Izz al-Din Aybak (Turkish: Aybeg; Arabic: عز الدين أيبك) (epithet: al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jashnakir al-Turkmani al-Salihi (Arabic: الملك المعز عز الدين أيبك التركماني الجاشنكير الصالحى)) (d. 1257) was the first of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt in the Turkish, or Bahri, line.^[1] Arabic redirects here. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History  - As-Salih Ayyub Death 1250  - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of  Egypt  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Palestine  Israel  Lebanon  Jordan  Turkey  Libya A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular... The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultanate المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. ...

Origin and early career

He ruled from 1250 to 1257. He was a Mamluk of Turkic origin who served with other Turkmens in the court of the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub and therefore was known among the Bahri Mamluks as Aybak al-Turkmani. He raised to the position of Emir (prince) and worked as a Jashnkir (taster of the sultan's food and drink). // April 30 - King Louis IX of France released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (died November 1249) was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. ... The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultanate المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. ... Entrance to the emirs palace in Bukhara. ...

After the death of as-Salih Ayyub during the Frankish invasion of Damietta (1249) and the tragic murder of his heir and son Turanshah (1250), Shajar al-Durr (the widow of as-Salih Ayyub), with the help of the mamluks of her dead husband, seized the throne and became the Sultana of Egypt. Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (died November 1249) was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249. ... Damietta is a port in Dumyat, Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea at the Nile delta, about 200 kilometres north of Cairo. ... Louis IX of France leading crusaders attacking Damietta, Egypt. ... Shajar al-Durr (? - 1257) grew up a slave in the harem of the Caliph in Baghdad. ...

Both the Ayyubids of Syria and the Abbasid Caliph al-Musta'sim in Baghdad defied the move and refused to recognize Shajar al-Dur as a Sultana. In a reaction, the Mamluks of Egypt renewed their oath to the new Sultana and appointed Aybak to the important position of Atabik (commander in chief). Mashriq Dynasties  Maghrib Dynasties  The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid (Arabic: , ) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ... Al-Mustasim (d. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ...

Rise to power

When the Syrian Emirs granted Damascus to an-Nasir Yusuf the Ayyubbid emir of Aleppo, Shajar al-Durr married Aybak then abdicated and passed the throne to Aybak after she ruled Egypt 80 days. For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ... An-Nasir Yusuf (Full Name: al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf bin Abd-al-Aziz Muhammad bin al-Zahir Ghazi bin al-Sultan Salah al-Din Yusuf bin Ayyub (Arabic: الملك الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن عبدالعزيز محمد بن الظاهر غازى بن السلطان صلاح الدين يوسف بن ايوب ) (1228 - 1260 ) Was the Ayybid ruler of Aleppo (1236-1260) and Damascus (1250-1260). ... Location of the governorate of Aleppo within Syria Aleppo (Arabic: [ḥalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate. ...

Aybak, the new sultan of Egypt, was given the royal name al-Malik al-Muizz. Until then , Aybak relied foremost on three Mamluks: Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari and Seif ad-Din Belban al-Rashidi. Faris ad-Din Aktai al-Jemdar ( Arabic: فارس الدين أقطاى الجمدار ) (d. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ...

To strengthen the position of Aybak on the throne of Egypt, and attempting to satisfy their opponents in Syria and Baghdad, the Mamluks nominated the 6 years old al-malik Sharaf Muzafer al-Din Musa, who was one of the Syrian branch of the Ayyubid family, as a cosultan and proclaimed that Aybak is only a representative of the Abbasid Caliph.

Ayyubid challenge

an-Nasir Yusuf sent his forces to Gaza to conquer Egypt and overthrow Aybak but his forces were defeated by Emir Faris ad-Din Aktai. Then he led a huge army and clashed with Aybak's army which forced him at the end of the battle to flee to Damascus. Aybak conquered parts of Syria that belonged to an-Nasir Yusuf and upon feeling he was not threatened he imprisoned Musa and appointed Qutuz as vice-sultan in 1252. Not to be confused with the Spanish name Garza or the Egyptian town of Giza. ... Faris ad-Din Aktai al-Jemdar ( Arabic: فارس الدين أقطاى الجمدار ) (d. ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ...

Rebellion

In 1253 a serious rebellion led by Hisn al-Din Thalab in upper and middle Egypt was crashed by Aktai the leader of the Bahri Mamluks who were, by this time, starting to form a new challenge to the authority of Aybak thus he decieded to kill Aktai and eliminate his Mamluks.

Crackdown on Mamluks

In a conspiracy with Qutuz and a few Mamluks, Aybak invited Aktai to his castle and killed him. Watching the head of Aktai thrown out Aybak's Castle, the Mamluks, among them Baibars al-Bunduqdari and Qalawun al-Alfi, fled during the night to Damascus and Al-Karak. Aybak plundered the properties of the Mamluks and retracted Alexandria which Aktai controlled as own domain since 1252. Those who could not flee were either imprisoned or executed. In 1255 a new rebellion led by his namesake Izz al-Din Aybak al-Afram arose in upper Egypt and forces of an-Nasir Yusuf arrived to the Egyptian border, this time accompanied by the Mamluks who fled to Syria, including Baibars al-Bunduqdari and Qalawun al-Alfi. Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... Saif ad-Din Qalawun al-Alfi al-Mansur (also Qalaun or Kalavun) (c. ... Al Karak (also Karak or Kerak) (Arabic: الكرك) is a city in Jordan that contains a famous Crusader castle. ... This article is about the city in Egypt. ...

Bizarre end

In 1257 Aybak decided to marry the daughter of the emir of al-Mousil Badr ad-Din Lo'alo'a. Shajar al-Durr felt betrayed by the man who she made a sultan and killed him after he ruled Egypt seven years. His 15 years old son al-Malik al-Mansur Nour ad-Din Ali became the new sultan with Qutuz as a vice-sultan.

Impact

Before their deaths, Aybak and Shajar al-Durr firmly established the Mamluk dynasty that would ultimately repulse the Mongols, expel the European Crusaders from the Holy Land, and would remain the most powerful political force in the Middle East until the coming of the Ottomans. The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultanate المماليك البحرية was a Mamluk dynasty of Kipchak Turk origin that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks. ... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... For other uses, see Holy Land (disambiguation). ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Ottoman redirects here. ...

Notes

References

• Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk.
• The New Encyclopædia Britannica.
• H. Sadawi, Al-Mamalik, Maroof Ikhwan, Alexandria.
• Ibn Taghri Bardi, al-Nujum al-Zahirah.

Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi (1364 - 1442); Arabic: ‎, was an Egyptian historian more commonly known as al-Maqrizi or Makrizi. ... The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ...

See also

• Bahri dynasty
• Kipchaks