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Neem (Azadirachta indica, syn. Melia azadirachta L., Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb.) is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is the only species in the genus Azadirachta, and is native to India and Burma, growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Other vernacular names include Margosa, Nimtree, Nimba, Vepu, Vempu and Indian-lilac. Neem tree This image has been taken by Leonardo Lucantoni, who concedes it as open source material. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms (as opposed to folk taxonomy). ...
Divisions Green algae Chlorophyta Charophyta Land plants (embryophytes) Non-vascular plants (bryophytes) Marchantiophyta - liverworts Anthocerotophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses Vascular plants (tracheophytes) Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues Seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering plants...
Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants (also called angiosperms) are a major group of land plants. ...
Families See text Sapindales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. ...
Genera See text The Meliaceae, or the Mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs in the order Sapindales, characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules and by syncarpous, usually bisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes, or clusters. ...
In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ...
Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (December 23, 1797 _ June 29, 1853) was a French botanist. ...
In scientific classification, synonymy is the existence of multiple systematic names to label the same organism. ...
The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...
Genera See text The Meliaceae, or the Mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs in the order Sapindales, characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules and by syncarpous, usually bisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes, or clusters. ...
The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...
Neem is a fast growing tree that can reach a height of 15-20 m, rarely to 35-40 m. It is evergreen but under severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of its leaves. The branches are wide spread. The fairly dense crown is roundish or oval and may reach the diameter of 15-20 m in old, free-standing specimens. The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...
A Silver Fir shoot showing three successive years of retained leaves In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant which retains its leaves year-round, with each leaf persisting for more than 12 months. ...
The trunk is relatively short, straight and may reach a diameter of 1.2 m. The bark is hard, fissured or scaly, and whitish-grey to reddish-brown. The sapwood is greyish-white and the heartwood reddish when first exposed to the air becoming reddish-brown after exposure. The root system consists of a strong taproot and well developed lateral roots. Image File history File links 3_products. ...
Image File history File links 3_products. ...
The alternate, pinnate leaves are 20-40 cm long, with 20-31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3-8 cm long. The terminal leaflet is often missing. The petioles are short. Very young leaves are reddish to purplish in colour. The shape of mature leaflets is more or less asymmetric and their margins are dentate with the exception of the base of their basiscopal half, which is normally very strongly reduced and cuneate. A pinnate fern frond (Blechnum appendiculatum). ...
A petiole (also called a pedicel) is the first abdominal segment of members of the Apocrita. ...
The flowers (white and fragrant) are arranged axillary, normally more-or-less drooping panicles which are up to 25 cm long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear 150-250 flowers. An individual flower is 5-6 mm long and 8-11 mm wide. Protandric and bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual (polygamous). Clivia miniata bears bright orange flowers. ...
White-fruited Rowan (Sorbus glabrescens) corymb; note the branched structures holding the fruits. ...
An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ...
Protantrism exists across many phyla of living organisms. ...
The fruit is a glabrous olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe are 1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm. The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The mesocarp is 0.3-0.5 cm thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat. Fruit stall in Barcelona, Catalonia. ...
The peach is a typical drupe (stone fruit) In botany, a drupe is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp or skin and mesocarp or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. ...
A ripe red jalapeno cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
But Neem is far more than a tough tree that grows vigorously in difficult sites. Among its many benefits, the one that is most unusual and immediately practical is the control of farm and household pests. Some entomologists now conclude that neem has such remarkable powers for controlling insects that it will usher in a new era in safe, natural pesticides.
Ecology
The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on the ground water levels. Neem can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep and sandy soils (pH 6.2-7.0). It is a typical tropical/subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures between 21-32 °C. It can tolerate high to very high temperatures. It does not tolerate temperature below 4 °C (leaf shedding and death may ensue). SOiL is a five-piece aggressive rock/Nu Metal band from Chicago, formed in 1997 by ex-members of renowned death metal acts Broken Hope and Oppressor. ...
Cultivation and uses Neem has been introduced into cultivation over wide areas of Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia and the islands of the south Pacific. It is present mainly in the drier (arid) tropical and subtropical zones. Mountainous areas are generally avoided. World map showing the location of Asia. ...
For other uses, see Africa (disambiguation). ...
World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere historically considered to consist of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...
For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). ...
The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the two tropics: the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. ...
Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ...
The beneficial properties of the neem tree have been part of Indian folklore for thousands of years. Dubbed 'the village pharmacy', it has numerous medicinal properties, aiding conditions ranging from digestive disorders to diabetes and from high cholesterol to cancer. To this day, neem twigs are used for brushing teeth in India--perhaps one of the earliest and most effective forms of dental care. In some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa the bark is used as both toothbrush and toothpaste, and for treating malaria. For many of the medicinal properties mentioned, no scientific data exists, but the fame is based on traditional knowledge (Ayurvedic medicine) or anecdotal stories. All parts of the tree (seeds, leaves, flowers and bark) are used for preparing many different medical preparation and neem oil is also used for preparing cosmetics (soap, shampoo, balms and creams) Besides its use in traditional Indian medicine the neem tree is of great importance for its anti-desertification properties and possibly as a good carbon dioxide sink. This article is about the disease that features high blood sugar. ...
Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. ...
When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by apoptosis. ...
This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ...
Ayurveda (आयुर्वेद Sanskrit: ayu—life; veda—knowledge of) or ayurvedic medicine is a more than 2,000 year old comprehensive system of medicine based on a holistic approach rooted in Vedic culture. ...
Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of Neem (Azadirachta indica), an evergreen tree which is endemic to the Indian sub-continent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. ...
Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
Uses in pest and disease control Of primary interest to research scientists is its use as an insecticide when extracted as an oil. The active insecticidal ingredient, azadirachtin, is also effective against mites and other arthropods. Many of the tree's secondary metabolites have biological activity, but azadirachtin is considered to be of the most ecological importance. Studies have shown a wide spectrum of activity and species affected. It acts by breaking the insect's lifecycle. Research has increased in the past few years as the desire for safer pest control methods increases and it becomes apparent that this tree will be able to play a role in integrated pest management systems. Because of its low toxicity [1], neem oil is available for general use in most countries, and is permitted for restricted use under the National Organic Program in the United States. A insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all development forms. ...
Secondary metabolites, also known as natural products, are those products (chemical compounds) of metabolism that are not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. ...
Azadirachtin is a chemical compound belonging to the limonoids. ...
Classes & Orders See taxonomy Insects are invertebrate animals of the Class Insecta, the largest and (on land) most widely-distributed taxon within the phylum Arthropoda. ...
In the United States, the National Organic Program (NOP) is the federal regulatory framework governing organic food. ...
Other ingredients in neem oil are also effective as fungicides. A Fungicide is one of three main methods of pest control- chemical control of fungi in this case. ...
Neem is deemed very effective in the treatment of scabies although only preliminary scientific proof exists which still has to be corroborated, and is recommended for those who are sensitive to permethrin, a known insecticide which might be irritant. Also, the scabies mite has yet to become resistant to neem, so in persistent cases neem has been shown to be very effective. There is also anecdotal evidence of its effectiveness in treating infestations of head lice in humans. Permethrin is a common chemical, widely used as an insecticide and acaricide and as an insect repellent. ...
A insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all development forms. ...
The head louse Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are one of the many varieties of sucking lice (singular louse) specialized to live on different areas of various animals. ...
Culinary use The tender shoots of the neem tree are eaten as a vegetable in India and parts of mainland Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia (where it is known as sadao or sdao), Laos (where it is called kadao) and Vietnam (where it is called sầu đâu). Even lightly cooked, the flavour is quite bitter and thus the food is not enjoyed by all inhabitants of these nations, though it is believed to be good for one's health. Vegetables in a Market Venn diagram representing the relationship between (botanical) fruits and vegetables. ...
Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. ...
Patent controversy In 1995 the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product, derived from neem, to the United States Department of Agriculture and multinational WR Grace. The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had actually been in use in India for over 2000 years. In 2000 the EPO ruled in India's favour but the US multinational mounted an appeal claiming that prior art about the product had never been published in a scientific journal. On 8 March 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the neem patent. Other aspects of neem use continue to be patented, not least in India itself. The US Patent Office has published over 60 patents since 1975 that refer to neem. 1995 (MCMXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The European Patent Organisation (EPO or EPOrg in order to distinguish it from the European Patent Office, which is the main organ of the organisation) is a public international organisation set up by the European Patent Convention. ...
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive, and...
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ...
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This article is about the year 2000. ...
In most patent laws, prior art or state of the art is all information that has been disclosed to the public in any form before a given date. ...
March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
References: - Gahukar, R. T. (1995). Neem in plant protection. Nagpur, India, Agri-Horticultural Publishing House. vii + 165 pp. ISBN 81-900392-0-2.
- Jahn, G. C. (1992). Effect of neem oil, monocrotophos, and carbosulfan on green leafhoppers, Nephotettix virescens (Distant) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and rice yields in Thailand. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 31: 125-131.
- Boa, E. R. (1995). A guide to the identification of diseases and pests of neem (Azadirachta indica). Bangkok, Thailand, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA). 71 pp.
- Schmutterer, H. (Editor) (1995). The neem tree Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.)and other meliaceous plants: sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine, industry and other purposes. Weinheim, Germany, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. xxiii + 696 pp. ISBN 3-527-30054-6
- Tewari, D. N. (1992). Monograph on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.). Dehra Dun, India, International Book Distributors. vi + 279 pp. ISBN 81-7089-1752
- Vietmeyer, N. D. (Director) (1992). Neem: a tree for solving global problems. Report of an ad hoc panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council. Washington, DC, USA, National Academy Press. ix + 141 pp. ISBN 0-309-04686-6
- Jacobson, M., ed. (1989). The neem tree. Boca Raton, Florida, USA, CRC Press, Inc. 178 pp.
See also Neem cake organic manure flakes Neem cake organic manure is the by-product obtained in the process of cold pressing of Neem fruits and kernels, and the solvent extraction process for neem oil cake. ...
Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of Neem (Azadirachta indica), an evergreen tree which is endemic to the Indian sub-continent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. ...
Azadirachtin is a chemical compound belonging to the limonoids. ...
Organic cultivation of mixed vegetables in Capay, California. ...
External links - Neem Foundation
- Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (The National Academies Press online book)
- International Neem Network
- Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of neem
- India wins landmark patent battle
- MSDS (Google rendering of a .pdf)
- Use and production of Neem - Workshop proceedings(pdf)
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