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Murti

Ayurveda (आयुर्वेद Sanskrit: ayu—life; veda—knowledge of) or ayurvedic medicine is a comprehensive system of medicine, first described by Charaka around the beginning of the Common Era, and based on a holistic approach rooted in earlier Vedic culture. Its conspicuous use of the word veda, or knowledge, reveals its role in early Hinduism and describes its hallowed place in India. Āyurveda also had a tradition of surgery. Two early texts of Āyurveda are the Charaka Samhitā and the Sushruta Samhitā. Hinduism (Sanskrit/Hindi —, also known as —, and —) is a religion originating in the Indian subcontinent, based on the Vedas, and among the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ... Image File history File links Aum. ... Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; also known as Sanātana Dharma, and Vaidika-Dharma) is a worldwide religious tradition that is based on the revealed knowledge of the Veda and the direct descendant of the Vedic religion. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Hinduism encompasses many movements and schools fairly organized within Hindu denominations. ... Hindu mythology is a term used by modern scholarship for a large body of Indian literature that details the lives and times of legendary personalities, deities and divine incarnations on earth interspersed with often large sections of philosophical and ethical discourse. ... Hindu philosophy (one of the main divisions of Indian philosophy) is traditionally seen through the prism of six different systems (called darshanas in Sanskrit) that are listed here and make up the main belief systems of Hinduism. ... Past Lives redirects here. ... Moksha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Karma is a concept in Hinduism, based on the Vedas and Upanishads, which explains causality through a system where beneficial events are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful events from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout a persons reincarnated lives. ... A small prayer setup This article is about Hinduism. ... ... In the Indian religions Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, nirvāna (from the Sanskrit निर्वाण, Pali: Nibbāna -- Chinese: 涅槃; Pinyin: niè pán), literally extinction and/or extinguishing, is the culmination of the yogis pursuit of liberation. ... Dharma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat, including beef, poultry, fish, or their by-products, with or without the use of dairy products or eggs. ... Bhakti - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Artha is a Sanskrit term referring to the idea of material prosperity. ... Hindu scripture is overwhelmingly written in Sanskrit. ... The Upanishads (उपनिषद्, Upanişad) are part of the Hindu Shruti scriptures which primarily discuss meditation and philosophy and are seen as religious instructions by most schools of Hinduism. ... The Vedas (Sanskrit: वेद), collectively refers to a corpus of ancient Indo-Aryan religious literature that are associated with the Vedic civilization and are considered by adherents of Hinduism to be revealed knowledge. ... The Brahmana (Sanskrit ब्राह्मण) are part of the Hindu Shruti; They are composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and the period of their composition is sometimes referred to as the Brahmanic period or age (approximately between 900 BC and 500 BC). ... Bhagavad Gīta भगवद्गीता, composed ca the fifth - second centuries BC, is part of the epic poem Mahabharata, located in the Bhisma-Parva chapters 23–40. ... The Rāmāyana (Sanskrit: रामायण, march or journey (Ä€yana) of Rāma) is part of the Hindu smriti, written by Valmiki. ... The Mahabharata (Devanagari: महाभारत, phonetically Mahābhārata - see note), sometimes just called Bharata, is one of the two major ancient Sanskrit epics of India, the other being the Ramayana. ... The Puranas are part of Hindu Smriti; these religious scriptures discuss devotion and mythology. ... The Aranyakas (Sanskrit आरण्यक, Forest Books, Forest Treatises) are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures are sometimes argued to be part of either the Brahmanas or Upanishads. ... The percentage of Hindu population of each country was taken from the US State Departments International Religious Freedom Report 2004. ... These are some of the most noteworthy Gurus and Saints of Hinduism: Shankara Ramanuja Amritanandamayi Paramahansa Yogananda Madhvacharya Raghavendra Swami Ramakrishna Vivekananda Sree Narayana Guru Aurobindo Ramana Maharshi Sivananda Chinmayananda Yogaswami Sivaya Subramuniyaswami Swaminarayan Shriram Sharma Acharya A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Satya Sai Baba Shirdi Sai Baba Bhakti Vaibhava... The Gopuram of temples, in south India, are adorned with colourful icons depicting a particular story surrounding the temples deity. ... The Indian caste system is a social system in which people are divided into separate endogamous groups, known in English as castes, and in Hindi as jati (birth unit), biradari (fraternity) etc. ... A mantra is a religious syllable or poem, typically from the Sanskrit language. ... Glossary of terms in Hinduism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Nataraja is one of the most famous images of Lord Shiva Murtis (singular Murti, also spelled Murthi or Murthy) refers to deities or images used by Hindus and also by some Mahayana Buddhists during worship as points of devotional and meditational focus. ... Sanskrit ( संस्कृतम्) is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ... For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, (perhaps 1st or 2nd century) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. ... The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Christian Era or Current Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 until the present. ... Holism (from holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) is the idea that all the properties of a given system (biological, chemical, social, mental, linguistic, etc. ... The Vedic Civilization is the Indo-Aryan culture associated with the Vedas, the earliest known records of Indian history. ... The Vedas are part of the Hindu Shruti; these religious scriptures form part of the core of the Brahminical and Vedic traditions within Hinduism and are the inspirational, metaphysical and mythological foundation for later Vedanta, Yoga, Tantra and even Bhakti forms of Hinduism. ... Hinduism (Sanskrit/Hindi —, also known as —, and —) is a religion originating in the Indian subcontinent, based on the Vedas, and among the oldest religious traditions still practiced today. ... A typical modern surgical operation For other uses, see Surgery (disambiguation). ... For a village in Greece, see Charaka (Laconia), Greece Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, (perhaps 1st or 2nd century) is one of the founders of Ayurveda. ... The Samhita (Sanskrit: joined or collected) is the basic text of each of the Vedas, comprising collections of hymns and ritual texts. ... Sushruta was an ancient Indian surgeon (datable to between the 2nd century BCE and about the 2nd century CE) and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories. ...

Brhat Trayi (The greater triad)

The Charka and Sushruta Samhitās are compendiums of two traditions rather than texts authored by single authors. A third tradition is that of the Kāshyapas. Some plant remedies of Āyurveda are also mentioned in the earlier Vedic literature 2^nd millennium BC. Both the Sushruta and Charaka Samhitās are the product of several editorial hands, having been revised and supplemented over a period of several hundred years. The Vedas (Sanskrit: वेद), collectively refers to a corpus of ancient Indo-Aryan religious literature that are associated with the Vedic civilization and are considered by adherents of Hinduism to be revealed knowledge. ... (3rd millennium BC – 2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – other millennia) // Events To grasp the spirit of the 2nd millennium BC, we must divide it in two parts, for there is a period of change around its middle so important that it creates two separate sub-millennia. First half (2000...

The scholar Vāgbhata, who lived in Sind at the beginning of the 7^th century AD, produced a grand synthesis of earlier ayurvedic materials in a verse work called Ashtānga Hridayam. Another work associated with the same author, the Ashtānga Samgraha, contains much the same material in a more diffuse form, written in a mixture of prose and verse. The relationship between these two works, and a third intermediate compilation, is still a topic of active research. The works of Charaka, Sushruta, and Vāgbhata are considered canonical and reverentially called the Vriddha Trayi, "The Triad of Ancients"; or Brhat Trayi, "The Greater Triad." In the early eighth century, Mādhav wrote his Nidāna, a work on etiology, which soon assumed a position of authority. In the 79 chapters of this book, he lists diseases along with their causes, symptoms, and complications. Vaghbhata is a commentator of charaka and susruta. ... Sindh (Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... (6th century - 7th century - 8th century _ other centuries) Events The religion of Islam starts in Arabia, the Quran is revealed, and Arabs spread Islam into Syria, Iraq, Persia, Egypt, North Africa and Central Asia. ... Synthesis (from the Greek words syn = plus and thesis = position) is commonly understood to be an integration of two or more pre-existing elements which results in a new creation. ... The Twelve Nidanas (Pali: nidana- foundation, source or origin) are the application of the Buddhist concept of Pratitya-samutpada (dependent origination). ... Etiology (alternately aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. ...

Basic concepts and methodology

Traditional Āyurveda speaks of eight branches: kāyāchikitsā (internal medicine), shalyachikitsā (surgery including anatomy), shālākyachikitsā (eye, ear, nose, and throat diseases), kaumārabhritya (pediatrics, gynecology & obstetrics.), bhūtavidyā (psychology). The basic motive of Āyurveda is to keep the healthy person healthy and to cure the ill. Internal medicine is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of internal diseases, that is, those that affect internal organs or the body as a whole. ... A typical modern surgical operation For other uses, see Surgery (disambiguation). ... Anatomical drawing of the human muscles from the Encyclopédie. ... An eye is an organ of vision that detects light. ... A human ear An ear is an organ used by an animal to detect sound waves. ... Human nose in profile The Nose is a story by Gogol and an opera by Dmitri Shostakovich. ... Anatomy In anatomy, the throat is the part of the neck anterior to the vertebral column. ... Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. ... The shamefulness associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Psychology (ancient Greek: psyche = soul or mind, logos/-ology = study of) is an academic and applied field involving the study of the mind, brain, and behavior, both human and nonhuman. ...

Qualities

It could be said that the simple essence of Āyurveda is knowledge and awareness of the qualities of nature – called gurvadi gunah. By understanding the qualities inherent in the environment, in foodstuffs, in activities, etc., one gains an appreciation of their effects on the individual constitution through the principle of similarities; i.e., that similarities cause increase while dissimilarities cause decrease. Thus hot qualities in the environment or diet will increase hot qualities in the body.

The gurvadi gunah are listed in Vāgbhata's Ashtānga Hridayam as:

1. Guru (heavy) – laghu (light)
2. Manda (slow) – tikshna (quick, sharp)
3. Hima (cold) – ushna (hot)
4. Snigdha (unctuous) – ruksha (dry)
5. Slakshna (smooth) – khara (rough)
6. Sandra (solid) – drava (liquid)
7. Mrdu (soft) – kathina (hard)
8. Sthira (stable) – cala (mobile)
9. Sukshma (subtle) – sthula (gross)
10. Vishada (non-slimy) – picchila (slimy)

Since everything in the material world possesses combinations of the 20 qualities, Āyurveda postulates that every material process or object can either harm or heal a person by influencing that person's unique original constitution (called prakrti). An Āyurvedic practitioner will assess the qualities of a disorder, the patient's unique prakrti, and his/her influencing factors to arrive at a treatment plan. The treatment plan will consist of using herbs, therapies, diet, etc., with opposite qualities so as to assist the patient in re-establishing their prakrti. Prakrti or Prakriti (from Sanskrit language) is, according to samkhya philosophy, the basic matter of which the universe consists. ...

The Five Elements

According to the ancient Sankhya theory of cosmology, on which ayurveda is based, the "five great elements" (Panchamahabhuta); combine in different proportions to form the material world. Each element possesses different amounts of the above-mentioned gunas; thus each element has its unique qualitative nature. The elements are: Samkhya, also Sankhya, (Sanskrit: सांख्य) is a school of Indian philosophy, and is one of the six astika or Hindu philosophical schools of India. ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) world + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension mans place in it. ... It has been suggested that Primordial Elements be merged into this article or section. ...

1. Akasha – aether
2. Vayu or Pavan – air or wind
3. Agni or Tejas – fire
4. Ap or Jala – water)
5. Prithvi or Bhumi – earth

Some authorities state that the early European concept of five elements evolved as a result of contact with Āyurveda. Akasha is the Hindi/Sanskrit word meaning aether in both its elemental and mythological senses. ... The aether (also spelled ether) is a substance concept, historically used in science and philosophy. ... In Hinduism, Vayu (also known as Pavan) is a primary god, father of Bhima and Hanuman. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Wind is the roughly horizontal movement of air (as opposed to an air current) caused by uneven heating of the Earths surface. ... Agni is a Hindu deity. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Ap or Aap is the Hindi/Sanskrit word meaning water. ... Water is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. ... Prithvi (pá¹›thivÄ«) is the Hindu earth-god. ... In Hinduism, Bhumidevi, who may also be called Bhumi, is the goddess of the earth. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

Doshas

The 3 main doshas (sometimes translated into English as humours) are: Vata (combination of the space and air elements), Pitta (analogous to the fire element), and Kapha (combination of water and earth elements). Look up English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary As an adjective, English refers to anything from or pertaining to England. ...

All bodily processes are believed to be governed by a balance of the 3 doshas. Whichever dosha appears to dominate a person's behavior and physique is called his constitution type. Each constitution type has particular strengths and susceptibilities.

• For more information about the Ayurvedic humors, see Humours (Ayurveda).
• For a description of humours in traditional Greco-Roman and European medieval medicine, see the Four humours article.

In traditional medicine practiced before the advent of modern technology, the four humours (or four humors) were four fluids that were thought to permeate the body and influence its health. ...

Vata

Vata, composed of space and air, governs all movement in the mind and body and must be kept in good balance. Too much vata leads to, "worries, insomnia, cramps and constipation. Vata controls blood flow, elimination of wastes, breathing and the movement of thoughts across the mind." Vata activates the nervous system, hearing and speech; and expresses as enthusiasm and creativity. Vata also controls the other two principles (Pitta and Kapha) and is usually the first cause of disease. Another word for Vata is Vayu - it is the more traditional Sanskrit word for air.

Those who are classified as Vata tend to have lighter frames, and are either short or tall and thin. Their skin tends to be dry and cold with dark, thin hair. They have dark brown or grey eyes. Movements and speech is quick and sleep is light, interrupted, and fitful. Mentally, they are restless and have lots of ideas. They are creative and imaginative, but are fearful, anxious, and insecure. It has been suggested that Primary insomnia be merged into this article or section. ... This article is about muscular pain. ... Constipation or Irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or other animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to eliminate; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Sanskrit ( संस्कृतम्) is an Indo-European classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. ...

Vata doshas' corresponding colors are warm and gentle, such as yellow, ochre, or brown. Amethyst is the stone associated with Vata. Amethyst (SiO2) is a violet or purple variety of quartz often used as an ornament. ...

Pitta

Pitta is said to be composed of fire; it governs, "all heat, metabolism and transformation in the mind and body. It controls how we digest food, how we metabolize our sensory perceptions, and how we discriminate between right and wrong." Pitta must be kept in balance, too. "Too much Pitta can lead to anger, criticism, acidity, ulcers, rashes and thinning hair.". A balanced Pitta mind makes one a good leader with a warm personality.

Pitta types are generally average physically. They tend to have fine, soft, red or fair hair (though Pittas have been known to have dark hair.) Eyes tend to be blue, grey, or hazel. Their moods change slowly and they are busy people, usually achieving much in their lives. They are more intellectual and speech is clear, sharp, and precise. They are fiery, angry and judgemental. Santorio Santorio (1561-1636) in his steelyard balance, from Ars de statica medecina, first published 1614 Metabolism (from μεταβολισμος (metabolismos)) is the biochemical modification of chemical compounds in living organisms anggjgjhnd cell (b). ... Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer. ... Red and Anarchist Skinheads is often referred to as RASH. A typical rash A rash is a change in the skin which affects its appearance or texture. ...

The Pitta doshas' corresponding color are cool, calming colors such as blue, green, or purple. Their stone is Moonstone. Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8) is an important igneous rock forming tectosilicate mineral. ...

Kapha

Kapha is the watery humour, consisting of the water and earth elements. "Kapha cements the elements in the body, providing the material for physical structure. This dosha maintains body resistance....Kapha lubricates the joints; provides moisture to the skin; helps to heal wounds; fills the spaces in the body; gives biological strength, vigor and stability; supports memory retention; gives energy to the heart and lungs and maintains immunity...Kapha is responsible for emotions of attachment, greed and long-standing envy; it is also expressed in tendencies toward calmness, forgiveness and love." Too much Kapha leads to lethargy and weight gain, as well as congestion and allergies.

Kaphas' body types are sturdier and thicker than the other body types. Hair is thick and lustrous and eyes are blue or brown. They have the best strength and endurance and have a slow, steady pace. Mentally they are calm, steady, and stable. They can be greedy and possessive but are caring and not easily irritated.

Kapha governs bright, vibrant colors such as red, pink, and orange. Their corresponding stone is Lapis. Lapis lazuli, also known as just lapis, is one of the stones with the longest tradition of being considered a gem, with a history stretching back to 5000 BC. Deep blue in color and opaque, this gemstone was highly prized by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt, as can be seen...

Herbs and Minerals in Āyurvedic Medicine

Species About 1,300; see List of Acacia species Acacia is a genus of shrubs and trees of Gondwanian origin belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the Pea Family Fabaceae, first described from Africa by Linnaeus in 1773. ... Shikakai is a popular traditional powder shampoo used in India. ... Gum arabic, a natural gum also called gum acacia, is a substance that is taken from two sub-Saharan species of the acacia tree, Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. ... Binomial name Acorus calamus L. Calamus or Common Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) is a plant from the Acoraceae family. ... Vacha (Antonivanovtsi Dam, renamed by edict from 1999) is a dam situated in south Bulgaria, Devin municipality, 680 m above sea level. ... vasaka synonyms adhatoda,adalodakam,malabar nut etc. ... vasaka synonyms adhatoda,adalodakam,malabar nut etc. ... Bronchitis is an obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchi of the lungs. ... Asthma is an immunological disease which causes difficulty in breathing. ... This is a page on demonology; for the god Baal or information on the name see Baal. ... This is a page on demonology; for the god Baal or information on the name see Baal. ... Amoebic Dysentery is a goregrind band from Atlanta, Georgia, specially, East Cobb County. ... Diarrhea (American English) or diarrhoea (Commonwealth English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery, chunky, or loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. ... Digestion is the process whereby a biological entity processes a substance, in order to chemically convert the substance into nutrients. ... Anthelmintics (in the U.S., antihelminthics) are drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminthes) from the body or kill them. ... Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. ... Binomial name Allium sativum L. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a perennial plant in the family Alliaceae and genus Allium, closely related to the onion, shallot, and leek. ... Figure 1: Basic lipid structure. ... Cholesterol chemical structure Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Royal Kumari Kumari, or Kumari Devi is a living Hindu goddess in Nepal. ... Binomial name Anethum graveolens L. Dried Dill-umbel Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a short-lived annual herb, native to southwest and central Asia. ... Binomial name Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus are a type of cow meat obtained from one species within the genus Asparagus, specifically the young shoots of Asparagus officinalis. ... The human females reproductive system. ... Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. ... Binomial name Azadirachta indica A.Juss. ... Binomial name Azadirachta indica A.Juss. ... An antiseptic is a substance that kills or prevents the growth and reproduction of various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses on the external surfaces of the body. ... An antifungal drug is medication used to treat fungal infections such as athletes foot, ringworm and candidiasis (thrush), as well as serious systemic infections like cryptococcal meningitis. ... Bedellium (Hebrew bedolach) was probably an aromatic gum like balsam that was exuded from a tree, probably one of several species in the genus Commiphora. ... Pumpkins Pumpkin attached to a stalk A pumpkin is a squash vegetable, most commonly orange in colour when ripe, that grows as a fruit (gourd from a trailing vine of the genus Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). ... Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... The chile pepper (also chili or chilli; from Nahuatl chilli via Spanish chile) is the fruit of the plant Capsicum from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). ... Binomial name Cassia fistula L. The Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) Dok Khuen in Thailand, is a dicotiledoneus plant also known in several Spanish speaking countries as caña fistula. ... Binomial name Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ... R-phrases 11-20/21/22-36/37/38 S-phrases 16-26-36 RTECS number EX1260000 (R) EX1250000 (S) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Binomial name Citrus maxima Merr. ... Binomial name Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. ... Citron is a citrus fruit of the species Citrus medica. ... Binomial name Cucumis sativus L. The cucumber is the edible fruit of the cucumber plant Cucumis sativus, which belongs to the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, as do melons and squash. ... Binomial name Cuminum cyminum L. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the eastern Mediterranean region east to India. ... Binomial name Daucus carota L. The carrot is a root vegetable, usually orange or white in color with a woody texture. ... Species See text Thistles are perennial flowering plants of the genus Cirsium. ... For the cocktail, see Mimosa (cocktail), and for the star in Crucis, Becrux. ... The shamefulness associated with the examination of female genitalia has long inhibited the science of gynaecology. ... Diagram of the layers of human skin In zootomy and dermatology, skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of a layer of tissues that protect underlying muscles and organs. ... A pile is one type of building foundation. ... Dysentery is a severe diarrhea illness often associated with blood in the feces. ... Diarrhea (American English) or diarrhoea (Commonwealth English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent and watery, chunky, or loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. ... Species Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae salicifolia Hippophae tibetana The Sea-buckthorns, also known as Seaberry or Sea Berry, are deciduous shrubs in the genus Hippophae, family Elaeagnaceae. ... Species Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae salicifolia Hippophae tibetana The Sea-buckthorns, also known as Seaberry or Sea Berry, are deciduous shrubs in the genus Hippophae, family Elaeagnaceae. ... A crystal of Alum Alum, in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M+2SO4·M3+2(SO4)3·24H2O, where M+ is the sign of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium), and M3+ denotes one of the trivalent metal... Species Strombus gigas Strombus pugilis A conch (pronounced konk) is a sea-dwelling mollusk, and more specifically, a marine gastropod. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , Flash point non flammable RTECS number VZ4050000 Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as baking soda and bicarbonate of soda, is a soluble white anhydrous or crystalline chemical compound, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. ... Species Cypraea annulus Cypraea moneta Cypraea pantherina Cypraea spurca Cypraea tigris Cypraea vitellus Cyprea linx Various species of Cowry from all over the world Cowry shells (also spelled “cowrie”), are marine snails of the genus Cypraea (family Cypraeidae), found chiefly in tropical regions, especially around the Maldives or the East... General Name, Symbol, Number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Atomic mass 65. ...

Historically

At the closing of the initiates' training, the guru gave a solemn address where he directed the students to a life of chastity, honesty, and vegetarianism. The student was to strive with all his being for the health of the sick. He was not to betray patients for his own advantage. He was to dress modestly and avoid strong drink. He was to be collected and self-controlled, measured in speech at all times. He was to constantly improve his knowledge and technical skill. In the home of the patient he was to be courteous and modest, directing all attention to the patient's welfare. He was not to divulge any knowledge about the patient and his family. If the patient was incurable, he was to keep this to himself if it was likely to harm the patient or others. References ^ Tirha, B. B. A Taste of Trascendence, (2002) p. ... Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat, including beef, poultry, fish, or their by-products, with or without the use of dairy products or eggs. ...

The normal length of the student's training appears to have been seven years. Before graduation, the student was to pass a test. But the physician was to continue to learn through texts, direct observation (pratyaksha), and through inference (anumāna). In addition, the vaidyas attended meetings where knowledge was exchanged. The doctors were also enjoined to gain knowledge of unusual remedies from hillsmen, herdsmen, and forest-dwellers.

In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh, Pakistan, discovered that the people of Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappan periods (circa 3300 BC), had knowledge of medicine and even dentistry. The physical anthropologist that carried out the examinations made the discovery when he was cleaning the teeth of one of the men. 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Mehrgarh was an ancient settlement in South Asia and is one of the most important sites in archaeology for the study of the earliest neolithic settlements in that region. ... The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1700 BCE) was an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and Northern India. ... Conception of ancient Harappas Mound E Gateway [1] Harappa is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, located beside a former course of the Ravi River; about 35km southwest of Sahiwal. ... (34th century BC - 33rd century BC - 32nd century BC - other centuries) (5th millennium BC - 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC) Events Major climate shift possibly due to shift in solar activity. ... Radiographs (X-rays) can reveal if a person has cavities, bone disease or other abnormalities Dentistry is the art and science of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions, diseases, and disorders of the oral cavity, the maxillofacial region, and its associated structures as it relates to human beings. ...

Today

Āyurvedic physicians were traditionally supported by their patients and the communities they worked in, with a minority gaining royal patronage. Under the centralized governmental systems established by the Mughals and subsequent British rule in India, many Āyurvedic physicians were paid small stipends by the state. But when the British government in India began to establish hospitals and organized state-wide healthcare institutions (which lead eventually to the Indian Medical Service), Āyurveda was not included. In the early 20^th century, Āyurvedic physicians began to organize into professional associations and to promote their case for national recognition and funding. This began to become a reality after Indian independence in 1947. Today, Kerala is the state in India that promotes research and practices Āyurveda the most. There are many famous Āyurvedic centers (Vaidya shala) all over Kerala. Extent of Mughal empire in the late 1600s: the Mughals ruled all but the southern tip of the subcontinent. ... The British Empire at its zenith in 1919. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Jawahar Lal Nehru making his first speech in Independent India On August 15, 1947, the Republic of India became a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations under the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... Kerala (IPA: ; Malayalam: കേരളം — ) is a state on the tropical Malabar Coast of southwestern India. ...

Today, Āyurveda is gaining lots of interest in the western world. The most commonly practiced Āyurvedic treatments in the west are massage, and dietary and herbal advice, due to the strong regulations surrounding medical practice in Europe and America. Patients are classified by body types, or prakriti, which are determined by proportions of the three doshas. Illness and disease are considered to be a matter of imbalance in the doshas. Treatment is aimed at restoring harmony or balance to the mind-body system. Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one. ... Motto: E pluribus unum (1789 to present) (Latin: Out of Many, One) In God We Trust (1956 to present) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington, D.C. Largest city New York Official language(s) None at federal level; English de facto Government • President • Vice President Federal republic George W... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A disease is an abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person afflicted or those in contact with the person. ...

In India, Āyurveda is gaining prominence as an alternative to western medicine. However, the traditional methods of teaching Āyurveda, such as undergoing a rigorous study of Sanskrit, are being discarded. Only diseases and cures are being taught in most Āyurvedic colleges across India. For the next generation of Āyurvedic doctors, this reduces the basic understanding of Āyurveda as a comprehensive system. Also, not being able to comprehend the original Vriddha Trayi in Sanskrit may lead to different interpretations of the ancient texts and possibly to deviations from traditional Āyurveda .

Kerala is the only state in India that acts as adjuvant to Āyurvedic treatment, apart from the many effective local editions and their basic panchakarma techniques. The rebirth of Āyurveda as it is now is due to these Kerala centers. Kerala is the place where Āyurvedic education is kept in its classical form, while incorporating rapidly developing modern science. Kerala-trained Āyurvedic physicians are in demand not only in India, but all over the world. "Kerala-style Āyurveda" addresses issues which cannot be resolved by modern medicine.

The western Indian state of Maharashtra has a very fine tradition of genuine Āyurvedic education and practice. Pune, the city known as the education capital of Maharashtra and western India, has been at the forefront of this revolution. The scholars in Pune have contributed to this surge in acceptance of Āyurveda the world over in a great way. A great project called Āyurvediya Triskandha Kosha is currently under way in Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth in Pune for last 16 years. Resulting in more than a lakh of computerized entries, it aims to classify the Āyurvedic text for the benefit of scholars of Āyurveda and others. The late Vaidya M. V. Kolhatkar had been the visionary behind this mammoth work which is currently taken ahead by Vaidya Dilip P. Gadgil. Maharashtra (Devanagari: महाराष्ट्र, literally: Great Nation) is Indias third largest state in terms of area and second largest in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh. ... Pune (पुणे in Marathi), formerly known as Punavadi and Poona (पूना) by the British, is a city located in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. ... A lakh (also spelled lac or laksha) is a unit in a traditional number system, still widely used in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, equal to a hundred thousand. ...

Concerning Āyurvedic massage, there is not a single treatise on clinical Āyurvedic massage in the whole Āyurvedic literature. However, Āyurvedic massage courses and diplomas are given in western countries. In the Indian Āyurvedic universities there are degrees or diplomas such as "Bachelor of Āyurvedic Medicine and Surgery" and registers such as the British Register of Complementary Practitioners.

Āyurvedic Herbs in Western Medicine

Many plants traditionally used for thousands of years in Āyurveda have undergone western-based medical research, which has identified the active compounds and measured their effects in humans. These active compounds can be extracted from the plant and made into powders commonly used as ingredients for dietary supplements that address a variety of health conditions. Since the early 1990s, the demand for clinically-tested, science-based Āyurvedic plant extracts has increased, along with the demand for extract manufacturers who comply with good manufacturing practices and pharmaceutical standards. One example of a manufacturer who assists in furthering the science by conducting research on Āyurvedic extracts at top universities is Geni Herbs. While the demand for scientific research of plants used in Āyurveda continues to increase, more insight will be gained on the potential uses and applications for the extracts of these traditional plants. The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive. ...

See History of medicine All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for, and responses to, birth, death, and disease. ...

Āyurvedic Practitioners

Several renowned practitioners of Āyurveda who follow the traditional system of Āyurvedic sciences exist in India.

Testimonials on Āyurveda

http://www.ms-ayurvedabehandlung.de/fallbeispielengl.html

Partial bibliography

• The Roots of Ayurveda, Dominik Wujastyk, Penguin, London, New York etc., ISBN 0-140-44824-1
• Ayurveda: Science of Self Healing, Dr. Vasant Lad, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-00-4
• Ayurvedic Healing: A Comprehensive Guide, Dr. David Frawley, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-97-7
• Ayurveda: Nature's Medicine, Dr. David Frawley and Dr. Subhash Ranade, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-95-0
• Ayurveda Encyclopedia, Swami Sadashiva Tirtha, D.Sc., Ayurveda Holistic Center Press, Bayville, New York ISBN 0-9658042-2-4
• Ayurveda: Life, Health, and Longevity, Robert Svoboda, Ayurvedic Press ISBN 1883725097
• Yoga and Ayurveda: Self-Healing and Self-Realization, Dr. David Frawley, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-81-0
• The Ayurvedic Cookbook, Amadea Morningstar and Urmila Desai, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-06-3
• Ayurveda and Marma Therapy, Dr. David Frawley, Dr. Subhash Ranade, Dr. Avinash Lele, Lotus Press,Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-940985-59-4
• Ayurveda and Panchakarma, Dr. Sunil Joshi, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-37-3
• Ayurvedic Guide to Diet and Weight Loss, Dr. Scott Gerson, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-910261-29-6
• The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine, Dr. David Frawley and Dr. Vasant Lad, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-24-8

External links

• Ayurvedic Herbs
• Ayurvedic Medicines
• Government of India's official site on Indian systems of medicine
• World-Renowned Āyurvedic Institution in Kerala
• World of Ayurveda - All-natural medicines for the 21^st century.
• Livedika -- Live in accordance with Vedic principles of wellness.
• Complete Āyurveda Guide
• Jiva Āyurveda - workshops, courses, resources, books, videos.
• The 500 + years old Poomulli Mana still carries its traditional value systems in its approach to Āyurvedic Treatments.
• Āyurvedic Herbal Formulas
• Articles on doshas, wellness, diet/digestion, beauty, Āyurvedic how-tos, recipes, tips, quizzes
• http://www.ms-ayurvedabehandlung.de
• A highly reputed Āyurveda institution in India.
• Āyurvedic Education, Medical Clinic, Wellness Spa, Books, Nutritional Supplements, etc. Certificate and Master's Degree programs. Courses offered via distance learning and classroom instruction in Seattle WA and Bangalore, India.
• Indian National Website on Āyurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy
• Āyurveda France
• Kerala Āyurveda in UK

(Kerala Āyurvedic Health Clinic: Reputable Āyurvedic practice in London , site contains information on Kerala Āyurveda and other information on Āyurveda. Contains a useful "Āyurveda FAQ")

• Āyurveda colleges in India
• National Institute of Āyurvedic Medicine
• Oriental Music therapy- Indian classical music as therapy
• Ayurveda For You - Comprehensive site on Āyurveda. Learn Āyurveda through ebooks and email courses
• Geni Herbs - Information on Western-based approaches to Āyurvedic herbs
• Āyurveda in Ancient India
• Āyurveda in Kerala India
• Āyurveda Hospital and Research Centre in Wagholi, India
• Online Resources from ayurveda.com
• A highly reputed Āyurveda and Yoga Institution in The Netherlands.
• Chapter about Āyurveda from The River of Heaven by David Frawley
• History of Traditional Indian Medicine
• The flip side of Āyurveda
• Āyurveda Portal: read/write articles, news, blogs; read/ad resources, practitioner directory, dosha test, e-newsletter, research journal, forum, RSS newsfeed
• New Jersey Institute of Āyurveda: Distance-learning, independent study courses for the training of Āyurvedic practitioners
• International Vedic Institute School of Āyurveda: online certification & continuing education courses. Web classroom
• Chapter 1 of the Āyurveda Encyclopedia by Swami Sadashiva Tirtha
• Lotus Press
• Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A.
• Āyurveda, Ayu Portal
• Abhyangam, An Āyurvedic Massage
• Olena's Abhyanga Massage Experience at the Indus Valley Āyurvedic Center, in Mysore, India
• Branches of Āyurveda
• India hits back in 'bio-piracy' battle
• Āyurveda Health Care for Men
• Tridoshas Vata, Pitta, Kapha