The Azusa Street Revival was a Pentecostal revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California and was led by William J. Seymour, an African American preacher. It began with a meeting on April 14, 1906 at African Methodist Episcopal Church and continued until roughly 1915. Today, the revival is considered to be one of the primary catalysts for the spread of Pentecostalism in the 20th century. The Pentecostal movement within Protestant Christianity places special emphasis on the gifts of the Holy Spirit. ... A revival meeting is a series of Christian religious services held with an eye to encourage active members of a religious body and to provoke those outside of it to become part of it. ... Nickname: Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates: State California County Los Angeles County Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa  - City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo  - Governing body City Council Area  - City  498. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... William Joseph Seymour (May 2, 1870 - September 28, 1922) was an African American minister, and an initiator of the Pentecostal religious movement. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... Preacher is a colloquial term for a clergyman, in particular a local priest, pastor or Minister; one who preaches. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The African Methodist Episcopal Church, usually called the AME Church, is a Christian denomination founded by Bishop Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816. ... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Pentecostal movement within Evangelical Christianity places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit, as shown in the Biblical account of the Day of Pentecost. ... (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999...

Background

Welsh Revival reaches America

In 1904, the Welsh Revival took place, causing some 100,000 people in Wales to convert to Christianity. Internationally, Evangelical Christians took this event to be a sign that a fulfillment of the prophecy in the Bible's book of Joel, chapter 2:23–29 was about to take place. Joseph Smale, pastor of the First Baptist Church in Los Angeles, went to Wales personally in order to wittness the revival. Upon his return to Los Angeles, he attempted to ignite a similar revival in his congregation. His attempts were short-lived, and he eventually left to found First New Testament Church, where he continued his efforts.^[1] During this time, other small-scale revivals were taking place in Minnesota, North Carolina, and Texas. By 1905, reports of glossolia, supernatural healings, physical demonstrations of emotion, and significant lifestyle changes accompanied these revivals. As news spread, Evangelicals across the United States began to pray for similar revivals in their own congregations.^[2] 1904 (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on a Friday (see link for calendar). ... The 1904–1905 Welsh Revival was the largest full scale Christian Revival of Wales of the 20th century. ... This article is about the country. ... Religious conversion is the adoption of new religious beliefs that differ from the converts previous beliefs; in some cultures (e. ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. ... Look up Evangelical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... Bible prophecy is the concept held by various people that many Bible verses contain prophecies. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library of Congress. ... The Book of Joel is part of the Jewish Tanakh, and also the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ... Nickname: Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates: State California County Los Angeles County Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa  - City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo  - Governing body City Council Area  - City  498. ... It has been suggested that Great Awakening be merged into this article or section. ... Capital Saint Paul Largest city Minneapolis Area  Ranked 12th  - Total 87,014 sq mi (225,365 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 8. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... Official language(s) No Official Language See languages of Texas Capital Austin Largest city Houston Area  Ranked 2nd  - Total 261,797 sq mi (678,051 km²)  - Width 773 miles (1,244 km)  - Length 790 miles (1,270 km)  - % water 2. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... Glossolalia [from the Greek, γλώσσα (glossa), tongue and λαλώ (lalô), to speak] comprises the utterance of what appears (to the casual listener) either as an unknown foreign language, or as simply nonsense syllables; the utterances sometimes occur as part of religious worship... Evangelicalism, in a strictly lexical, but rarely used sense, refers to all things that are implied in belief that Jesus is the savior. ...

Seymour's Education

In early 1905, 34 year old William J. Seymour, a one-eyed son of former slaves from Louisiana,^[2] was living in Houston, Texas. Seymour attended a local African American holiness church, pastored by Lucy F. Farrow, a former governess in the household of Charles Parham. At the time, Parham was the leader of the Apostolic Faith Movement (the original name of the Pentecostal movement). Farrow arranged for Seymour to attend Parham's classes, but because of "Jim Crow" segregation laws of the time, he had to listen from the doorway, and could not participate in class or pray with other students.^[1][3] Parham later noted that Seymour had memorized the lessons, and could recite them verbatim.^[2] Parham taught that Christians ought to have a Baptism with the Holy Spirit, and that in every instance of such baptism that God would give intelligible languages, "speaking in tongues" for the purpose of missionary evangelism. Seymour accepted Parham's viewpoint, but only attended classes for six weeks.^[1][3] 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... William Joseph Seymour (May 2, 1870 - September 28, 1922) was an African American minister, and an initiator of the Pentecostal religious movement. ... Official language(s) de jure: none de facto: English & French Capital Baton Rouge Largest city New Orleans [1] Area  Ranked 31st  - Total 51,885 sq mi (134,382 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 16  - Latitude 29°N to 33°N  - Longitude 89°W... Nickname: Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Country United States State Texas Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Incorporated June 5, 1837 Government  - Mayor Bill White Area  - City  601. ... An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... The Holiness movement is composed of people who believe and propagate the belief that the carnal nature of man can be cleansed through faith and by the power of the Holy Spirit if one has had his sins forgiven through faith in Jesus. ... Charles Fox Parham (4 June 1873 - c. ... It has been suggested that Holiness-Pentecostal be merged into this article or section. ... The Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and Border States of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965 and affected African Americans and many other races. ... This article is about the religous people known as Christians. ... According to the New Testament, the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is an experience sent by Jesus Christ. ... Glossolalia [from the Greek, γλώσσα (glossa), tongue and λαλώ (lalô), to speak] comprises the utterance of what appears (to the casual listener) either as an unknown foreign language, or as simply nonsense syllables; the utterances sometimes occur as part of religious worship... A missionary is traditionally defined as a propagator of religion who works to convert those outside that community; someone who proselytizes. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Invitation to Los Angeles

Neely Terry, who attended a small holiness church pastored by Julia Hutchins in Los Angeles, made a trip to Houston late in 1905.^[2] She attended Seymour's church, where he had become an interim pastor. Seymour preached that baptism in the Holy Spirit was accompanied with speaking in tongues, and though he had not personally experienced glossolia, Terry was impressed was his character and message. When she returned home to California, she suggested that Seymour should be invited to come and speak to their church. When Seymour accepted the invitation in February of 1906, Parham was surprised, but eventually gave his blessing and some financial assistance so that Seymour could make the long train journey to Los Angeles.^[1] His visit was originally planned to last for one month.^[2] Nickname: Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates: State California County Los Angeles County Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa  - City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo  - Governing body City Council Area  - City  498. ... 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Conflict at Holiness Church

Seymour arrived in Los Angeles on February 22, 1906,^[3][4] and within two days was preaching at Julia Hutchins' church.^[1][2] During his first sermon, he preached that speaking in tongues was the Biblical evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit. On the following Sunday, March 4, he returned to the church and found that Hutchins had padlocked the door. Elders of the church rejected Seymour’s teaching, predominately because he had not yet experienced the blessing about which he was preaching.^[2] Condemnation of his message also came from the Holiness Church Association of Southern California with which the church had affiliation.^[1] However, not all members of Hutchins' church rejected Seymour's preaching. He was invited to stay in the home of congregation member Edward S. Lee, and he began to hold Bible studies and prayer meetings there. February 22 is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Tongues redirects here. ... According to the New Testament, the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is an experience sent by Jesus Christ. ... The Holiness movement is composed of people who believe and propagate the belief that the carnal nature of man can be cleansed through faith and by the power of the Holy Spirit if one has had his sins forgiven through faith in Jesus. ... For the urban complex straddling the United States-Mexico border, see Bajalta California. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not include all significant viewpoints. ... A prayer meeting is, as its name describes, a meeting of people for the purpose of prayer as a group. ...

North Bonnie Brae Street

35 year old Seymour and his small group of new followers soon relocated to the home of Richard and Ruth Asberry, at 214 North Bonnie Brae Street.^[3] Other white families from local Holiness Churches began to attend as well. The group would get together regularly and pray for the baptism of the Holy Spirit. On April 9, 1906, after five weeks of Seymour's preaching and prayer, Edward S. Lee experienced glossolalia for the first time.^[1][2][5] At the next meeting, Seymour shared Lee's testimony and preached a sermon on Acts 2:4 and soon six others began to experience glossolalia^[1][5], including Jennie Moore, who would later become Seymour's wife.^[6] A few days later, on April 12, Seymour himself experienced glossolalia for the first time, after praying all night long.^[2][7][8] Seymour and the others saw their experiences with glossolalia as confirmation of his sermon on Acts 2:4. According to the New Testament, the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is an experience sent by Jesus Christ. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Tongues redirects here. ... In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter. ... Tongues redirects here. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... Tongues redirects here. ... Tongues redirects here. ...

News of the events at North Bonnie Brae St. quickly circulated among the African American, Latino and White residents of the city, and for several nights, various speakers would preach to the crowds of curious and interested onlookers from the front porch of the Asberry home. Members of the audience included prople from a broad spectrum of income levels and religious backgrounds. Hutchins eventually experienced glossolalia herself, as her whole congregation began to attend the meetings on Bonnie Brae St. Soon the crowds became very large, and were full of people experiencing glossolalia, shouting, singing and moaning. Finally, the front porch collapsed, forcing the group to begin looking for a new meeting place. An African American (also Afro-American, Black American, or simply black) is a member of an ethnic group in the United States whose ancestors, usually in predominant part, were indigenous to Africa. ... // The term Latino is a linguistic identity that refers to an individual that has significant ancestry from a nation-state where a Latin derived language is spoken or is the offical language of the government. ... Caucasian is originally a geographical term, meaning relative or pertaining to the Caucasus region of eastern Europe. ... Preaching is an activity usually found in church services, and is often performed by ordained ministers of religion or authorised laypeople. ... Tongues redirects here. ...

Revival at Azusa Street

Conditions

The now-homeless crowd eventually discovered an available building at 312 Azusa Street, which had originally been constructed as an African Methodist Episcopal Church.^[7] A newspaper referred to the downtown Los Angeles building as a “tumble down shack.” It had recently been used as a livery stable and tenement house and discarded lumber and plaster littered the large, barn-like room on the ground floor.^[1][9][10] Nonetheless, it was secured and cleaned in preparation for services. They held their first meeting in the 60 x 40 foot room^[11] on April 14, 1906.^[5][7][8] Church services were held on the first floor where the benches were placed in a rectangular pattern. Some of the benches were simply planks put on top of empty nail kegs. There was no elevated platform, as the ceiling was only eight feet high.^[11] Initially there was no pulpit. Frank Bartleman, an early participant in the revival, recalled that “Brother Seymour generally sat behind two empty shoe boxes, one on top of the other. He usually kept his head inside the top one during the meeting, in prayer. There was no pride there…. In that old building, with its low rafters and bare floors..."^[1] Nickname: Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates: State California County Los Angeles County Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa  - City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo  - Governing body City Council Area  - City  498. ... April 14 is the 104th day of the year (105th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 261 days remaining. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

The second floor at the now-named "Apostolic Faith Mission"^[5] housed an office and rooms for several residents including Seymour and his new wife, Jenny. It also had a large prayer room to handle the overflow from the altar services below. The prayer room was furnished with chairs and benches made from California Redwood planks, laid end to end on backless chairs.^[1] Binomial name Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. ...

By mid-May of 1906,^[6] anywhere from 300^[2] to 1500 people would attempt to cram into the building. Since horses had very recently been the residents of the building, flies constantly bothered the attendees.^[11] People from a great diversity of backgrounds came together to worship: men, women, children, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, rich, poor, illiterate, and educated.^[8] People of all ages participated in the happenings.^[11] They flocked to Los Angeles with both skepticism and spiritual hunger.^[2] What is particularly notable about the intermingling of races is that 1906 was the height of the "Jim Crow" era of segregation.^[5] Also noteworthy, was the groups encouragement of women in church leadership,^[10] as women in the United States did not receive the right to vote until 1920, and the Equal Rights Amendment was not even proposed until 1972. This article is about the color black; for other uses, see Black (disambiguation). ... Caucasian is originally a geographical term, meaning relative or pertaining to the Caucasus region of eastern Europe. ... The Hispanic world. ... This article deals primarily or exclusively with the definition of Asian in English-speaking countries, mainly referring to immigrants or descendants of immigrants living therein. ... Wealth usually refers to money and property. ... A boy from an East Cipinang trash dump slum in Jakarta, Indonesia shows what he found. ... Literacy is the ability to use text to communicate across space and time. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Jim Crow can refer to several subjects: James F. Crow, Professor Emeritus of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that was intended to guarantee equal rights under the law for Americans regardless of sex. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Beliefs

Seymour and the other revivalists at the Apostolic Faith Mission on Azusa Street held to five core beliefs:^[10]

1. Salvation by faith alone.
2. Sanctification (or Holiness) of the believer.
3. Tongues as evidence of Spirit Baptism.
4. Faith healing as part of God's redemption.
5. The "very soon" return of Christ.

In theology, salvation can mean three related things: freed forever from the punishment of sin Revelation 1:5-6 NRSV - also called deliverance;[1] being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God Revelation 1:6 NRSV - also called redemption;[2]) and a process... Sola fide (Latin: by faith alone), also historically known as the justification of faith, is a doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Eastern Christianity, and Restorationism in Christianity. ... Sanctification or in its verb form, sanctify, literally means to set apart for special use or purpose, that is to make holy or sacred (compare Latin sanctus holy). Therefore sanctification refers to the state or process of being set apart, i. ... Holiness is the state of being holy, that is, set apart for the worship or service of God or gods. ... Tongues redirects here. ... According to the New Testament, the Baptism with the Holy Spirit is an experience sent by Jesus Christ. ... “Faith healer” redirects here. ... In theology, salvation can mean three related things: freed forever from the punishment of sin Revelation 1:5-6 NRSV - also called deliverance;[1] being saved for something, such as an afterlife or participating in the Reign of God Revelation 1:6 NRSV - also called redemption;[2]) and a process... Christ is the English of the Greek word (Christós), which literally means The Anointed One. ...

Criticisms

In a skeptical front-page story titled "Weird Babel of Tongues,"^[11] a Los Angeles Times reporter attempted to describe what would soon be known as the Azusa Street Revival. "Breathing strange utterances and mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand," the story began, "the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles."^[12] Another local paper reporter in September, 1906 described the happenings with the following words: The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California and distributed throughout the Western United States. ... A Female Reporter A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and presents information in certain types of mass media. ... Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

"...disgraceful intermingling of the races…they cry and make howling noises all day and into the night. They run, jump, shake all over, shout to the top of their voice, spin around in circles, fall out on the sawdust blanketed floor jerking, kicking and rolling all over it. Some of them pass out and do not move for hours as though they were dead. These people appear to be mad, mentally deranged or under a spell. They claim to be filled with the spirit. They have a one eyed, illiterate, Negro as their preacher who stays on his knees much of the time with his head hidden between the wooden milk crates. He doesn't talk very much but at times he can be heard shouting, ‘Repent,’ and he's supposed to be running the thing... They repeatedly sing the same song, ‘The Comforter Has Come.’"^[2]

The attenders of the meetings were often described as "Holy Rollers," "Holy Jumpers," "Tangled Tonguers" and "Holy Ghosters." Reports were published throughout the US and the world of the strange happenings in Los Angeles.^[7] Nickname: Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates: State California County Los Angeles County Incorporated April 4, 1850 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa  - City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo  - Governing body City Council Area  - City  498. ...

Christians from other traditions were also critical, saying the movement was hyper-emotional, misused Scripture and lost focus on Christ by overemphasizing the Holy Spirit.^[5] Scholarly preachers spoke harshly of the revival meetings; such as R. A. Torrey who declared that this new Pentecostal movement was "emphatically not of God, and founded by a Sodomite." (See article on Charles Parham for the clarity on the sodomy mention) G. Campbell Morgan called it, "the last vomit of Satan." Harry Ironside said it was "disgusting ... delusions and insanities." Clarence Larkin and many others were also openly critical. By the time the revival ended, it was thought by some that it was the result of spiritualism. This was thought due to the fact that many occultists and spiritists attended the meetings and were comfortable in their midst.^[9] Reuben Archer Torrey(1856-1928), American evangelist, was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on 28 January 1856. ... Charles Fox Parham (4 June 1873 - c. ... Henry (Harry) Allen Ironside (1876-10-14 - 1951-01-15) was a Bible teacher, preacher, pastor, and author in the early 20th century. ... By 1853, when the popular song Spirit Rappings was published, Spiritualism was the object of intense curiosity. ...

Apostolic Faith Publication

Also starting in September, 1906, was the publication of the revival's own publication, the Apostolic Faith.^[13] Issues were published occasionally up until May of 1908, mostly through the work of Seymour and a white woman named Clara Lum^[8], a member of the Apostolic Faith Mission. The Apostolic Faith was distributed without charge, and thousands of laypersons and ministers received copies worldwide. 5000 copies of the first edition were printed, and by 1907 the press run reached over 40,000.^[1][2][14] Look up September in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Caucasian is originally a geographical term, meaning relative or pertaining to the Caucasus region of eastern Europe. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

The Apostolic Faith publication reported the happenings at the Azusa Street Mission to the world. It's first issue's lead story was titled "Pentecost has Come". It contained a letter from Charles Parham, an article on Pentecost from Acts, and a series of anecdotes of people's experience within the revival.[1] One edition in 1907 wrote, "One token of the Lord’s coming is that He is melting all races and nations together, and they are filled with the power and glory of God. He is baptizing by one spirit into one body and making up a people thatwill be ready to meet Him when He comes."^[2] The Apostolic Faith brought increasing attention to the happenings at Azusa Street and the fledgling movement that was emerging from the revival.^[14] Charles Fox Parham (4 June 1873 - c. ... Pentecost (Greek: [], pentekostÄ“ [hÄ“mera], the fiftieth day) is the fiftieth day after Passover as defined by Strongs Concordance word #4005 [1] . There are Church denominations that define Pentecost as the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, which corresponds to the tenth day after Ascension Thursday. ... The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ...

Azusa Street in Pop Culture

• Today a Christian group that plays pop-punk, from Cd. Juarez, Mexico is named "Asuza St." after this revival.

External links

• History with reference to Azusa Street
• The Apostolic Faith newspaper, 1906
• The Apostolic Faith newspaper in PDF format

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} McGee, Gary. William J. Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival. Enrichment Journal. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Azusa History. International Center for Spiritual Renewal. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} IPHC Azusa Street Links – 1901 to Present. International Pentecostal Holiness Church. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
4. ^ Cline, Austin (Sunday February 22, 2004). This Date in History: Azusa Street Revival. atheism.about.com. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Allen, Marshall (Saturday, April 15, 2006). Pentecostal Movement Celebrates Humble Roots. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
6. ^ ^{a b} Azusa Street Timeline (04 April 2007). Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Billy Wilson: The Miracle on Azusa Street. The 700 Club. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Blumhofer, Edith (March 7, 2006). Azusa Street Revival. religion-online.org. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
9. ^ ^{a b} Azusa St. and modern Pentecostalism - The 100 year celebration of what?. Let us Reason Ministries. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Azusa Street Revival (1906 - 1909). lutherproductions.com. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
11. ^ ^{a b c d e} Strand, Paul. The Lasting Impact of the Azusa Street Revival. CBNnews.com. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
12. ^ Ted, Olsen (April 1, 1998). American Pentecost. ChristianityTodayLibrary.com. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
13. ^ Azusa Street Mission. The Latter Rain Page. Retrieved on 05/17/2007.
14. ^ ^{a b} William Joseph Seymour: The father of Pentecostalism (April 17, 2001). Retrieved on 05/17/2007.