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The large kingdom of Awsan was apparently conquored by the Sabaen Mukarrib Karib'il Watar in the fifth century B.C., but according to J. Pirenne, a relatively minor kingdom - restricted to the Wadi Markha region - of the same name resurfaced during the centuries around the beginning of our era.
If the highpoint of the renewed Awsan kingdom is correctly assigned to the centuries just before and after the beginning of our era, then its cities may owe their origin to the trade-generated wealth already present around them.
They may have been agricultural centres providing goods for the caravans travelling along the fringe of the Empty Quarter, and thus emerged at a period when fortification was already widespread in South Arabia, so that their internal architecture leapt directly from that of a village to a fortified city.
The ancient Kingdom of Awsan in South Arabia (modern Yemen), with a capital at Hagar Yahirr in the wadi Markha, to the south of the wadi Bayhan, is now marked by a tell or artificial mound, which is locally named Hagar Asfal.
One of its kings at this period was the only Yemeni ruler to be accorded divine honours; his surviving portrait statuette is dressed in Greek fashion, contrasting with those of his predecessors who are dressed in Arabian style, with kilt and shawl.
The siting of Hagar Yahirr is consonant with other capitals of petty kingdoms, at the mouths of large wadis: Ma'in in the wadi Jawf, Marib in the wadi Dana, Timna in the wadi Bayhan, Hagar Yahirr in the wadi Markha and Shabwa in the wadi Irma.
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