south by southeast line, and two on an east by northeast and west by southwest line.

Despite being a man-made structure, it was featured on the 2005 TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the West Country because it consists of natural components. Seven Natural Wonders is a television programme that aired on BBC Two from 3 May to 20 June 2005. ...

Destruction of the stones

Part of the southern inner ring (to right)

Many of the original stones were destroyed from the early 14th century onwards^[3] to provide local building materials and to make room for agriculture. The stones were also destroyed due to a fear of the pagan rituals that were associated with the site. Both John Aubrey and later, William Stukeley visited the site and described the destruction. Stukeley spent much of the 1720s recording what remained of Avebury and the surrounding monuments. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1658 KB) Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 1658 KB) Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... For other persons named John Aubrey, see John Aubrey (disambiguation). ... The Rev. ...

Only 27 stones of the Outer Circle survive and many of these are examples re-erected by Alexander Keiller in the 1930s. Concrete pylons now mark the former locations of the missing stones and it is likely that more stones are buried on the site. English Heritage is currently considering whether to dig up and re-erect these stones.^{[citation needed]} Alexander Keiller 1889-1955 was was an archaeologist and businessman who worked on the site at Avebury in Wiltshire UK. He was heir to a Dundee marmalade business. ...

Excavations

Part of the outer ditch

Excavation at Avebury itself has been limited. Sir Henry Meux put a trench through the bank in 1894, which gave the first indication that the earthwork was built in two phases. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 2267 KB) Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2272x1704, 2267 KB) Avebury Henge/Avebury Stone Circle, GB, photo by me. ...

The site was surveyed and excavated intermittently between 1908 and 1922 by a team of workmen under Harold St George Gray. He was able to demonstrate that the Avebury builders had dug down 11 metres (36 ft) into the natural chalk in excavating the henge ditch, producing an outer bank 9 metres (30 ft) high around the whole perimeter of the henge and using red deer antler as their primary digging tool. Gray recorded the base of the ditch as being flat and 4 metres (13 ft) wide although some later archaeologists have questioned his use of untrained labour to excavate the ditch and suggested that its form may have been different. Gray found few artefacts in the ditch fill but did recover scattered human bones, jawbones being particularly well represented. At a depth of about 2 metres (7 ft), Gray encountered a complete skeleton of a woman only 1.5 metres (5 ft) tall who had been buried there. This article is about the species of deer. ... In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. ...

Archaeologist Alexander Keiller re-erected many of the stones during the 1930s. Under one, now known as the Barber Stone, the skeleton of a man was discovered. Coins found with him dated from the 1320s, and the evidence suggests that he was fatally injured while digging the burial pit for the stone when it fell on top of him. As well as the coins, he was found with a pair of scissors and a lancet, the tools of a barber-surgeon at that time, hence the name given to the stone.^[4] When a new village school was built in 1969 there was also limited further opportunity to examine the site and an excavation to produce carbon dating material and environmental data was undertaken in 1982. Alexander Keiller 1889-1955 was was an archaeologist and businessman who worked on the site at Avebury in Wiltshire UK. He was heir to a Dundee marmalade business. ... The story of the barber surgeon of Avebury is one that most visitors to the prehistoric site of Avebury Henge in the English county of Wiltshire will have heard. ... For other uses, see Scalpel (disambiguation). ...

The sequence of excavations has been examined by Dr Joshua Pollard in a series of volumes about Avebury.

Theories about Avebury

The postulated original layout of the circles

A great deal of interest surrounds the stones at the monument which people describe often as being in one of two categories; tall and slender, or short and squat. This leads to numerous theories relating to the importance of gender in Neolithic Britain with the taller stones considered 'male' and the shorter ones 'female'. The stones were not dressed in any way and may have been chosen for their pleasing natural forms. Numerous people have identified what they claim are carvings on the stones' surfaces, some carvings being more persuasive than others. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1336x659, 77 KB) From http://runeberg. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1336x659, 77 KB) From http://runeberg. ... An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools. ...

The human bones found by Gray point to some form of funerary purpose and have parallels in the disarticulated human bone often found at earlier causewayed enclosure sites. Ancestor worship, although on a huge scale, could have been one of the purposes of the monument and would not be mutually exclusive with any male/female ritual role. Causewayed enclosures are a type of large prehistoric earthworks common to the early Neolithic Europe. ... For other senses of this word, see ritual (disambiguation). ...

The henge, although clearly forming an imposing boundary to the circle, has no defensive purpose as the ditch is on the inside. Being a henge and stone circle site, astronomical alignments are a common theory to explain the positioning of the stones at Avebury.

The Avebury triangle

A large part of the small village of Avebury, complete with public house, is enclosed within the monument. Two local roads intersect within the monument, and visitors can walk on the earthworks. Avebury Village framed by the Stone Circle Avebury (the traditional local pronunciation is Abury) is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire. ... Pub redirects here. ... For other uses, see Monument (disambiguation). ...

The two stone avenues (Kennet Avenue and Beckhampton Avenue) that meet at Avebury define two sides of triangle that is designated a World Heritage site and which includes The Sanctuary, Windmill Hill, Silbury Hill and the West Kennet Long Barrow. Kennet Avenue or West Kennet Avenue is a prehistoric site in the English county of Wiltshire. ... The Beckhampton Avenue was a curving prehistoric avenue of stones that ran broadly south west Avebury towards The Longstones at Beckhampton in the English county of Wiltshire. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... The Sanctuary is a prehistoric site on Overton Hill located around 5 miles west of Marlborough in the English county of Wiltshire. ... Windmill Hill is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure in the English county of Wiltshire, situated around 3 miles north of Avebury. ... Silbury Hill Silbury Hill (grid reference SU100685), part of the complex of Neolithic monuments around Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire (which includes the West Kennet Long Barrow), is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe and one of the worlds largest. ... View of the outside of West Kennet Long Barrow View of the inside of West Kennet Long Barrow The West Kennet Long Barrow is a Neolithic tomb or barrow, situated on a prominent chalk ridge, near Silbury Hill, one-and-a-half miles south of Avebury in Wiltshire. ...

Alternative Avebury

Avebury is seen as a spiritual centre by many who profess beliefs such as Paganism, Wicca, Druidry and Heathenry, and indeed for some it is regarded more highly than Stonehenge. The pagan festivals all attract visitors, and the summer solstice especially draws increasingly large crowds from the religious to the idly curious. Avebury is said to stand on the St Michael ley line, an alignment that goes across England from Cornwall to East Anglia. Pagan and heathen redirect here. ... For other uses, see Wicca (disambiguation). ... In the Celtic religion, the modern words Druidry or Druidism denote the practices of the ancient druids, the priestly class in ancient Celtic societies through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in the British Isles. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Germanic neopaganism. ... For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation). ...

As with Stonehenge, though, access regarding both interpretation and physical presence is contested. While Avebury henge and circles are 'open' to all, access has been controlled through closure of the car park. Pressure of numbers on this circle is an issue begging resolution, and various attempts at negotiation are underway. Avebury is increasingly important for tourism today, and how visitors relate to Avebury is part of the study of the Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/Rights project (http://www.sacredsites.org.uk).

The National Trust, who steward and protect the site (owned by English Heritage) are also actively in dialogue with the Pagan community, who use the site as a religious temple or place of worship. This dialogue takes place through the National Trust's Avebury Sacred Sites Forum. The project has a charter and guidelines for visitors, which helps to foster understanding between the Pagan community and the general public visiting the site. Pagan and heathen redirect here. ...

Avebury in the media

The area was used in Children of the Stones (1976), a British television drama produced for children. Children of the Stones was a television drama for children produced by HTV in 1976 and broadcast on the United Kingdoms ITV network in January and February 1977. ...

Derek Jarman's silent, 10-minute short film A Journey to Avebury (1971) is set amongst the stones. Derek Jarman Derek Jarman (January 31, 1942 – February 19, 1994) was an English film director, stage designer, artist, and writer. ...

The stones were seen in a key moment in the 1998 comedy Still Crazy, starring Billy Connolly, Stephen Rea, Jimmy Nail, Timothy Spall and Bill Nighy. The film also features a scene inside the Red Lion at Avebury. Still Crazy is a 1998 comedy film about a fictional 70s rock band named Strange Fruit, who, after being split up for several years, are convinced to get back together to perform at a reunion of the same concert venue where they played their last gig. ... Dr William Billy Connolly, CBE, (born 24 November 1942) is a Scottish comedian, musician, presenter, and actor. ... Stephen Rea (born October 31, 1946) is an Irish actor. ... Jimmy Nail is an English actor and singer (born March 16, 1954, Gleneagles Close, Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne). ... Timothy Leonard Spall OBE (born February 27, 1957) is an English BAFTA award-nominated film, stage and television actor. ... Bill Nighy (IPA: ; born December 12, 1949) is a Golden Globe and BAFTA-award winning English actor. ...

It was featured on the 2005 TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the West Country. Seven Natural Wonders is a television programme that aired on BBC Two from 3 May to 20 June 2005. ...

Avebury is one of the "uncommonly British days out" featured in the 2005 book Bollocks to Alton Towers, the authors recommending it as the antithesis of the packaged and restricted tourist experience to be found at the nearby and more famous Stonehenge. Cover of paperback edition Bollocks to Alton Towers : Uncommonly British Days Out (ISBN 0141021209) is a travel book written by Jason Hazeley, Robin Halstead, Joel Morris, Alex Morris (creators of the Framley Examiner). ... For other uses, see Stonehenge (disambiguation). ...

Catherine Fisher's 2005 novel Darkhenge is set in and around Avebury. Catherine Fisher (born 1957) is an author, broadcaster and adjudicator who lives in Newport, Wales. ...

See also

Map showing the location of Avebury within Wiltshire.

• European Megalithic Culture

Image File history File links Size of this preview: 504 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (600 × 714 pixels, file size: 326 KB, MIME type: image/png) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Red_pog2. ... Development of the European Megalithic Culture The European Megalithic Culture was a prehistoric (and preliterate) civilisation based primarily in Western Europe, that has left a legacy of large stone monuments, or megaliths, scattered widely across the continent. ...

References

Notes

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 58th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Avebury

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Avebury.

• Avebury information at the National Trust
• Avebury Pagan Events Calendar
• Ancient Britain - Avebury
• Some buried megaliths have recently been found near the circle. Reports at: Ananova, BBC News
• 100-Ton Stone Astounds Academics (BBC News report)
• The text and images of William Stukeley's survey
• In-depth information about the Avebury complex

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Coordinates: 51°25′43″N, 1°51′15″W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...