The 15 or so living species of diving duck, commonly called pochards or scaups, are part of the diverse and very large duck, goose, and swan family, Anatidae. The latter article should be referred to for an overview of this very large family of birds. // Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ... Genera see text Goose (plural geese) is the general English name for a considerable number of birds, belonging to the familyAnatidae. ... Genera and species Cygnus Bechstein 1803 C. cygnus C. buccinator C. columbianus C. (c. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Thalassorninae Anserinae Stictonettinae Plectropterinae Tadorninae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Oxyurinae and see text Anatidae is the biological family that includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swan. ... Orders Many - see section below. ...

The diving ducks are here placed in a distinct subfamily, Aythyinae. While morphologically close to the dabbling ducks (Livezey, 1986), there are nonetheless some pronounced differences such as in the structure of the trachea. mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data (Johnson & Sorenson, 1999) indicates that the dabbling and diving ducks are fairly distant from each other, the outward similarities being due to convergent evolution. ... Morphology is the following: In linguistics, morphology is the study of the structure of word forms. ... Genera Pteronetta Cairina Aix Nettapus Anas Callonetta Chenonetta Amazonetta See also Diving duck The dabbling ducks are a group of eight genera and about 55 species of ducks, including some of the most familiar Northern Hemisphere species. ... Windpipe redirects here. ... Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA which is not located in the nucleus of the cell but in the mitochondria. ... CoQ Cytochrome c reductase The Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase complex, sometimes called the cytochrome bc1 complex, and at other times Complex III, is the third complex in the electron transfer chain (PDB 1KYO, EC 1. ... NADH dehydrogenase NADH dehydrogenase (EC 1. ... In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles (or coassembles) with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein. ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine... It has been suggested that Morphological convergence be merged into this article or section. ...

Alternatively (e.g. Terres, 1991), the diving ducks are placed as a tribe Aythyini in a subfamily Anatidae which would encompass all duck-like birds except the whistling-ducks In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic classification in between family and genus. ... Genera Dendrocygna Thalassornis Dendrocygninae is a subfamily of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, Anatidae. ...

The seaducks commonly found in coastal areas, such as the Long-tailed Duck (formerly known in the US as Oldsquaw), scoters, goldeneyes and eiders, are also sometimes colloquially referred to in North America as diving ducks because they also feed by diving; their subfamily (Merginae) is a very distinct one however. Genera Polysticta Somateria Histrionicus Camptorhynchus Melanitta Clangula Bucephala Mergellus Lophodytes Mergus † For other ducks, see also: Anatidae The seaducks, Merginae, form a subfamily of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, Anatidae. ... Long-tailed Duck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Genus Melanitta (Boie, 1822) The scoters are stocky seaducks in the genus Melanitta. ... Species Bucephala clangula (Common Goldeneye) Bucephala islandica (Barrows Goldeneye) Bucephala albeola (Bufflehead) Goldeneye are small seaducks belonging to the genus Bucephala. ... Species Eiders are large seaducks in the genus Somateria. ...

Although the group is cosmopolitan, most members are native to the northern hemisphere, and it includes several of the most familiar northern hemisphere ducks. A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... Insert non-formatted text here The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and population. ...

This group of ducks is so named because its members feed mainly by diving, although in fact the Netta species are reluctant to dive, and feed more like dabbling ducks.

These are gregarious ducks, mainly found on fresh water or on estuaries, though the Greater Scaup becomes marine during the northern winter. They are strong fliers; their broad, blunt-tipped wings require faster wing-beats than those of many ducks and they take off with some difficulty. Northern species tend to be migratory; southern species do not migrate though the Hardhead travels long distances on an irregular basis in response to rainfall. Diving ducks do not walk as well on land as the dabbling ducks; their legs tend to be placed further back on their bodies help propel them when underwater. An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea and within which sea water mixes with fresh water. ... Binomial name Aythya marila (Linnaeus, 1761) The Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), or just Scaup in Europe, is a small diving duck. ... // Long-distance land bird migration Many species of land migratory birds migrate very long distances, the most common pattern being for birds to breed in the temperate or arctic northern hemisphere and winter in warmer regions, often in the tropics or the temperate zones of the southern hemisphere. ... Binomial name Aythya australis Eyton, 1838 The Hardhead (Aytha australis) is the only true diving duck found in Australasia. ... Genera Pteronetta Cairina Aix Nettapus Anas Callonetta Chenonetta Amazonetta See also Diving duck The dabbling ducks are a group of eight genera and about 55 species of ducks, including some of the most familiar Northern Hemisphere species. ...

Systematics

Here, three genera are included in the Aythyini. The Marbled Duck which makes up the monotypic genus Marmaronetta, however, seems very distinct and might have diverged prior to the split of dabbling and diving ducks as indicated by morphological (Livezey, 1986) and molecular characteristics (Johnson & Sorenson, 1999). The probably extinct Pink-headed Duck, previously treated separately in Rhodonessa, has been suggested to belong into Netta (Livezey, 1998 contra Livezey, 1986), but this approach has been questioned (Collar et al., 2001). DNA sequence analyses, which would probably resolve this question, have not been conducted to date for lack of suitable material. It might be an early divergence from the dabbling duck lineage (Livezey, 1986). The molecular analysis of Johnson & Sorenson (1999) also suggests that the White-winged Wood Duck should be placed into a monotypic genus Asarcornis which is fairly close to Aythya and might belong into this subfamily. In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic grouping. ... Binomial name Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetries, 1832) The Marbled Duck, or Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris), is a medium-sized dabbling duck. ... Monotypic refers to a taxonomic group with only one subgroup at the next (smaller) taxonomic level, for example, a monotypic genus has only one species. ... Binomial name Netta caryophyllacea (Latham, 1790) Synonyms Anas caryophyllacea Rhodonessa caryophyllacea The Pink-headed Duck (Netta caryophyllacea) is (or was) a large diving duck. ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine... Binomial name Cairina scutulata (Müller, 1842) The White-winged Wood Duck (Cairina scutulata) is a species of dabbling duck in the genus Cairina. ... Monotypic refers to a taxonomic group with only one subgroup at the next (smaller) taxonomic level, for example, a monotypic genus has only one species. ...

FAMILY ANATIDAE

• Subfamily Aythyinae: dabbling ducks
  • Genus Marmaronetta
    • Marbled Duck Marmaronetta angustirostris
  • Genus Netta (provisionally including Rhodonessa)
    • Pink-headed Duck Netta caryophyllacea - also Rhodonessa; probably extinct (1945?)
    • Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina
    • Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma
    • Rosybill Netta peposaca
  • Genus Aythya
    • Canvasback Aythya valisineria
    • Pochard Aythya ferina
    • Redhead Aythya americana
    • Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris
    • Hardhead Aythya australis
    • Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri
    • Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca
    • Madagascar Pochard Aythya innotata - feared to be extinct, rediscovered (2006)
    • Réunion Pochard, Aythya cf. innotata - extinct (c.1690s)
    • New Zealand Scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae
    • Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
    • Greater Scaup Aythya marila
    • Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis

Binomial name Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetries, 1832) The Marbled Duck, or Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris), is a medium-sized dabbling duck. ... Binomial name Marmaronetta angustirostris (Menetries, 1832) The Marbled Duck, or Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris), is a medium-sized dabbling duck. ... Species Netta caryophyllacea (Pink-headed Duck) Netta rufina (Red-crested Pochard) Netta erythrophthalma (Southern Pochard) Netta peposaca (Rosybill) Netta is a genus of diving ducks. ... Binomial name Netta caryophyllacea (Latham, 1790) Synonyms Anas caryophyllacea Rhodonessa caryophyllacea The Pink-headed Duck (Netta caryophyllacea) is (or was) a large diving duck. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Binomial name Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) The Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina) is a large diving duck. ... Binomial name Netta erythrophthalma (Wied-Neuwied, 1833) The Southern Pochard (Netta erythrophthalma) is a duck. ... Binomial name Netta peposaca (Vieillot, 1816) The Rosybill or Rosybill Pochard (Netta peposaca) is a duck with a distinctive red bill on males and a slate-colored bill on females. ... Species See text. ... Binomial name Aythya valisineria (Wilson, 1814) The Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) is a larger-sized diving duck. ... Binomial name Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) The Pochard (Aythya ferina) is a medium-sized diving duck. ... Binomial name Aythya americana (Eyton, 1838) The Redhead (Aythya americana) is a medium-sized diving duck. ... Binomial name Aythya collaris (Donovan, 1809) The Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris) is a smaller diving duck. ... Binomial name Aythya australis Eyton, 1838 The Hardhead (Aytha australis) is the only true diving duck found in Australasia. ... Binomial name Aythya baeri Radde, 1863 The Baers Pochard (Aythya baeri) is a species of the genus Aythya. ... Binomial name Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt, 1770) The Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) is a medium-sized diving duck. ... Binomial name Aythya innotata (Salvadori, 1894) The Madagascar Pochard (Aythya innotata) is a species probably extinct, of the genus Aythya. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... Events and Trends Thomas Neale designed Seven Dials The Salem Witchcraft Trials are held in Massachusetts Bay Colony (1692). ... Binomial name Aythya novaeseelandiae (Gmelin, 1789) The New Zealand Scaup (Aythya novaeseelandiae) is a diving duck species of the genus Aythya. ... Binomial name Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus, 1758) The Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) is a medium-sized diving duck with a population close to one million birds. ... Binomial name Aythya marila (Linnaeus, 1761) The Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), or just Scaup in Europe, is a small diving duck. ... Binomial name Aythya affinis (Eyton, 1838) The Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) is a small diving duck. ...

References

• Collar, Nigel J.; Andreev, A. V.; Chan, S.; Crosby, M. J.; Subramanya, S. & Tobias, J. A. (editors) (2001): Pink-headed Duck. In:Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book, p.489-501. BirdLife International. ISBN 0-946888-44-2 HTML fulltext

• Johnson, Kevin P. & Sorenson, Michael D. (1999): Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. Auk 116(3): 792–805. PDF fulltext

• Livezey, Brad C. (1986): A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters. Auk 103(4): 737-754. PDF fulltext

• Livezey, Brad C. (1998): A phylogenetic analysis of modern pochards (Anatidae: Aythini). Auk 113(1): 74–93. PDF fulltext

• Terres, John K. & National Audubon Society (1991): The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. Wings Books, New York. ISBN 0517032880