Back Bay Historic District
(U.S. Registered Historic District)
Skyline of the Back Bay, from across the Charles River
Location:	Boston, MA
Architect:	Multiple
Architectural style(s):	Mid 19th Century Revival, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian
Added to NRHP:	August 14, 1973
NRHP Reference#:	73001948 [1]
Governing body:	Local

Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Back Bay and neighboring Beacon Hill are considered Boston's most upscale and desirable neighborhoods, with townhouses selling regularly for over $3,000,000^{[citation needed]}. Popular shopping destinations are located along Newbury and Boylston Streets as well as in Copley Square. Architecturally the neighborhood is dominated by Victorian brownstone buildings in its northern, more residential portion; the southern part of the neighborhood is far more commercial and is home to some of Boston's tallest skyscrapers. Back Bay Station, located at 145 Dartmouth Street, between Stuart Street and Columbus Avenue, in Back Bay, Boston, is an important transportation center. ... Back Bay is the name of several places and neighborhoods in the world, including: Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts Back Bay (MBTA station), a railroad station therein Back Bay, New Brunswick Back Bay, Northwest Territories, of which there are three, all named after Rear Admiral George Back Back Bay (Bombay) Back... Motto: (Out Of Many, One) (traditional) In God We Trust (1956 to date) Anthem: The Star-Spangled Banner Capital Washington D.C. Largest city New York City None at federal level (English de facto) Government Federal constitutional republic  - President George Walker Bush (R)  - Vice President Dick Cheney (R) Independence from... Helvenston House, part of the Ocala Historic District, in Ocala, Florida. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 476 pixelsFull resolution (2296 × 1366 pixel, file size: 352 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The Charles River from the Boston side, facing Cambridge and the main campus of Harvard University. ... Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th_century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised community located within a larger city or suburb. ... “Boston” redirects here. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Cutting down Beacon Hill, about 1800; a view from the north toward the Massachusetts State House. ... Newbury Street is located in the Back Bay area of Boston, Massachusetts. ... Boylston Street is the name of a major east-west thoroughfare in the city of Boston, Massachusetts and its western suburbs. ... Trinity Church with the Old John Hancock Tower in Copley Square Trinity Church reflected in the windows of the John Hancock Tower Copley Square is an area of the Back Bay district of Boston, Massachusetts. ...

Definition of Back Bay

The boundaries of the Back Bay, as defined by the Neighborhood Association of Back Bay, are "the Charles River on the North; Arlington Street to Park Square on the East; Columbus Avenue to the 'New York, New Haven, & Hartford' right-of-way (south of Stuart Street and Copley Place), Huntington Avenue, Dalton Street, and the Massachusetts Turnpike on the South; and Charlesgate East on the West." The block between Charlesgate and Kenmore Square is often included as it retains Commonwealth Avenue's central park and pedestrial mall. The Back Bay Architectural District, which is much smaller, was established by state law in 1966, and is bounded by "the centerlines of Back Street on the north, Embankment Road and Arlington Street on the east, Boylston Street on the south, and Charlesgate East on the west".^[2] Copley Place is an enclosed shopping mall located in the Back Bay section of Boston, Massachusetts. ... View of the Citgo sign in Kenmore Square Kenmore Square is a square in Boston, Massachusetts near Fenway Park, consisting of the intersection of several main avenues, (including Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue) as well as several other cross streets, and Kenmore Station, a T stop. ...

History

Aerial view of the spine of skyscrapers in the Back Bay, including the Prudential Center and John Hancock Tower

Back Bay in Boston at night as it is seen from the South End

The neighborhood gained its name because the area was, in fact, before it was filled in, literally the "Back Bay" for Boston. To the west of the Shawmut Peninsula, on the far side from Boston Harbor, a wide bay opened between Boston and Cambridge, with the Charles River entering at the west side. As with all of the New England coast, the bay was tidal, with water rising and falling several feet over the course of the day. At low water, part of the bottom of the bay was exposed. Download high resolution version (2186x953, 385 KB)Aerial view of Back Bay, Boston including the Prudential Center and John Hancock Tower, and Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Download high resolution version (2186x953, 385 KB)Aerial view of Back Bay, Boston including the Prudential Center and John Hancock Tower, and Cambridge, Massachusetts. ... Prudential Tower in 2006. ... John Hancock Tower, 200 Clarendon St. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2048 pixel, file size: 804 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is the back bay at night as seen from above the south end in boston. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 533 pixelsFull resolution (3072 × 2048 pixel, file size: 804 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is the back bay at night as seen from above the south end in boston. ... This diagram shows the original dimension of the Shawmut Peninsula. ... Categories: Stub | Massachusetts geography | Boston ... Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Middlesex County Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government  - Type Mayor-council city  - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area  - City  7. ... The Charles River from the Boston side, facing Cambridge and the main campus of Harvard University. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

In 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a mill dam, which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to Watertown, bypassing Boston Neck. The dam was later buried under present-day Beacon Street.^[3] Watermill of Braine-le-Château, Belgium (12th century) This article is about a type of structure. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Town of Watertown is a city[1] in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. ... The trajectory of the Boston Neck along todays Washington Street. ...

The Back Bay neighborhood was created when a parcel of land was created by filling the tidewater flats of the Charles River. This massive project was begun in 1857. The filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882; filling reached Kenmore Square in 1890, and finished in the Fens in 1900. The project was the largest of a number of land reclamation projects, beginning in 1820, which, over the course of time, more than doubled the size of the original Boston peninsula. It is frequently observed that this would have been impossible under modern environmental regulations. The Charles River from the Boston side, facing Cambridge and the main campus of Harvard University. ... View of the Citgo sign in Kenmore Square Kenmore Square is a square in Boston, Massachusetts near Fenway Park, consisting of the intersection of several main avenues, (including Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue) as well as several other cross streets, and Kenmore Station, a T stop. ... Sunset view of the Back Bay Fens in Boston The Back Bay Fens (also called The Fens), once a salt water shallow bay, is now a fresh water park in Boston, Massachusetts, USA designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. ... Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices. ... A peninsula in Croatia A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three or more sides by water. ... Environmental law is a body of law which addresses the system of complex and interlocking rules which seeks to protect from destruction or development certain species or favored natural areas thought to be endangered by human encroachment. ...

Effect of landfill on size of Boston.

Back Bay's development was planned by architect Arthur Gilman with Gridley James Fox Bryant. Strict regulations produced a uniform and well-integrated architecture, consisting mostly of dignified three- and four-story residential (or once-residential) brownstones. Old and New Boston (landfill) Scanned from Boston: A Guide Book by Edwin M. Bacon, Ginn and Company, Publishers, 29 Beacon Street, Boston, the Atheneum Press, 1903. ... Old and New Boston (landfill) Scanned from Boston: A Guide Book by Edwin M. Bacon, Ginn and Company, Publishers, 29 Beacon Street, Boston, the Atheneum Press, 1903. ... Arthur Gilman (November 5, 1821 - July 11, 1882) was an American architect, designer of many Boston neighborhoods, and member of the American Institute of Architects. ... Gridley James Fox Bryant (August 29, 1816 – June 8, 1899) was a famous 19th century Boston architect and builder. ... This article is about the building material and the dwelling. ...

Greatly influenced by Haussmann's renovation of Paris in the mid-to-late 19th century, the main thoroughfares of Back Bay emphasize order, with wide, parallel, tree-lined avenues and more homogenous architectural styles. Five east and west corridors run the length of the Back Bay: Beacon Street (closest to the Charles River), Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury Street, and Boylston Street. With the exception of Commonwealth Avenue, the wide central thoroughfare, these streets are one-way and intersect with north-south cross streets at regular intervals. The north-south cross streets, also one-way, are named alphabetically starting at the Public Garden, and a 1903 guidebook notes an alternation of trisyllabic and bisyllabic names: Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, and Hereford. (This same set of street names is used for the long East-West main streets in the center of Gladstone, Oregon, but the origin of this connection is unknown). Boulevard Haussmann The Haussmann Renovations, or Haussmannization of Paris was a work led under the initiative of Napoléon III and the Seine préfet, Haussmann, from 1852 to 1870. ... Beacon Street is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts and several of its western suburbs. ... Commonwealth Avenue (often abbreviated Comm Ave by locals) is a road in the city of Boston, Massachusetts beginning at the western edge of the Public Garden, and continuing west through the Back Bay, Kenmore Square, and the suburbs of Brighton and Chestnut Hill. ... Newbury Street is located in the Back Bay area of Boston, Massachusetts. ... Boylston Street is the name of a major east-west thoroughfare in the city of Boston, Massachusetts and its western suburbs. ... Mountain road with hairpin turns in the French Alps For other uses, see Road (disambiguation). ... Gladstone is a city located in Clackamas County, Oregon. ... Official language(s) (none)[1] Capital Salem Largest city Portland Area  Ranked 9th  - Total 98,466 sq mi (255,026 km²)  - Width 260 miles (420 km)  - Length 360 miles (580 km)  - % water 2. ...

Perspectives on Back Bay

William Dean Howells, writing of memories of his first visit to Boston, recalled, "There are the narrow streets, stretching saltworks to the docks, which I haunted for their quaintness... There is Beacon Street, with the Hancock House where it is incredibly no more, and there are the beginnings of Commonwealth Avenue, and the other streets of the Back Bay, laid out with their basements left hollowed in the made land, which the gravel trains were yet making out of the westward hills." William Dean Howells (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American realist author. ... The term Hancock House may refer to one of several historic buildings in the United States: Hancock House (New Jersey) Hancock House (New York) Hancock House (West Virginia) It is also a name sometimes used for the Hancock Manor in Massachusetts. ...

To the W. C. Fields character, con artist Cuthbert W. Twillie, it came as naturally as breathing to feign that he was "one of the Back Bay Twillies." However, there was a subtle social distinction between the Back Bay neighborhood and the older Beacon Hill district. A 1921 novel, By Advice of Counsel, characterizes one Bostonian by saying: W. C. Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) was an American juggler, comedian, and actor. ... A confidence trick, confidence game, or con for short, (also known as a scam) is an attempt to intentionally mislead a person or persons (known as the mark) usually with the goal of financial or other gain. ... Cutting down Beacon Hill, about 1800; a view from the north toward the Massachusetts State House. ...

"William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person, twenty-six years old, out of Boston by Harvard College. ... There had been an aloof serenity about his life within the bulging front of the paternal residence with its ancient glass window panes—faintly tinged with blue, just as the blood in the Pepperill veins was also faintly tinged with the same color... For W.M.P. the only real Americans lived on Beacon Hill, though a few perhaps might be found accidentally across Charles Street upon the made land of the Back Bay. A real American must necessarily also be a graduate of Harvard, a Unitarian, an allopath, belong to the Somerset Club and date back ancestrally at least to King Philip's War."

By 1900, most of the building up of Back Bay was done, as noted by the architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting in 1967: Harvard Yard Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, founded in 1636. ... Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to traditional Christian belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). ... Advocates of homeopathy and other forms of alternative medicine often use the term allopathy or allopathic medicine to refer to mainstream, Western medicine. ... The Somerset Club is an exclusive Boston social club founded in 1852. ... Attack King Philips War, sometimes called Metacoms War or Metacoms Rebellion,[1] was an armed conflict between Indian inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Indian allies from 1675–1676. ...

"By 1900 the Back Bay residential area had almost ceased to grow. After 1910 only thirty new houses were constructed, after 1917 none at all. Instead of paying high prices for filled land on which to erect a home within walking distance of his office, the potential home builder escaped to the suburbs on the electric trolley or in his automobile. This flight from the city left empty much of the area west of Kenmore Square and adjacent to Fenway Park, and only later was it occupied by non-descript and closely-built apartments."

Back Bay today

Main streets of Back Bay.

Culturally speaking, the Back Bay is known for being the home of the wealthy and the upper middle class. It is best-known for its expensive housing and shopping areas. Most stores are located on Newbury and Boylston Streets, with the ends closer to the Boston Public Garden traditionally more expensive. The Back Bay is dense with luxury hotels that include The Colonnade Hotel, Westin Copley Place, Fairmont Copley Plaza; including the largest hotel in the city, the Marriott Copley. Map of central streets of Back Bay, Boston The map itself was downloaded from the Tiger Map Server Browser service of the United States Census bureau. ... Map of central streets of Back Bay, Boston The map itself was downloaded from the Tiger Map Server Browser service of the United States Census bureau. ... Equestrian statue of George Washington. ...

The Copley Square area is close to the Back Bay railroad terminal, and is the eastern nexus of a system of hotels and shopping centers connected by a set of glassed-in pedestrian overpasses. Back Bay Station, located at 145 Dartmouth Street, between Stuart Street and Columbus Avenue, in Back Bay, Boston, is an important transportation center. ...

The large Copley Place mall includes the first Neiman Marcus opened in the New England area. The system of overpasses extends over half a mile^{[citation needed]} to the Prudential Center and the shops surrounding it. The 52-story Prudential Tower, thought a marvel in 1964, is now considered ugly by some.^[4] However, the Prudential Skywalk observatory offers wonderful views of Back Bay, Boston, and surrounding areas. Categories: Stub | Retail companies of the United States ... Prudential Tower in 2006. ... Prudential Tower in 2006. ...

The Architecture of Back Bay

The residential streets of Back Bay are some of the best preserved examples of late 19th century urban architecture in the US. Copley Square, bounded by Clarendon, Boylston, Dartmouth, and St. James streets, includes Trinity Church, the Boston Public Library, the John Hancock Tower, and other notable examples of architecture. Trinity Church with the Old John Hancock Tower in Copley Square Trinity Church reflected in the windows of the John Hancock Tower Copley Square is an area of the Back Bay district of Boston, Massachusetts. ... Trinity Church in Boston. ... The Boston Public Librarys McKim building The Boston Public Library was established in 1848. ... John Hancock Tower, 200 Clarendon St. ...

The "Back Bay Historic District" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1973. A typical plaque showing entry on the National Register of Historic Places. ... is the 226th day of the year (227th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ...

The Prudential Center was awarded the Urban Land Institute's Award for Best Mixed use Property in 2006.[1]

MIT and the Natural History Museum

Prior to 1900, the Back Bay was the site of some of Boston's leading institutions. The first to make it its home there was MIT, founded in 1861. By 1900, MIT had expanded into many buildings around Copley Square. MIT’s original building, one of the first monumental structures in Back Bay, was named the Roger’s Building after its founder William Barton Rogers. It was located on Boylston Street not too far from Copley Square and was designed by William G. Preston together with a building for the Natural History Society.^[5] In 1916, MIT moved to its new and more capacious location across the Charles River in Cambridge. The MIT building no longer survives, having been torn down in 1921 for the New England Life Building (also called: Stephen L. Brown Building). The Natural History Society building does survive and now houses the upscale clothier Louis Boston. Mapúa Institute of Technology (MIT, MapúaTech or simply Mapúa) is a private, non-sectarian, Filipino tertiary institute located in Intramuros, Manila. ... Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Middlesex County Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government  - Type Mayor-council city  - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area  - City  7. ...

Copley Square

The first monumental building on the square was the Museum of Fine Arts building. Begun in 1870, it opened in 1876, with a large portion of its collection taken from the Boston Athenaeum Art Gallery. Its red Gothic Revival style building was torn down and rebuilt as the Copley Plaza Hotel (1912) which still exists today. Paul Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? (Doù venons-nous? Que faisons-nous? Où allons-nous?) (1897). ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin The Gothic revival was a European architectural movement with origins in mid-18th century England. ... Copley Plaza Hotel in downtown Boston, Massachusetts was founded in 1912. ...

• Trinity Church (1872-77),designed by H. H. Richardson.

This is one of Richardson's masterpieces. In 1893, Baedeker's United States called it "deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America." Trinity Church in Boston. ... Library, North Easton, MA Henry Hobson Richardson (1838 - 1886) was the outstanding American architect of his day, one of a half-dozen most influential American architects. ...

• The Boston Public Library (1888-1892), designed by McKim, Mead, and White

It is a leading example of the Beaux-Arts style in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be "a palace for the people." Baedeker's 1893 guide terms it "dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly," and "a worthy mate... to Trinity Church." At that time, its 600,000 volumes made it the largest free public library in the world. The Boston Public Librarys McKim building The Boston Public Library was established in 1848. ... McKim, Mead, and White was a prominent architectural firm in the eastern United States at the turn of the twentieth century. ... École des Beaux Arts refers to several art France. ... Karl Baedeker (not Baedecker) (3 November 1801 - 4 October 1859) was a publisher whose company set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists. ...

• The Old South Church, also called the New Old South Church (645 Boylston Street on Copley Square), 1872-1875.

Located across the street from the Boston Public Library, It was designed by the Boston architectural firm of Cummings and Sears in the Venetian Gothic style. The style follows the precepts of the British cultural theorist and architectural critic John Ruskin (1819 – 1900) as outlined in his treatise The Stones of Venice. Old South Church remains a significant example of Ruskin's influence on architecture in the US. Charles Amos Cummings and Willard T. Sears also designed the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum. Northwest corner of Copley Square showing Charles Follen McKims Boston Public Library on the left, and Chalres Amos Cummings Old South Church to the right. ... Upper: Steel-plate engraving of Ruskin as a young man, made circa 1845, scanned from print made circa 1895. ... Lantern and exterior chancel wall at Old South Church in Boston. ... The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum is a museum in Boston, Massachusetts with a collection of over 2,500 works of European, Asian and American art, including paintings, sculpture, tapestries, and decorative arts. ...

Trinity Church c. 1903

• John Hancock Tower (200 Clarendon Street) (1972), was designed by I. M. Pei.

It is a 60 story high dark blue glass tower with a plan in the form of a narrow parallelogram. Admirers assert that it does not diminish the impact of Trinity Church, although its construction did damage the church's foundations. The architect Donlyn Lyndon, who served as head the Department of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the late 1960's and early 1970's, noted that an early Hancock press release had "the gall to pronounce that 'the building will reflect the architectural character of the neighborhood.'" Lyndon opines that it "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull."^[4] Trinity Church, Boston c. ... Trinity Church, Boston c. ... John Hancock Tower, 200 Clarendon St. ... Ieoh Ming Pei (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; b. ...

Other Back Bay Buildings

• Arlington Street Church (Arlington and Boylston Sts), 1861.

It was the first church to be built in the newly-filled Back Bay. Today it serves the Unitarian Universalist congregation. The building's design was inspired by the eighteenth century London church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. The architect was Arthur Gilman, who had designed the Back Bay street plan. The Arlington Street Church (Unitarian Universalist) is located in Boston, Massachusetts. ... St Martin-in-the-Fields is a Church of England church just northeast off Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, London. ... Arthur Gilman (November 5, 1821 - July 11, 1882) was an American architect, designer of many Boston neighborhoods, and member of the American Institute of Architects. ...

• Berkeley Building (420 Boylston St.) , 1905.

An example of the Beaux-Arts style, it was by the firm of Codman and Despradelle. Constant-Désiré Despradelle was a professor at MIT from 1893 until his untimely death in 1912. The building features a white terra cotta exterior on a steel frame. In 1988 the building was restored by architects Notter Finegold + Alexander. École des Beaux Arts refers to several art France. ... Constant-Désiré Despradelle (b. ...

• The Stephen L. Brown Building (197 Clarendon St.), designed by Parker, Thomas & Rice, 1922.

It is the first of the three Hancock buildings.

• The Old John Hancock Building (200 Berkeley Street), 1947.

The second of the three Hancock buildings, it was designed by Cram and Ferguson. From 1947 until 1964 it was the tallest building in Back Bay and second-tallest building in the city, one foot shorter than the 496-foot Custom House Tower. It is known also known now as the Berkeley Building, but is not to be confused with the real Berkeley Building: see above. Look up CRAM, cram in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The Berkeley Building (also known as the Old John Hancock Building) is a 26-story, 495-foot (151 m) structure located at 200 Berkeley Street, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. It is the second of the three John Hancock buildings built in Boston; it was succeeded by the John Hancock Tower. ...

• Gibson House Museum, a well-preserved rowhouse, 1860

• 111 Huntington Ave 2002.

111 Huntington Avenue is a dramatic 493 ft., 36-story tower, developed on the southern side of the Prudential Center over the existing sub-surface parking garage and adjacent to an active MBTA subway station. The building is Boston's eighth-tallest building and features a frame dome and crown, a prominent lobby in the Prudential Center, and access to a glass "Wintergarden" and a 1.2 acre fully-landscaped park called the South Garden. In 2002, it won the Emporis Skyscraper Award. The Gibson House Museum is a non-profit museum located at 137 Beacon Street in the Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts. ...

• Saint Clement's Eucharistic Shrine

A Roman Catholic church designed by Ralph Adams Cram. Saint Clements Eucharistic Shrine is a historic Roman Catholic shrine located on Boylston Street in Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... For the architectural structure, see Church (building). ... Ralph Adams Cram, circa 1890 Ralph Adams Cram, (December 16, 1863 - September 22, 1942), was an American architect of collegiate and ecclesiastical buildings, often in the gothic style. ...

See also

• Boston By Foot
• Copley Square

2nd Harrison Gray Otis House, 85 Mount Vernon Street. ... Trinity Church with the Old John Hancock Tower in Copley Square Trinity Church reflected in the windows of the John Hancock Tower Copley Square is an area of the Back Bay district of Boston, Massachusetts. ...

External links

• Neighborhood Association of Back Bay; Back Bay timeline
• History of the Boston landfill projects Course notes with illustrations by Professor Jeffrey Howe, Boston College
• Photos of Back Bay at Twilight

References

• Bacon, Edwin M. (1903) Boston: A Guide Book. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1903.
• Bunting, Bainbridge (1967) "Houses of Boston's Back Bay", Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-40901-9
• Fields, W.C.: "My Little Chickadee" (1940), in which the Fields character calls himself "one of the Back Bay Twillies."
• Jarzombek, Mark, Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech. (Northeastern University Press, 2004)
• Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Back Bay Boston: The City as a Work of Art. With Essays by Lewis Mumford & Walter Muir Whitehill (Boston, 1969).
• Shand-Tucci, Douglass, Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800-2000.(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999).
• Train, Arthur (1921), "The Kid and the Camel," from By Advice of Counsel. ("William Montague Pepperill was a very intense young person...")
• Howells, William Dean, Literary Friends and Acquaintance: My First Visit to New England

1. ^ National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service (2007-01-23).
2. ^ Back Bay Architectural Commission (1990-02-14). Guidelines for the Residential District (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
3. ^ http://www.nabbonline.com/history.htm
4. ^ ^{a b} Lyndon, Donlyn (1982). The City Observed: Boston. Vintage. ISBN 0-394-74894-8. : the Hancock "may be nihilistic, overbearing, even elegantly rude, but it's not dull;" the Prudential is "an energetically ugly, square shaft that offends the Boston skyline more than any other structure."
5. ^ Mark Jarzombek, Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech (Northeastern University Press, 2004.

Mark Jarzombek is a US-born author and architectural historian, and (since 1995) Director of the History Theory Criticism Section of the Department of Architecture at MIT, Cambridge MA, USA. Jarzombek received his architectural training at the ETH Zurich, where he graduated in 1980. ... Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 152nd day of the year (153rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Mark Jarzombek is a US-born author and architectural historian, and (since 1995) Director of the History Theory Criticism Section of the Department of Architecture at MIT, Cambridge MA, USA. Jarzombek received his architectural training at the ETH Zurich, where he graduated in 1980. ...