Bartholomew Augustine Santamaria (14 August 1915 - 25 February 1998), (known in public as B.A. Santamaria and in private as "Bob"), Australian political activist and journalist, was one of the most influential political figures in recent Australian history, but never held public office or joined a political party. He was a highly divisive figure, inspiring great devotion from his followers and intense hatred from his enemies. He regarded his own career as a failure, but on his death was widely praised for his lifelong opposition to Communism. Jump to: navigation, search August 14 is the 226th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (227th in leap years), with 139 days remaining. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1998(MCMXCVIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year of the Ocean. ... Jump to: navigation, search Communism refers to a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production. ...

Santamaria was born in Melbourne, the son of a greengrocer who was an immigrant from Sicily. He was educated at Catholic schools and at Melbourne University, where he graduated in law. His M.A thesis,was titled 'Italy changes shirts : the origins of Italian fascism'. He was a political activist from an early age, becoming a leading Catholic student activist and speaking in support of Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War. He also wrote and spoke in support of Mussolini's regime in Italy, but later denied that he had ever been a fascist. He always disliked and opposed Hitler and Nazism. Jump to: navigation, search City of Melbourne Local Government Area State Victoria Lord Mayor John So (since 2001) Area 36 km² Population (2001) 57,960 Density 1,601/km² (1999) Greater Melbourne Subdivisions Local Government Areas Area 7,694 km² (1999) Population 2001 census (2nd in Australia) 3,555,321... Jump to: navigation, search Sicilian disambiguates here; see also Sicilian language or Sicilian Defence. ... The University of Melbourne, located in Melbourne, in Victoria, is the second oldest university in Australia (the University of Sydney is the oldest). ... Jump to: navigation, search Francisco Franco Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade (December 4, 1892 – November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and sometimes known as Generalissimo Francisco Franco, was Head of State of Spain from 1936 until his death in 1975. ... Jump to: navigation, search History of Spain series Prehistoric Spain Roman Spain Medieval Spain -Visigoths -Al-Andalus -Age of Reconquest Age of Expansion Age of Enlightenment Reaction and Revolution First Spanish Republic The Restoration Second Spanish Republic Spanish Civil War The Dictatorship Modern Spain Topics Economic History Military History Social... Jump to: navigation, search Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (Predappio near Forlì, July 29, 1883 – Giulino di Mezzegra near Como, April 28, 1945) led Italy from 1922 to 1943. ... Jump to: navigation, search Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. ... Jump to: navigation, search Adolf Hitler â–¶(?) (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor) of Germany from 1934 to his death, as well as the self-proclaimed Savior of the German people. ... Jump to: navigation, search It has been suggested that Nazi be merged into this article or section. ...

In 1936 Santamaria was one of the founders of the Catholic Worker, a newspaper influenced by the social teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, particularly the encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII. Although the Catholic Worker group campaigned for the rights of workers and against what it saw as the excesses of capitalism, Santamaria came to see the Communist Party of Australia, which in the 1930s made great advances in the Australian trade union movement, as the main enemy. In 1937, at the invitation of Archbishop Daniel Mannix, he joined the National Secretariat of Catholic Action, a lay Catholic anti-Communist organisation. Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search The Catholic Church, known also as the Roman Catholic Church, is the Christian Church whose visible head is the Pope, currently Benedict XVI. It teaches that it is the one holy catholic and apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ, and that the sole Church of Christ... In the ancient Church, an encyclical was a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area. ... Rerum Novarum is an encyclical issued by Roman Catholic Pope Leo XIII on May 15, 1891. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pope Leo XIII, born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci (March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903), was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, having succeeded Blessed Pius IX on February 20, 1878 and reigning until his own death. ... Jump to: navigation, search In common usage capitalism refers to an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are privately owned and operated and where the investment of capital, and the production, distribution and prices of commodities (goods and services) are determined mainly in a... This article is about the historical Communist Party of Australia, dissolved in 1991. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1937 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Statue of Daniel Mannix outside St Patricks Cathedral, Melbourne For other people called Daniel Mannix, see Daniel Mannix (disambiguation) Daniel Patrick Mannix (4 March 1864 - 2 November 1963), Irish-born Australian Catholic clergyman, Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years, was one of the most influential...

During World War II Santamaria gained an exemption from military service (it was later alleged that this was obtained through the political influence of Arthur Calwell, a leading Catholic Labor politician, but both men later denied this). In 1941 he founded the Catholic Social Studies Movement, generally known simply as "the Movement," which recruited Catholic activists to oppose the spread of Communism, particularly in the trade unions. The Movement formed clandestine Industrial Groups in the unions, fighting the Communists and gaining control of many unions. Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... Rt Hon Arthur Calwell (with young migrant, 1949) Arthur Augustus Calwell (August 28, 1896 - July 8, 1973) Australian politician, was Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1960 to 1967. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

This activity brought him into conflict not only with the Communist Party but with many left-wing Labor Party members, who favoured a united front with the Communists during the war. During the 1930s and '40s Santamaria generally supported the conservative Catholic wing of the Labor Party, but as the Cold War developed after 1945 his anti-Communism drove him further away from Labor, particularly when Dr H.V. Evatt became Leader of the Labor Party in 1951. In Leninist bogus, a united front is a coalition of Clinton likeleft-wing working class forces which put forward a common set of demands and share a common plan of action, but which do not subordinate themselves to the front, retaining their abilities for independent political action and continuing to... Jump to: navigation, search For the generic term for a high-tension struggle between countries, see cold war (war). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Rt Hon Dr H.V. Evatt Dr Herbert Vere Evatt (April 30, 1894 - November 2, 1965), Australian jurist, politician and writer (generally known in his lifetime as Dr H.V. Evatt and popularly known as Doc) was born in Maitland, New South Wales, to a working... Jump to: navigation, search 1951 was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ...

In 1954 Evatt publicly the blamed the Movement for Labor's defeat in that year's federal election, and after a tumultuous National Conference in Hobart in 1955, Santamaria's parliamentary followers were expelled from the Labor Party. The resulting split (now usually called The Split, although there have been several other "splits" in Labor history) brought down the Labor governments in Victoria and Queensland. In Victoria Mannix threw the resources of the Church behind Santamaria, but in New South Wales, Norman Cardinal Gilroy opposed him, favouring the traditional alliance between the Church and Labor. Jump to: navigation, search 1954(MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Hobart is the capital city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1955 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Peace and Prosperity Nickname: Garden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Nickname: Sunshine State/Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Governor Premier Const. ... Jump to: navigation, search Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Governor Premier Const. ... Sir Norman Cardinal Gilroy (22 January 1896 - 21 October 1977), Australian clergyman, was the first Australian-born Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. ...

Gilroy's influence in Rome ended official Church support for the Movement. Santamaria founded a new organisation, the National Civic Council (NCC), and edited its newspaper News Weekly for many years. His followers, known as Groupers, continued to control a number of important unions. Those expelled from the Labor Party formed a new party, the Democratic Labor Party (DLP), dedicated to opposing both Communism and the Labor Party, which they said was controlled by Communist sympathisers. Santamaria never joined the DLP but was its unofficial leader and guiding influence. Jump to: navigation, search City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area  - City Proper  1290 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,546,807 almost... For alternative meanings, see Democratic Labour Party The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) is a minor political party in Australia. ...

During the 1960s and '70s Santamaria's political role gradually declined. The death of Archbishop Mannix in 1963 ended Church support for the NCC even in Victoria, and in 1974 the DLP lost all its seats in the Australian Senate and was wound up a few years later. Santamaria ran the NCC in a highly personal and (according to his critics) autocratic way, and in the mid 1980s there was a serious split in the organisation, with most of the trade unionists leaving. The Grouper-controlled unions then returned to their Labor affiliation. Jump to: navigation, search 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Australian Senate chamber Entrance to the Senate The Australian Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. ...

But Santamaria's personal stature continued to grow, through his regular column in The Australian newspaper and his regular television spot, Point of View (he was given free air time by Sir Frank Packer, owner of the Nine Network). A skilled journalist and broadcaster, he was one of the most articulate voices of Australian conservatism for more than 20 years. He was greatly admired by conservative politicians such as Malcolm Fraser and John Howard. The Australian is a national daily broadsheet newspaper published by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. ... Sir Frank Packer (December 3, 1906–May 1, 1974), was an Australian media proprietor who controlled Australian Consolidated Press and the Nine television network. ... The Nine Network is an Australian television network, available in major markets across Australia. ... Jump to: navigation, search John Malcolm Fraser (born 21 May 1930), Australian politician and 22nd Prime Minister of Australia, came to power in the circumstances of the dismissal of the Whitlam government. ... Jump to: navigation, search John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939), Australian politician and 25th Prime Minister of Australia, came to office on 11 March 1996, and gained re-election in 1998, 2001 and 2004. ...

Santamaria had the satisfaction of living to see the fall of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the world Communist movement. But he was also hostile to free-market capitalism, and to abortion, homosexuality, euthanasia and other liberal trends of the modern world. Politically he could best be described as a Christian Democrat, a political tradition which has never taken root in secular Australia. He came to despise politicians of all parties who failed to oppose these things, and towards the end of his life said several times that his political career had been a complete failure. Jump to: navigation, search Since its coining, the term homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... Jump to: navigation, search Euthanasia (Greek: ευθανασία - ευ good, θανατος death) is the practice of killing a person or animal, in a painless or minimally painful way, for merciful reasons, usually to end their suffering. ... Christian Democracy is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognizes workers misery and agrees that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of...

Santamaria also bitterly opposed what he saw as liberal trends in the Catholic Church following the Second Vatican Council, and founded a magazine, A.D. 2000, to argue for traditionalist views. He welcomed Pope John Paul II's return to conservatism in many areas. In his last years the conservative Archbishop of Melbourne, George Pell, reconciled him to the Church. On his death Santamaria was praised by conservatives for his opposition to Communism, but also by some on the left for his later campaigning against unrestricted capitalism. The Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, was an Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965. ... AD 2000 is a monthly Australian journal founded by the late B.A. Santamaria in April 1988 and dealing with Catholic religious matters and broader social issues from a conservative Catholic perspective. ... Jump to: navigation, search Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (May 18, 1920 – April 2, 2005) reigned as pope of the Catholic Church for almost 27 years, from 16 October 1978 until his death, making his the second-longest pontificate (or the third-longest, as... Jump to: navigation, search His Eminence George Cardinal Pell AC (born 8 June 1941), Australian clergyman, has been the Roman Catholic archbishop of Sydney since March 2001 and a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church since October 2003. ...

Santamaria married twice and had eight children, several of whom became prominent in various professions, but none of whom followed him into political activism. His brother Joseph Santamaria was a well-known Melbourne surgeon and was prominent in the Catholic bioethics movement. Jump to: navigation, search Bioethics is the ethics of biological science and medicine. ...