Ba‘al Shamîm 'Lord of Heaven' is a northwest Semitic is an adjective which in common parlance mistakenly refers specifically to Jewish things, while the term actually refers to things originating among speakers of Semitic languages or people descended from them, and in a linguistic context to the northeastern subfamily of Afro-Asiatic. In a linguistic context, it refers... Semitic This article focuses on the monotheistic concept of a singular God. See deity or goddesses for details on divine entities in specific religions and mythologies. The term God designates a universal Supreme Being. There are countless variant definitions of God, however. For example: Many religious and philosophic systems consider God... god or a title applied to different gods at different places or times found in various ancient Middle-eastern inscriptions. The title is sometimes applied to Hadad (in Ugaritic Haddu) was a very important northwest Semitic storm god and rain god, cognate in name and origin with the Akkadian god Adad. Hadad is often called simply Ba‘al Lord, but this title is also used for other gods. Hadad was equated with the Hittite storm... Hadad who is also often titled just Baal (בַּעַל / בָּעַל, Standard Hebrew Báʿal, Tiberian Hebrew Báʿal / Báʿal) is a northwest Semitic word signifying The Lord, master, owner (male), husband cognate with Akkadian Bēl of the same... Ba‘al but often refers to a deity differentiated from him.

The earliest known occurrence of this title as Ba‘l Shamêm is in a treaty of the (5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - other centuries) (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium AD) Events Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Kingdom of Macedon conquers Persian empire Romans build first aqueduct Chinese use bellows The Scythians are beginning to be absorbed into the Sarmatian... 4th century BC between Suppiluliuma I (also rendered as Shuppiluliuma) was king of the Hittites (1390 BC – 1354 BC). He achieved fame as a great warrior and statesman, successfully challenging the then-dominant Egyptian empire for control of the lands between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates. He took advantage of the tumultuous reign... Suppiluliumas I king of the Hittites is the conventional English-language term for an ancient people who spoke an Indo-European language and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa (the modern village of Boğazköy in todayss north-central Turkey), through most of the second millennium BC. The Hittite kingdom, which at... Hittites and Niqmadu II, king of Ugarit (modern site Ras Shamra 35°35´ N; 35°45´E) was an ancient cosmopolitan port city, sited on the Mediterranean coast of northern Syria a few kilometers north of the modern city of Latakia. Ugarit was at its height about 1450 BC to 1200 BC. Ugarit sent tribute to... Ugarit. One might take this to be another name for Ba‘al Hadad and again when the name appears in a Phoenician inscription by King Yeḥimilk of Byblos was a city of Phoenicia, in ancient times. Its inhabitants called their city Gebal, and it was known to the ancient Egyptians as Kepen, but the Greeks called it Byblos, probably because it was through Gebal that byblos (papyrus from Egypt) was imported into Greece. Byblos is located on... Byblos. But other texts make a distinction between the two.

In the treaty of Centuries: 8th century BC - 7th century BC - 6th century BC Decades: 720s BC 710s BC 700s BC 690s BC 680s BC - 670s BC - 660s BC 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC 620s BC Events and Trends 677 BC - Death of Zhou li wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China... 677 BC between King Esarhaddon (681 - 669 BC), in Akkadian Aššur-aha-iddina Ashur has given a brother to me, was a king of Assyria, the son of Sennacherib and the Aramaic queen Naqia/Zakitu, Sennacheribs second wife. When his father named him as successor although he was the youngest... Esarhaddon of This article concerns the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom. For the modern-day peoples in northern Iraq and neighboring areas, see Assyrian. Assyria, a country named after its original capital city, Asshur on the Tigris, was originally a colony of Babylonia, and was ruled by viceroys from that kingdom. Location Assyria was... Assyria and King Ba‘al I of Tyre (native Phoenician Ṣur, Latin Tyrus, Akkadian Ṣurru, Tiberian Hebrew צר Ṣōr, Greek Τύρος Týros, Arabic الصور aṣ-Ṣūr) is an ancient Phoenician city in Lebanon on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea... Tyre a curse is laid against King Ba‘al if he breaks the treaty, reading in part:

May Baal-sameme, Baal-malage, and Baal-saphon raise an evil wind against your ships, to undo their moorings, tear out their mooring pole, may a strong wave sink them in the sea, a violent tide [. . .] against you.

The god Baal-malage is otherwise unexplained, Baal-saphon here and elsewhere seem to be Ba‘al Hadad whose home is on Mount Ṣaphon in the Ugaritic texts. But interpreters disagree as to whether theses are here three separate gods or three aspects of the same god, a god who causes stormy weather on the sea.

In any case inscriptions show the cult of Ba‘al Shamîm continued in Tyre from Esarhaddon's day until towards the end of the (2nd millennium BC – 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD – other millennia) Events The Iron Age began in Western Egypt declined as a major power The Tanakh was written Buddhism was founded Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and created the Persian Empire (6th century BC) Sparta and Athens... 1st millennium BC.

In Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans, a people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. Josephus suggests, and Jerome affirms, that the name is identical with that... Nabatean texts in Greek Ba‘al Shamîm is regularly equated with Alternate meanings: See Zeus Web Server Statue of Zeus The Greek sculptor Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall Statue of Zeus in about 435 bc. The statue stood in Olympia, and was perhaps the most famous sculpture in ancient Greece. Phidias made the god’s robe and... Zeus This article is about Greek mythology. For other uses of Helios, see Helios (disambiguation). In earlier Greek mythology, the sun was personified as a deity called Hêlios (Greek for the sun), whom Homer equates with the sun titan Hyperion. Other sources say Helios is Hyperions son by his... Helios, that Zeus as a sun-god. Sanchuniathon or Sanchoniathon or Sanchoniatho is the purported Phoenician author of three works in Phoenician, surviving only in partial paraphrase and summary of a Greek translation by Philo of Byblos. These few fragments comprise the most extended literary source concerning Phoenician religion in either Greek or Latin. The author The... Sanchuniathon supports this:

... and that when droughts occurred, they stretched out their hands to heaven towards the sun; for him alone (he says) they regarded as god the lord of heaven, calling him Beelsamen, which is in the Phoenician language "lord of heaven," and in Greek "Zeus."

Unfortunately it is not clear whether Ba‘al Shamîm is here regarded both a sun-god and the bringer of rain or whether he is regarded as the cause of drought.

Writers in Syriac refer to Ba‘al Shamîm as Zeus Olympios.

At Palmyra was the name of an ancient city in Syria, now called Tadmor. Palmyra is the name of several places in the United States of America: Palmyra, Illinois Palmyra, Indiana Palmyra, Maine Palmyra, Missouri Palmyra, Nebraska Palmyra, New Jersey Palmyra, New York, known as the place where Joseph Smith, Jr... Palmyra a large temple to Ba‘al Shamîm has been excavated.

In Sanchuniathon or Sanchoniathon or Sanchoniatho is the purported Phoenician author of three works in Phoenician, surviving only in partial paraphrase and summary of a Greek translation by Philo of Byblos. These few fragments comprise the most extended literary source concerning Phoenician religion in either Greek or Latin. The author The... Sanchuniathon's main mythology the god he calls in Greek Ouranos is the Greek name of the sky, latinized as Uranus. In Greek mythology it is personified as the son and husband of Gaia, Mother Earth. The two of them were ancestral to most of the Greek gods. His equivalent in Roman mythology was Caelus (sky). He was originally the... Uranus 'Sky' has been thought by some to stand for Ba‘al Shamîm. Sky is here the actual father of Ba‘al Hadad (though Ba‘al Hadad is born after his mother's marriage to The ancient god Dagon Dagon was a major northwest Semitic god, the god of grain and agriculture according the few sources to speak of the matter, worshipped by the early Amorites, by the people of Ebla, by the people of Ugarit and a chief god (perhaps the chief god) of... Dagon). As in Greek mythology comprises the collected legends of Greek gods and goddesses and ancient heroes and heroines, originally created and spread within an oral-poetic tradition. Our surviving sources of mythology are literary reworkings of this oral tradition, supplemented by interpretations of iconic imagery, sometimes modern ones, sometimes ancient ones, as... Greek mythology and Hittite mythology Sky is castrated by his son who is in turn destined to be opposed by the thunder god. In Sanchuniathon's story Sky also battles Sea, and when Sky cannot prevail, he allies himself with Hadad.

External links

• Stuart Whatling: Arbia Syria: Palmyra (http://www.flat3.co.uk/levant/pages/index_palmyra.htm) (Some pictures of the temple of Ba‘al Shamîm at Palmyra.)