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A neurotoxin called BMAA found in the fruit of the cycads on which the flying foxes feed is thought to become concentrated in the flying foxes' flesh.
BMAA, in turn, is made by a blue-green alga, or cyanobacterium, that lives in the roots of the cycads (New Scientist print edition, 10 January).
Levels of this protein-bound form of BMAA in the cycad flour eaten by islanders, in the flesh of flying foxes and in the brains of ALS/PDC victims, are typically around a hundred times higher than that of the free form, the team found.
Research showed that while BMAA can cause neurodegeneration in monkeys, in order to get toxic effects from cycad flour, a person would have to eat a heck of a lot of it, said Cox.
Further investigation revealed similar results: BMAA was discovered in brain tissue from eight Canadian Alzheimer's patients, but not in 14 others who had died from causes other than neurodegeneration.
Mash said BMAA has showed up in all of the brain samples from ALS and Alzheimer's patients that have been tested by her lab.
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