Part of the series on Ayyavazhi |
 | | History of Ayyavazhi | | Ayyavazhi Theology | | Ekam-The Ultimate Oneness Vethan-The Creator Thirumal-The Maintainer Sivan-The Destroyer Vaikundar-The Incarnation The Trinity Ayyavazhi (Tamil:à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®´à®¿path of the father), a Tamil monistic religion, originated in South India in the mid 19th century. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1243x1256, 230 KB) Summary I created it Licensing File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): User talk:Paddu/Archive1 User talk:Mkweise User talk:Ranjran Ayya Vaikundar Ayyavazhi...
The History of Ayyavazhi traces the history of Ayyavazhi religion which originated in the middle of the 19th century. ...
This article needs copyediting (checking for proper English spelling, grammar, usage, etc. ...
This is the term used in Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of Ayyavazhi to represent The Ultimate Oneness, and in Thiruvasakam - 2 it was stated that it was from this Ekam all this objects including the separate Godheads, Devas, Asuras etc of the Universe formed. ...
Nathan (× ×ª× Gift, Standard Hebrew Natan, Tiberian Hebrew NÄṯÄn) is the name of at least six men, and perhaps as many as eight, with this name in the Hebrew Bible. ...
Thirumal Thirumal is One among the Three Great Godheads or Trimurti in Ayyavazhi mythology and is a Tamil name for Sriman Narayana. ...
Thirumal is denoted as The maintainer in Ayyavazhi mythology, and is one among the Three God Heads. ...
Sivan In Ayyavazhi mythology Sivan is one among the Three Great Godheads or Trimurti in Ayyavazhi mythology and is the Tamil name for Siva. ...
Ayya Vaikundar, who arose from the sea at Thiruchendur on 20th of the Tamil Month of Masi was considered as an unique Avatar. ...
Ayya Vaikundar was the Manu avathar (to born as a human being) of Lord Narayana according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy script of Ayyavazhi religion. ...
The Ayyavazhi Trinity is the Incarnation of God in this Kali Yukam. ...
| | Scriptures | | Akilattirattu Ammanai Vinchai to Vaikundar Thirukkalyana Ekanai Arul Nool Akilathirattu Ammanai à®
à®à®¿à®²à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®à¯à®à¯ à®
à®®à¯à®®à®¾à®©à¯ (Tamil: akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi faith, officially an offshoot of Hinduism. ...
This article needs to be wikified. ...
Thirukkalyana Ekanai was an important part in Akilattirattu Ammanai the religious book of Ayyavazhi, in which Ayya Vaikundar unified all the atmans (souls) of this universe into Himself. ...
Arulnool considered to be the supplementary to akilathirattu, is a collection of a few short litratures composed by different Arulalarkal whose names are unknown. ...
| | Worship centers | | Thalaimaippathi Pathis Nizhal Thangals The worship centers of Ayyavazhi include Pathis and Nizhal Thangals. ...
Swamithoppe pathi Swamithoppe Palliyarai Swamithoppe Pathi (also called Swamithoppu-pathi, Manavaippathi, or Thalaimaippathi (Thalaimai (chief) + pathi)) is the primary pathi of the Ayyavazhi path of Hinduism, the head of all worship centers of Ayyavazhi, and the place where Ayya Vaikundar is said to have performed the Tavam. ...
A Pathi (from a Tamil word meaning The place where God is) is an important centre of congregational worship for the South Indian religion of Ayyavazhi, having a relatively large structure like that of a temple. ...
The Temples, called Nizhal Tangals are simple buildings built by the people to worship God without distinction of colour,race or caste. ...
| | Religiosity | | Ayyavazhi Publications Ayyavazhi movements There are a good number of publications in Ayyavazhi. ...
There are a good number of religious organisations in Ayyavazhi religion across South India. ...
| | Ayyavazhi religious practices Main teachings The Hindu sect Ayyavazhi includes a corpus of teachings in the form of instructions and slogans found in the religious book Akilattirattu. ...
| | Related Faiths | | Advaita Smartism Advaita Vedanta is probably the best known of all Vedanta schools of Hinduism, the others being Dvaita and Vishishtadvaita. ...
Smartism is a denomination of the Hindu religion. ...
| Forms of worship and the features attendant on them can be said to be manifestations and indicators of the type of religiosity present in a religious universe. Apart from Basement of Philosophy and Theology, the various religious practices of Ayyavazhi are also the pillars on which it stands to prove its uniqueness. Worship usually refers to specific acts of religious praise, honour, or devotion, typically directed to a supernatural being such as a god or goddess. ...
Fishers of Men, oil on panel by Adriaen van de Venne (1614) Various religious symbols Religion is a human phenomenon that defies easy definition. ...
Philosopher in Meditation (detail), by Rembrandt. ...
Theology is reasoned discourse concerning God (Greek θεοÏ, theos, God, + λογοÏ, logos, word or reason). It can also refer to the study of other religious topics. ...
Ayyavazhi (Tamil:à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®´à®¿path of the father), a Tamil monistic religion, originated in South India in the mid 19th century. ...
And from the sociological point of view, it also strengthens both physically and mentally the socially down trodden people in a religious way. Let us take a look at some of the prominent practices that evolved in the Ayyavazhi tradition. Religious experience that was existent in Ayyavazhi seems to have expressed itself through certain forms with specific features as said in Akilattirattu Ammanai. Let us take a look at the prominent ones. Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies. ...
Akilathirattu Ammanai à®
à®à®¿à®²à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®à¯à®à¯ à®
à®®à¯à®®à®¾à®©à¯ (Tamil: akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi faith, officially an offshoot of Hinduism. ...
Vegetarianism
The practice of vegetarianism is one of the important facts among the followers of Ayyavazhi seems to have originated along with this event of Thuvayal Thavasu. Some of the followers seem to have adopted partial vegetarianism. Even now, vegetarianism is being strictly practised in one form or the other by a section of the followers of Ayyavazhi. They have adopted it as one of their religious observances. Particularly most of the Panividaiyalars (one who perform Panividai) of Pathis and Nizhal Thangals strictly follows Vegetarianism. Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat, including beef, poultry, fish, and their by-products, with or without the use of dairy products or eggs. ...
This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
A Pathi (from a Tamil word meaning The place where God is) is an important centre of congregational worship for the South Indian religion of Ayyavazhi, having a relatively large structure like that of a temple. ...
The Temples, called Nizhal Tangals are simple buildings built by the people to worship God without distinction of colour,race or caste. ...
Muttirikkinaru and Muttirippatham Akilattirattu mentions about a well, situated near the place where Ayya Vaikundar undertook the tavam, and about the prevalence of certain ritual practices around it. The well, situated at present at a distance of a furlong to the west of the main pathi (temple) at Swamithoppe, is the historical well. Akilathirattu Ammanai à®
à®à®¿à®²à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®à¯à®à¯ à®
à®®à¯à®®à®¾à®©à¯ (Tamil: akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi faith, officially an offshoot of Hinduism. ...
According to Akilattirattu Ammanai, a scripture of the Ayyavazhi, Ayya Vaikundar à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾ வà¯à®à¯à®£à¯à®à®°à¯, was a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of Narayana. ...
Tavam is a Tamil word which denotes Austerity. ...
Swamithoppe Pathi (also called à®à¯à®µà®¾à®®à®¿à®¤à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ பதி, Swamithoppu-pathi, Manavaippathi, or Thalaimaippathi (Thalaimai (chief) + pathi)) is the primary pathi of the Ayyavazhi path of Hinduism, the head of all worship centers of Ayyavazhi, and the place where Ayya Vaikundar is said to have performed the Tavam. ...
Akilattirattu speaks of, "the eighteen castes assembling in one place, and bathing from the same well." This refers to the prevalence of a seemingly innocuous practice of the people, gathered around Ayya Vaikundar, bathing together from the water of this well. People of different castes bath together at this well, mindless of their social differences. Physical closeness was necessitated, mainly, because of the smallness of the well. Besides bathing, they drank this water as cure for their illnesses. They cooked their food with the use of this water, and ate it in a community feast . In the course of events, the well and its water seem to have acquired religious significance to the people of Ayyavazhi. The acts of bathing, drinking a few drops of it, and cooking the food with this water came to be repeated with a ritual fervour. People consider the well a sacred one, and the water as having miraculous powers to heal sicknesses. A couplet from the Sattu Nittu Olai of Arul Nool reads as: "everyone is drinking the milk of the well around which miracles are growing". People considered it a religious obligation to bath and drink at least a few drops of water from this well. Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social stratification, such as clans, gentes, or the Indian caste system. ...
According to Akilattirattu Ammanai, a scripture of the Ayyavazhi, Ayya Vaikundar à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾ வà¯à®à¯à®£à¯à®à®°à¯, was a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of Narayana. ...
Ayyavazhi (Tamil:à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®´à®¿path of the father), a Tamil monistic religion, originated in South India in the mid 19th century. ...
Arulnool considered to be the supplementary to akilathirattu, is a collection of a few short litratures composed by different Arulalarkal whose names are unknown. ...
Presently, one of the important ritual actions performed by the devotees of Ayyavazhi is to take this ritual bath, drawing water from a well dug near every Pathis. This has become a ritual necessity to be gone through, before one worships at the pathis. It is overwhelming to see the devotees throng the well to get a few buckets of water on to them and drink a few drops ceremoniously for five times and then proceed to the pathi. This practice of bathing at the well is being addressed as patamitutal or muttiripatam. A Pathi (from a Tamil word meaning The place where God is) is an important centre of congregational worship for the South Indian religion of Ayyavazhi, having a relatively large structure like that of a temple. ...
On 17th of September, 1994, a miracle happened at the Muttirikkinaru. Some highly poisonous chemical was immersed in the water of Muttirikkinaru by some unknown miscreants in a large sack. Devotees were using the water as usual even though they experienced a strange smell coming out from the Well. Miraculously nobody was affected.
Thirunamam
A Painting of the mid twentieth century which shows One of the (then) administrators of Swamithoppe Pathi wearing Thirunamam and Headgear Thiru (word representing sacredness) + Namam (name) represents (The Sacred name). The people of Ayyavazhi wore a vertical white mark on the forehead in the shape of a flame, starting from the central point between the eyebrows, going straight up near the top edge of the forehead. The flame shape represents Aanma Jyothi or Atman. Which in turn means that, Atman is considered sacred and as the name of God.(See:Symbol of Ayyavazhi) Zealous devotees smeared it on the exterior of the upper arms and over the chest. This white mark was unlike the one worn by a Hindu of Vaishnavism tradition who wore it on the forehead in the shape of 'U', or of Saivism tradition who wore it horizontally as three parallel lines. The white powder used for this mark was made from coarse white soil, found at lower layer of the earth. Image File history File linksMetadata Man_with_Thirunamam_And_Headgear. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Man_with_Thirunamam_And_Headgear. ...
Swamithoppe-Pathi is the head quarter of all the Pathis where Ayya Vaikundar spent most of his life. ...
A Pathi (from a Tamil word meaning The place where God is) is an important centre of congregational worship for the South Indian religion of Ayyavazhi, having a relatively large structure like that of a temple. ...
Ayyavazhi (Tamil:à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®´à®¿path of the father), a Tamil monistic religion, originated in South India in the mid 19th century. ...
Advaita philosophers believe that individual personal souls exist as Maya only. ...
The Symbol of Ayyavazhi The symbol of Ayyavazhi consist of a Lotusof 1008 petals carrying a Flame, in which the lotus represents the Sahasrathalam and the Flame represents Atman or Aanma. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Vaishnavism is one of the principal divisions of Hinduism. ...
Shaivism, also Saivism, is a branch of Hinduism that worships Siva as the Supreme God. ...
Ayya Vaikundar seems to have personally touched the forehead of followers and worn it for them. On account of this action, it came to called also as thottunamam - meaning 'a mark with a personal touch'. A verse in Ukappatippu of Arulnool says: "Our Ayya is coming to us by wearing a thottunamam. This dimension of personal touch stood out to the public eye and was much appreciated by the people of Ayyavazhi. Ukappatippu in Arul Nool The word Ukappatippu in Tamil denotes that the prayer to be chanted first to all other prayer. ...
At present, those who 'serve' in every Pathis or Nizhal Thangals, wear this white mark for the people and give a portion of it in their hands. People carry it home as holy object, and some of them even swallow a little of it believing it to be medicinal. A Pathi (from a Tamil word meaning The place where God is) is an important centre of congregational worship for the South Indian religion of Ayyavazhi, having a relatively large structure like that of a temple. ...
The Temples, called Nizhal Tangals are simple buildings built by the people to worship God without distinction of colour,race or caste. ...
Wearing of headgear during worship One of the significant ritual actions that distinguished the Ayyavazhi male worshipper from others was 'wearing a headgear' during worship. Ayya Vaikundar seems to have enjoined upon his male followers to tie a headgear when they came to worship God. Accordingly, the male followers seem to have tied a headgear during worship. This is to reveal that every people are kings and every one in to rule the Earth. This philosophy is told symbolically by the practice of wearing the headgear since the wearing of headgear is considered as a matter of Pride. It was said that this is one of the practices which ties Ayyavazhi close to the Advaita tradition. In addition to the uniqueness of this practice, writings of the historians, point to the emergence of this practice as unique to Ayyavazhi. Advaita Vedanta is probably the best known of all Vedanta schools of Hinduism, the others being Dvaita and Vishishtadvaita. ...
It became a ritual action to be performed before the people entered the Pathi to worship. The male devotees usually removed their upper garment and tied the headgear and entered the Pathi for worship. To this day this practice is followed.
Healing diseases Ayya Vaikundar also claimed to have cured illness of some people with the power he had as the avatar of Narayana. The LMS Report for the year 1843 mentions that Vaikuntacami, "asserts that one of the principle Hindoo deities has taken up his abode within him," and that because of this, "he is enabled to perform the cure of all diseases, and to confer innumerable blessings on his followers." People believing him to be an avatar who could perform cures, seem to have flocked to him and to have been cured by him. [1] In reality, Ayya Vaikundar seems to have initiated a practice of treating the diseases with water and earth. His devotees claimed that Ayya was doing all these as a realisation of the dharma that he came to proclaim. 1843 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Dharma (Sanskrit धरà¥à¤®) or Dhamma (PÄli) means Natural Law or Reality, and with respect to its significance for spirituality and religion might be considered the Way of the Higher Truths. ...
Even today there are a few of faithful devotees in Ayyavazhi in their absolute faith in Vaikundar, do not take any medicine and instead the take soil (Thirunamam) and Water (Patham) from Pathis and Nizhal Thangals, wearing the Thirunamam on their fore head and drink the Patham ceremoniously. Thiru(word representing sacredness) + Namam(name) represents (The Sacred name). ...
Anna Dharmam (Charity on Food) Inter-dining was an important activity that originated in the gatherings of AV. It has been already noted that people of different castes, coming from far and wide, brought with them food materials for cooking their meals when they came to meet Ayya Vaikundar. They cooked and ate in the presence of Ayya Vaikundar. This common place action evolved into a significant practice of inter-dining between persons of different groups, cutting across the boundaries of caste restrictions. This practice, being performed in a religious setting with certain measure of earnestness and respect, seems to have acquired the character of a ritual too. The practice of Anna Dharmam (charity on food) too seems to have emerged in association with inter-dining. With a ritual significance, food was distributed to the needy and to all those gathered around Ayya Vaikundar. Today, the food being served as Anna Dharmam is known as Unpan Annam, literally meaning 'the food to be eaten', and, it has its own specific method of preparation. Rice, vegetables, and spices are cooked and mixed together for the purpose. Then it is served ceremoniously. When it is served, the partakers wait till everyone is served. Then a question is posed customarily by the partakers: "Ayya annam kutikkalama ?" (Ayya, may we eat the meal?) and when it is answered by those who serve as "Ayya annam kutiyunkal" (You may kindly eat the meal), the partakers eat the meal. This was to ensure that everyone got the meal. The poor and the rich - all partake of this meal without discrimination. It was considered as a religious virtue to partake of this meal. There is another variant of Anna Dharmam known as Palvaippu serving of gruel-like food boiled in milk'. Presently, every centre of worship of Ayyavazhi has this practice once a month. Anna Dharmam in one form or the other is a daily feature in most of the worship centres of Ayyavazhi, For instance, Swamithoppe has it everyday. Swamithoppe Pathi (also called à®à¯à®µà®¾à®®à®¿à®¤à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ பதி, Swamithoppu-pathi, Manavaippathi, or Thalaimaippathi (Thalaimai (chief) + pathi)) is the primary pathi of the Ayyavazhi path of Hinduism, the head of all worship centers of Ayyavazhi, and the place where Ayya Vaikundar is said to have performed the Tavam. ...
Panividai Panividai means service. It originally seems to have denoted the service rendered by the disciples to Ayya Vaikundar while he performed the tavam and other activities. It included the activities of serving him with meal, instructing the people on his behalf, and carrying him to different places wherever he wished to go. The Structure erected above the Vatakku Vasal where Ayya Vaikundar performed the Tavam According to Akilattirattu Ammanai, For ten months, Ayya Vaikundar revealed to the people all about the past, present, and future in the form of songs. ...
After the earthly life of Ayya Vaikundar panividai had come to mean the service rendered at the sanctuary of Pathis and Nizhal Tangals where Ayya Vaikundar is believed to reside. This service includes cleaning the floor of the sanctuary with water, cleansing and lighting the lamp, offering Churul (betel leaf, arecanut, and bananas), conducting or leading the prayers of incantation like Ucchippatippu or Ukappatippu, wearing Thirunamam to the devotees and serving food to the devotees. Those who do this service are called as panividaiyalar (one who perform panividai). This service may be considered as the counterpart of the puja offered in the temples of Hinduism. Binomial name Piper betle L. The Betel (Piper betle) is a spice whose leaves have medicinal properties. ...
Binomial name Areca catechu Linnaeus Areca nut, or pinang, more commonly known as betel nut, is the seed of the betel palm or Areca catechu, a species of palm tree which grows throughout the Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. ...
Species Hybrid origin; see text A banana plant is a herb, in the genus Musa, which because of its size and structure, is often mistaken for a tree. ...
Arul Nool is a supplementary to Akilattirattu Ammanai, and this is also considered as a holy script of Ayyavazhi, an offshoot sect of Hinduism. ...
Ukappatippu in Arul Nool The word Ukappatippu in Tamil denotes that the prayer to be chanted first to all other prayer. ...
A small prayer setup This article is about Hinduism. ...
Hinduism {Sanskrit - HindÅ« Dharma, also known as SanÄtana (eternal) Dharma and Vaidika (of the Vedas) Dharma} is the religion based on the Vedas as well as other traditional scriptures and beliefs. ...
Patippu, Pattu, Pothippu (The Prayers) In the religious gatherings of Ayyavazhi, even as certain forms of worship were in their rudimentary form, one could find the practice of singing songs together which, later on, seems to have been recognised as 'prayer formulae', and recited ritually. Among these prayer formulae, Ukappattu, known also as Ukappatippu, which have been formulated during the Thuvayal Thavasu, seems to have occupied a prominent place during the worship. It was recited by a leader and was repeated after him by the people in unison. This prayer formula, for its main part, dwells on the themes of Ayya Vaikundar's divine attributes, his mission to destroy the kali, to establish the Dharma Yukam, and to rule the earth as the undisputed king. Presently, a short form of this prayer is recited every morning and evening at the worship centers of Ayyavazhi or at homes, and the full version of it during special occasions This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...
This article is about the Hindu goddess Kali. ...
The Dharma Yukam or Satya Yuga is the eighth or final yukam (aeon or age), according to Ayyavazhi mythology. ...
Other prayer formulae of Uccippatippu - a form of incantationary prayer that speaks about the special attributes of God, recited presently during the noon-worship, Vazhappatippu - a form of adulatory repetitive prayer that has statements of wishes for a prosperous living of the people of Santror Makkal seem to have developed during the course of the early development of Ayyavazhi. Pothippu, another short formulaic prayer, the content of which invokes God for forgiveness, protection, means of livelihood, attitudes of tolerance and amiability towards one another, and, intelligence seems to have evolved during the course of the years. It is now recited at the starting of every collective worship session. The followers of Ayyavazhi are enjoined to recite this prayer at the break of each day. An alternative name frequently used in Akilattirattu Ammanai the source of Ayyavazhi mythology, to represent the The Santror. ...
This is one of the sub-sections of Arul Nool which was the secondary scripture of Ayyavazhi. ...
Offering of Churul Ayyavazhi does not have the idea of 'giving offerings' but only 'giving Churul’ This is also one of the significant practice of Ayyavazhi. Gift offered to Ayya Vaikundar was called ‘Churul’, a word that denoted the gift exchanged between consanguine relatives during marriage functions by way of introducing the kith and kin to the affines. Whoever brought a gift to Ayya Vaikundar gave it to him as if giving to his / her Ayya (daddy), a curul. It is said in Akilattirattu that towards the end of his mission. Ayya Vaikundar was invited to the houses of his followers and was treated with this Churul. Akilathirattu Ammanai à®
à®à®¿à®²à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®à¯à®à¯ à®
à®®à¯à®®à®¾à®©à¯ (Tamil: akilam (world) + thirattu (collection) + ammanai (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi faith, officially an offshoot of Hinduism. ...
At present this act of giving Churul has been ritualised and it is also called as nemital. People bring bananas, coconut and flowers, in a box made of palm leaves, and hand it over to the one performing Panivitai. The panivitaiyalar receives it and offers to Ayya and then, after retaining a major portion of it for sharing with others, returns the box with a small portion as Inimam - gift from Ayya to his children. Binomial name Cocos nucifera L. The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera), is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family). ...
Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae (also known as Palmae or Palmaceae), the palm family, is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the monocot order Arecales. ...
Worship in front of a mirror This is yet another unique practice that distinguishes Ayyavazhi from other Hindu religious traditions. The Nizhal Thangals and Pathis have, in their sanctuary, a mirror to reflect the images of those who come to worship. People pay obeisance to their God standing in front of this mirror, facing the Elunetru admist two oil lamp. Even in the houses of the people of Ayyavazhi, the place earmarked for their daily worship has at least a miror and a lamp. This is to show the worshippers who went in front of the mirror that, 'God in inside him or herself'. Elunetru was the term used to denote the object placed in the sanctum sactorium of the worship centers of Ayyavazhi. ...
Ayyavazhi (Tamil:à®
யà¯à®¯à®¾à®µà®´à®¿path of the father), a Tamil monistic religion, originated in South India in the mid 19th century. ...
Regarding the time of origin of this practice, as soon as Ayya attained Vaikundam - a religious euphemism to indicate pass over - people, as per his earlier instruction, installed the mirror over his tomb and started to worship. Vaikunta is the abode of Lord Vishnu, one of the Trimurti Hindu Gods. ...
A euphemism is an expression intended by the speaker to be less offensive, disturbing, or troubling to the listener than the word or phrase it replaces, or in the case of doublespeak to make it less troublesome for the speaker. ...
Congregational Worship Congregational worship was a distinctive feature of Ayyavazhi worship. Praying together or, 'mass prayer' was a form of worship Ayya Vaikundar formulated.
Reference G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, (Sub-heading) Rituals, Page 98 - ^ G.Patrick's Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page 95, Sub-Heading: Healing
See also - List of Ayyavazhi-related articles
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