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The BJP had been in control of the state for the last five years - now it looks set to sit in opposition, having come second to a regional party, the Samajwadi Party.
Some analysts said the BJP might have suffered from a strong anti-incumbency factor - UP is one of India's poorest states and many local people complained that the BJP failed to deliver the development they need.
The BJP has been routed in the newly-created hill state of Uttaranchal.
The BJP was conceived in December 1980, under the direct leadership of the dumvirate of Vajpayee and Advani.
The life and work of the BJP is seen by many as strongly influenced by the 'culture wars' in the country, the past 1,000 years of foreign invasions and domination, and the Partition of India in 1947.
The BJP was severely discredited by the 2002 Gujarat riots, where the Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi of the BJP was accused of protecting murderous Hindu mobs and obstructing the work of police to stop the anti-Muslim violence.